D. J. M. Mackenzie
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David James Masterton Mackenzie (
Traditional Chinese A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or ...
: 麥敬時醫生, 23 July 1905 – 10 March 1994) was a British colonial medical official. From January 1958 to September 1963, he was Director of Medical and Health Services of
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...
, being the last non- Chinese person to hold that post, and an official member of the Legislative Council. Born in
New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
, Mackenzie spent his childhood in the United Kingdom and graduated from the medical school of the
University of Edinburgh The University of Edinburgh ( sco, University o Edinburgh, gd, Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann; abbreviated as ''Edin.'' in post-nominals) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Granted a royal charter by King James VI in 15 ...
in 1929. He moved to South Africa in 1932 and joined the
Colonial Medical Service The Colonial Service, also known as His/Her Majesty's Colonial Service and replaced in 1954 by Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service (HMOCS), was the British government service that administered most of Britain's overseas possessions, under the aut ...
in 1934. He was Director of Medical Services of Bechuanaland from 1946 to 1949, of
Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasala ...
from 1949 to 1955, and of
Northern Nigeria Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the United Kingd ...
from 1955 to 1957. Having served in the medical departments of a number of British colonies and protectorates in Africa for some 23 years, he had become an expert of
tropical disease Tropical diseases are Infectious disease, diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropics, tropical and subtropics, subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, whic ...
s and
infectious disease An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...
s in that region. As Director of Medical and Health Services of Hong Kong, preventing and controlling infectious diseases had become his prime objective. When the territory was twice hit by
cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...
outbreaks between August and October 1961 and 1962, he adopted a number of effective emergency measures to combat the disease, such as to set up a temporary cholera hospital and a quarantine station-cum-isolation camp, and more importantly, set up a large number of vaccination points in the territory to urge the public to receive free vaccinations. Besides, to satisfy the ever-growing demand, he rapidly expanded the public health system by constructing a number of large-scale hospitals and public health facilities including the North Wing of
Kwong Wah Hospital Kwong Wah Hospital is a 1,141-bed Charitable district general hospital in Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong. Located on 25 Waterloo Road, the hospital was founded by the Tung Wah Group in 1911, and managed by the Hospital Authority since 1991. It provid ...
and Queen Elizabeth Hospital. In retirement, he served in the
Communicable Disease Center The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgi ...
in
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
, the United States, and the medical school of the
University of Cape Town The University of Cape Town (UCT) ( af, Universiteit van Kaapstad, xh, Yunibesithi ya yaseKapa) is a public research university in Cape Town, South Africa. Established in 1829 as the South African College, it was granted full university statu ...
, South Africa. He resided in
Cape Town Cape Town ( af, Kaapstad; , xh, iKapa) is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest ...
in later years and died there.


Biography


Early years

Mackenzie was born on 23 July 1905 in
Maungaturoto Maungaturoto is a small town in the Northland Region of New Zealand. The township is located close to the Otamatea River, an estuarial arm of the Kaipara Harbour 25 kilometres north of Wellsford and 45 kilometres south of Whangārei. The New ...
, New Zealand. His parents were John Henderson Mackenzie (2 July 1871 – 4 March 1961) and Agnes Masterton, both of whom were Scottish.Scott and Macdonald (1928), p. 311."MacKENZIE, David James Masterton" (1952), p. 375. John, born in
Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, was a minister of the
congregational church Congregational churches (also Congregationalist churches or Congregationalism) are Protestant churches in the Calvinist tradition practising congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its ...
who was sent to New Zealand for missionary service between 1905 and 1914. The eldest child in the family, Mackenzie had one younger sister and brother: Margaret Henderson Mackenzie (9 April 1911 – 5 December 1995) and John Chalmers Mackenzie (8 June 1917 – 14 April 1992). Margaret, who adopted the surname Warwick on marriage, had worked in the National Institute of Medical Research of
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
.''University of Edinburgh Journal'' Vol 36 (1993), p. 199. Mackenzie was educated at Rutherford College in
Newcastle Newcastle usually refers to: *Newcastle upon Tyne, a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England *Newcastle-under-Lyme, a town in Staffordshire, England *Newcastle, New South Wales, a metropolitan area in Australia, named after Newcastle ...
, England. He then studied medicine at the
University of Edinburgh The University of Edinburgh ( sco, University o Edinburgh, gd, Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann; abbreviated as ''Edin.'' in post-nominals) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Granted a royal charter by King James VI in 15 ...
, where he graduated
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery ( la, Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae; abbreviated most commonly MBBS), is the primary medical degree awarded by medical schools in countries that follow the tradition of the United K ...
in 1929. In later years, he gained a Diploma of Public Health from the university in 1948, was elected a member and fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE) is a medical royal college in Scotland. It is one of three organisations that sets the specialty training standards for physicians in the United Kingdom. It was established by Royal charter ...
in 1956 and 1959 respectively, and was elected an honorary fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians in 1958."國際胸科會議閉幕,麥敬時榮獲名譽院士証" (24 September 1958) Between 1930 and 1931, he worked briefly in the
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, or RIE, often (but incorrectly) known as the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, or ERI, was established in 1729 and is the oldest voluntary hospital in Scotland. The new buildings of 1879 were claimed to be the largest v ...
.


Colonial career

In 1932, Mackenzie began practising in South Africa. He soon joined the
Colonial Medical Service The Colonial Service, also known as His/Her Majesty's Colonial Service and replaced in 1954 by Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service (HMOCS), was the British government service that administered most of Britain's overseas possessions, under the aut ...
in July 1934 and became a medical officer of the
Bechuanaland Protectorate The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a British protectorate, protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (later the United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) in So ...
(now
Botswana Botswana (, ), officially the Republic of Botswana ( tn, Lefatshe la Botswana, label=Setswana, ), is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahar ...
), to the north of South Africa.''Minutes'' Vol 47 (1950), p. 5. He served in that position for a decade and acted as the principal medical officer in several occasions. His long service in the field of
public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the det ...
was recognised in 1944 when he was appointed a
Member of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established o ...
. In January 1944, he was appointed deputy director of Medical Services of Bechuanaland. He helped in the fight against the
bubonic plague Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the plague bacterium (''Yersinia pestis''). One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, as well a ...
epidemic in the territory during the outbreak from 1944 to 1945.Davis (24 August 1946), pp. 462 & 465. He was further promoted as Director of Medical Services in 1946 and was appointed an
Officer of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established o ...
in 1947. Mackenzie was posted to the
Nyasaland Protectorate Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasalan ...
(now
Malawi Malawi (; or aláwi Tumbuka: ''Malaŵi''), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast ...
) in 1949 to become Director of Medical Services as well as an official member of the Legislative Council of the protectorate. After six years of service, he was transferred to
Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
in 1955, succeeding Dr P. S. Bell as Director of Medical Services,
Northern Nigeria Northern Nigeria was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962 it acquired the territory of the United Kingd ...
. He was appointed a
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, George III, King George III. ...
when he was posted out in 1957. Having served in the medical departments of a number of British colonies and protectorates in Africa for some 23 years, he became an expert of
tropical disease Tropical diseases are Infectious disease, diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropics, tropical and subtropics, subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, whic ...
s and
infectious disease An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...
s in that region. In 1957, the
Colonial Office The Colonial Office was a government department of the Kingdom of Great Britain and later of the United Kingdom, first created to deal with the colonial affairs of British North America but required also to oversee the increasing number of col ...
announced that Mackenzie would be sent to Hong Kong to succeed Dr K. C. Yeo as Director of Medical and Health Services. He took the office in January 1958. In addition, he was appointed the Unit Controller of the
Auxiliary Medical Services Auxiliary Medical Service (AMS) is a voluntary medical and health services provider in Hong Kong. Its mission is to supply effectively and efficiently regular services to maintain the health and well-being of people in Hong Kong. History The ...
, an official member of the Legislative Council, as well as the president of a number of non-governmental organisations, such as the
Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association Hong may refer to: Places * Høng, a town in Denmark *Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and specia ...
and the Mental Health Association of Hong Kong. On 21 March 1958, he was appointed an official
Justice of the Peace A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or ''puisne'' court, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the sa ...
."憲報昨晨公佈關祖堯等四人續任市局議員,麥敬時等奉委太平紳士" (22 March 1958) At that time, infectious diseases such as
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...
,
malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...
,
diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium '' Corynebacterium diphtheriae''. Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild clinical course, but in some outbreaks more than 10% of those diagnosed with the disease may die. Signs and s ...
and
cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...
were common in Hong Kong as the territory suffered from occasional droughts and there was a continuous, large influx of refugees arriving from
mainland China "Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC, and other territories within Greater China. ...
."醫務總監麥敬時演講醫務與衛生工作" (31 May 1961) In the slums on the outskirts of the city, where many refugees lived, there was no sanitised tap water and the overall public hygiene condition was poor, making things even worse. Against this background, preventing and controlling infectious diseases became his prime objective. Like his predecessors, he continued to strengthen port quarantine measures, educate the general public in the prevention of infectious diseases through staging public campaigns, conduct field researches, distribute medicine to people at risk, and encourage the general public to receive free
vaccination Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating ...
s. In particular, he strongly encouraged children to receive free BCG-vaccination."醫務總監麥敬時演講醫務與衞生工作(續完)" (1 June 1961) By 1961, as many as 80% of pregnant women who gave birth in hospital agreed to let their new-born babies receive BCG-vaccination within 48 hours. The measure helped significantly bring down the infection rate and mortality rate of tuberculosis among children under five. Apart from that, despite his effort, Hong Kong, like the southern mainland China,
Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
,
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
and the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
, continued to remain under the threat of cholera."本港發生首宗霍亂,當局採取緊急措施" (24 August 1962) In 1961 and 1962, Hong Kong was twice badly hit by cholera epidemics, during which the city was declared an infected area by the government. The 1961 outbreak, which lasted from 16 August to 12 October, was the first cholera outbreak recorded since 1946. It was more serious than the outbreak in the following year, as 129 people were diagnosed with cholera and 15 of them died."香港傳染病史略" (retrieved 6 July 2013) The local economy was also badly affected. In the face of the cholera outbreak of 1961, Mackenzie adopted a number of emergency measures, such as restricting immigration, setting up a temporary cholera hospital at
Lai Chi Kok Hospital The former Lai Chi Kok Hospital, located at No.800 Castle Peak Road, Lai Chi Kok, Kowloon, was listed as one of the Grade III historic buildings in Hong Kong on 24 June 2010. The site has now been transformed into Jao Tsung-I Academy under ...
and a quarantine station-cum-isolation camp at Chatham Road Camp, stepping up hygiene education for the public, and more importantly, setting up a large number of vaccination points in the territory to urge the public to receive free vaccinations."醫務總監麥敬時廣播霍亂症已受控制" (30 August 1961) In a short period of time, the number of people receiving free vaccinations in the territory had grown to 2.5 million. Besides, to echo the call of the Medical and Health Department in stepping up public hygiene, the
Urban Services Department Urban Services Department () was a government department in Hong Kong. It carried out the policies and managed the facilities of the former Urban Council. After being abolished with the Urban Council in 1999, its functions were inherited by the ...
conducted an increased number of inspections to restaurants, streets and alleys to maintain a high quality of public hygiene. At one point during the outbreak, when there were rumours of people becoming insane after the injection, Mackenzie took swift actions to publicly denounce the rumour-makers as wicked and reiterated that
pregnant women Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops ( gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb). A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy usually occurs by sexual intercourse, but ca ...
and people with
high blood pressure Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. Long-term high bl ...
were fit for the
injection Injection or injected may refer to: Science and technology * Injective function, a mathematical function mapping distinct arguments to distinct values * Injection (medicine), insertion of liquid into the body with a syringe * Injection, in broadca ...
. In comparison with the 1961 outbreak, the 1962 outbreak, which lasted from 24 August to 8 October, was not as serious and less disruptive."醫務總監正式宣佈香港已無霍亂症" (9 October 1962) A total of nine cases were diagnosed and only one death was recorded, fewer than in the neighbouring region. Apart from local-level effort, Mackenzie attended a number of international cholera conferences, where he proposed his intention to control cholera as well as other infectious diseases at regional level."東南亞各國決定協防霍亂症" (3 March 1962) These conferences included the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, the Philipp ...
Cholera Research Laboratory Advisory Council meetings at
Dacca Dhaka ( or ; bn, ঢাকা, Ḍhākā, ), formerly known as Dacca, is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh, as well as the world's largest Bengali-speaking city. It is the eighth largest and sixth most densely populated city i ...
,
Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
(now in
Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
), in March and November 1962, and the
World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of h ...
(WHO) Regional Committee meetings at
Manila Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...
, the Philippines, in September 1962 and May 1963. Another major objective of Mackenzie during his time as Director of Medical and Health Services was to rapidly expand public-health services to satisfy ever-increasing public demand. Public hospital projects completed during his tenure included the large and modern Queen Elizabeth Hospital at King's Park, which was opened on 10 September 1963, and the North Wing of
Kwong Wah Hospital Kwong Wah Hospital is a 1,141-bed Charitable district general hospital in Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong. Located on 25 Waterloo Road, the hospital was founded by the Tung Wah Group in 1911, and managed by the Hospital Authority since 1991. It provid ...
at
Yau Ma Tei Yau Ma Tei is an area in the Yau Tsim Mong District in the south of the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. Name ''Yau Ma Tei'' is a phonetic transliteration of the name (originally written as ) in Cantonese. It can also be spelt as Yaumatei, ...
on 30 March 1961. Other public-health-development projects completed during his tenure included the Sandy Bay Infirmary (now
Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Fung Yiu King Hospital Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Fung Yiu King Hospital (, TWGHs Fung Yiu King Hospital in short) is a geriatric hospital under the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals in Sandy Bay on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. History The hospital was known as S ...
) in December 1962 and the Kowloon Rehabilitation Centre in August 1963, etc. Furthermore, the foundation stones of Tsuen Wan Adventist Hospital, Li Po Chun Health Centre and the Lions Clubs Government Maternal and Child Health Centre in
Kowloon City Kowloon City is an neighbourhood, area in New Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is part of Kowloon City District. Compared with the council area of Kowloon City District, the Kowloon City area is History As early as in the Qin dynasty (221 BCE ...
were laid by him in June, July and September 1963 respectively. In April 1963, it was announced that Mackenzie would retire and leave Hong Kong in September and would be succeeded by the deputy director, Dr Teng Pin-hui. In September, he attended the Legislative Council meeting for the final time, in which he was thanked by the
Governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...
, Sir Robert Black, for his performance in the past five and a half years."港督在立法局致詞讚揚麥敬時總監政績" (19 September 1963) In October 1963, soon after his departure, Hong Kong was again hit by a minor cholera outbreakVan de Linde and Forbes (1965), p. 515. Mackenzie was the last non-Chinese person to hold the post of Director of Medical and Health Services of Hong Kong. All his successors were
ethnic Chinese The Chinese people or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren () or as Huaren () by speakers of s ...
.


Later years

Mackenzie lived in retirement in the United Kingdom. Between 1965 and 1969, he was a visiting scientist under the Malaria Eradication Program of the
Communicable Disease Center The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgi ...
at
Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 ...
, Georgia, the United States. In 1965, he represented the
British government ga, Rialtas a Shoilse gd, Riaghaltas a Mhòrachd , image = HM Government logo.svg , image_size = 220px , image2 = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg , image_size2 = 180px , caption = Royal Arms , date_es ...
to attend international cholera conferences in Pakistan and Hawaii. As a part of the Malaria Eradication Global Strategy of the
WHO Who or WHO may refer to: * Who (pronoun), an interrogative or relative pronoun * Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism * World Health Organization Arts and entertainment Fictional characters * Who, a creature in the Dr. Seuss book '' Horton He ...
, he also served as the WHO Consultant of the
Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
Study Team from July to August 1968. In later years, Mackenzie, who had served in Africa for a long time, chose to migrate to
Cape Town Cape Town ( af, Kaapstad; , xh, iKapa) is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest ...
, South Africa. From 1970 to 1984, he was an honorary research associate of the Department of Medical Microbiology of the medical school of the
University of Cape Town The University of Cape Town (UCT) ( af, Universiteit van Kaapstad, xh, Yunibesithi ya yaseKapa) is a public research university in Cape Town, South Africa. Established in 1829 as the South African College, it was granted full university statu ...
. In November 1976, at the age of 71, he paid a visit to his old friends in Hong Kong and was invited to preside over the graduation ceremony of government physical therapists. He died in Cape Town on 19 March 1994, aged 88. Throughout his lifelong medical and academic career, he published research articles on cholera and other infectious diseases in academic journals, government reports and other publications.


Personal life

Mackenzie married Patricia Eleanor Margaret Bailey in South Africa on 21 July 1934. Patricia was the daughter of Alexander Bailey from the British crown colony of
Basutoland Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho. Though the Basotho (then known as Basuto) and their territory had been under British control starting in 1868 (and ruled by Cape Colony from 1871), th ...
(now
Lesotho Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked country, landlocked as an Enclave and exclave, enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the Thabana Ntlenyana, highest mountains in Sou ...
). The couple had two daughters."MACKENZIE, David James Masterton" (1996) Mrs Mackenzie died in Cape Town on 14 January 1993. Mackenzie enjoyed golf and fishing; he was a member of the
Royal Hong Kong Golf Club Royal may refer to: People * Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name * A member of a royal family Places United States * Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Royal, Illinois, a village * Royal, Iowa, a c ...
, the Zomba Gymkhana in Malawi, and the West India Club in London.


Selected publications

* ''Report on the outbreak of cholera in Hong Kong''. Hong Kong: Medical and Health Department, 1961. *
Notes on problems facing malaria eradication programmes in tropical zones, with special reference to Thailand
'. Geneva : World Health Organization, 1969. *
Cholera – its nature, management and prevention
, ''S. A. Medical Journal'' Vol 45. South Africa: South African Medical Association, 2 January 1971, pp. 3–7.


Honours

* Honours and professional qualifications **
Member of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established o ...
(M.B.E.) (New Year Honours List 1944Supplement to Issue 36309
, ''London Gazette'', 31 December 1943, p. 22.
) **
Officer of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established o ...
(O.B.E.) ( King's Birthday Honours List 1947Supplement to Issue 37977
, ''London Gazette'', 12 June 1947, p. 2592.
) ** Member of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (MRCPE) (1956) **
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, George III, King George III. ...
(C.M.G.) ( Queen's Birthday Honours List 1957Supplement to Issue 41089
, ''London Gazette'', 4 June 1957, p. 5.
) ** Official Justice of the Peace (J.P.) (21 March 1958) ** Honorary Fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians (FCCP (Hon.)) (1958) **
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE) is a medical royal college in Scotland. It is one of three organisations that sets the specialty training standards for physicians in the United Kingdom. It was established by Royal charter ...
(FRCPE) (1959) * Competition named after him ** Mackenzie Shield: a first-aid competition of the Auxiliary Medical Service"醫務總監麥敬時主持醫療輔助隊周年救護賽" (3 December 1962)


See also

*
Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke Sir Percy Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke (, 17 December 1893 – 13 March 1976), KBE, CMG, MC, MD, FRCP, DPH, DTM&H, CStJ Barrister at Law, was the Director of Medical Services, Hong Kong, from 1937 to 1943 and Governor of the Seychelles from 1947 to ...
*
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Queen Elizabeth Hospital (), QE or QEH in short, is one of the largest acute general hospitals in Hong Kong. It was named after Queen Elizabeth II. The hospital is a major tertiary hospital in southern Kowloon, with over 1,900 beds. It empl ...
*
Infectious disease An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...


Footnotes


References


English materials

* Scott, Hew, and, Macdonald, Donald Farquhar, "JOHN HENDERSON MACKENZIE", ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae: The Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation'' Vol 7. Oliver and Boyd, 1928. * Davis, D. H. S.,
A Plague Survey of Ngamiland, Bechunaland Protectorate, During the Epidemic of 1944–45
, ''South Africa Medical Journal'', 24 August 1946, pp. 462–467. * ''Minutes'' Vol 47. Bechuanaland Protectorate: African Advisory Council, 1950. * "MacKENZIE, David James Masterton", ''Who's who of Southern Africa'' Vol. 42. Argus Printing & Publishing Company, 1952. * "MACKENZIE, D. J. M.", ''The Colonial Office List''. Great Britain: H.M. Stationery Office, 1953. * Van de Linde, P. A. M., and, Forbes, F. I.,
Observations on the Spread of Cholera in Hong Kong, 1961-61
, ''Bulletin of World Health Organization'' Vol 32 (4). Genève: World Health Organization, 1961, pp. 515–530. * ''Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed and Official Classes'' Vol 95. Kelly's Directories, 1969. * Scott, Hew, and Macdonald, Donald Farquhar, ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae: The Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation'' Vol 10. Oliver and Boyd, 1981. * ''University of Edinburgh Journal'' Vol 36. University of Edinburgh, Graduates' Association, 1993. * ''University of Edinburgh Journal'' Vols 37–38. University of Edinburgh, Graduates' Association, 1995. * "MACKENZIE, David James Masterton", ''Who was Who''. London: A & C Black, 1996. * Mkandawire, Austin C., ''Living My Destiny: A Medical and Historical Narrative''. Popular Publications, 1998. *
Plague, SARS, and the Story of Medicine in Hong Kong
'. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2006. *
60th Anniversary Commemorative Album
'. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, 2008. *

, ''Ohio Genealogy Trials'', retrieved on 6 July 2013.


Chinese materials

* "港醫務總監麥敬時繼任", ''Ta Kung Pao'', 18 September 1957, page 4 of set 1. * "新任醫務總局監麥敬時月底來港接任新職", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 7 January 1958, page 6. * "心理衛生會定期放映兒童生長影片", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 25 February 1958, page 7. * "憲報昨晨公佈關祖堯等四人續任市局議員,麥敬時等奉委太平紳士", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 22 March 1958, page 5. * "國際胸科會議閉幕,麥敬時榮獲名譽院士証", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 24 September 1958, page 5. * "廣華醫院北翼大廈今日行開幕禮", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 30 March 1961, page 6. * "醫務總監麥敬時演講醫務與衛生工作", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 31 May 1961, page 6. * "醫務總監麥敬時演講醫務與衛生工作(續完)", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 1 June 1961, page 6. * "醫務總監麥敬時廣播霍亂症已受控制", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 30 August 1961, page 5. * "真性霍亂症共百零七宗,喪生者共十二人", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 2 September 1961, page 6. * "東南亞各國決定協防霍亂症", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 3 March 1962, page 6. * "本港發生首宗霍亂,當局採取緊急措施", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 24 August 1962, page 5. * "本港成霍亂區域,居民宜立即打針", ''Ta Kung Pao'', 24 August 1962, page 1 of set 1. * "醫務總監麥敬時下周赴菲會議討論霍亂問題", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 16 September 1962, page 6. * "醫務總監正式宣佈香港已無霍亂症", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 9 October 1962, page 6. * "醫務總監麥敬時赴巴基斯坦會議", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 11 November 1962, page 6. * "醫務總監麥敬時主持醫療輔助隊周年救護賽", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 3 December 1962, page 7. * "大口環護養院昨舉行啟用禮", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 20 December 1962, page 6. * "麥敬時將任滿榮休,鄧炳輝任醫務總監", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 11 April 1963, page 5. * "麥敬時總監由菲返港", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 23 May 1963, page 7. * "荃灣療養院奠基", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 7 June 1963, page 6. * "麥敬時任更新會長", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 21 June 1963, page 6. * "李寶樁健康院舉行奠基儀式", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 3 July 1963, page 6. * "九龍康復院開幕", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 16 August 1963, page 6. * "九龍城母嬰健康院舉行奠基禮", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 17 September 1963, page 7. * "港督在立法局致詞讚揚麥敬時總監政績", ''The Kung Sheung Daily News'', 19 September 1963, page 4. * "前醫務總監麥敬時抵港", ''Wah Kiu Yat Pao'', 22 January 1965, page 1 of set 2. * "從事物理治療工作,須具最佳忍耐力", ''Wah Kiu Yat Pao'', 5 November 1976, page 2 of set 2. *

, ''非典型肺炎跨課程委員會網頁''. 香港: 港九潮州公會中學, retrieved 6 July 2013.


External links


Official Report of Proceedings
Legislative Council of Hong Konog (18 September 1963) {{DEFAULTSORT:Mackenzie, DJM 1905 births 1994 deaths Government officials of Hong Kong Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Officers of the Order of the British Empire Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Hong Kong medical doctors British tropical physicians Academic staff of the University of Cape Town Colonial Medical Service officers