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In 1944, codenames related to the D-Day plans appeared as solutions in
crossword A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white- and black-shaded squares. The goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues which lead to the an ...
s in the British newspaper, '' The Daily Telegraph'', which the British Secret Services initially suspected to be a form of espionage.


Background

Leonard Dawe Leonard Sydney Dawe (3 November 1889 – 12 January 1963) was an English amateur footballer who played in the Southern League for Southampton between 1912 and 1913, and made one appearance for the England national amateur football team in 1912. ...
, ''Telegraph'' crossword compiler, created these puzzles at his home in
Leatherhead Leatherhead is a town in the Mole Valley District of Surrey, England, about south of Central London. The settlement grew up beside a ford on the River Mole, from which its name is thought to derive. During the late Anglo-Saxon period, Leathe ...
. Dawe was headmaster of Strand School, which had been evacuated to Effingham, Surrey. Adjacent to the school was a large camp of US and Canadian troops preparing for D-Day, and as security around the camp was lax, there was unrestricted contact between the schoolboys and soldiers. Some of the soldiers' chatter, including D-Day codewords, may thus have been heard and learnt by some of the schoolboys. Dawe had developed a habit of saving his crossword-compiling work time by calling boys into his study to fill crossword blanks with words; afterwards Dawe would provide clues for those words. As a result, war-related words including those codenames got into the crosswords; Dawe said later that at the time he did not know that these words were military codewords. On 18 August 1942, a day before the Dieppe raid, 'Dieppe' appeared as an answer in ''The Daily Telegraph'' crossword (set on 17 August 1942) (clued "French port"), causing a security alarm. The
War Office The War Office was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the new Ministry of Defence (MoD). This article contains text from t ...
suspected that the crossword had been used to pass intelligence to the enemy and called upon
Lord Tweedsmuir John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (; 26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian, and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation. After a brief legal career ...
, then a senior intelligence officer attached to the Canadian Army, to investigate the crossword. Tweedsmuir, the son of author John Buchan, later commented: "We noticed that the crossword contained the word "Dieppe", and there was an immediate and exhaustive inquiry which also involved MI5. But in the end it was concluded that it was just a remarkable coincidence – a complete fluke".


D-Day alarm

In the months before D-Day the solution words 'Gold' and 'Sword' (codenames for the two D-Day beaches assigned to the British) and 'Juno' (codename for the D-Day beach assigned to Canada) appeared in ''The Daily Telegraph'' crossword solutions, but they are common words in crosswords, and were treated as coincidences. The run of D-Day codewords as ''The Daily Telegraph'' crossword solutions continued: * 2 May 1944: 'Utah' (17 across, clued as "One of the U.S."): code name for the D-Day beach assigned to the US 4th Infantry Division ( Utah Beach). This would have been treated as another coincidence. * 22 May 1944: 'Omaha' (3 down, clued as "Red Indian on the Missouri"): code name for the D-Day beach to be taken by the US 1st Infantry Division (
Omaha Beach Omaha Beach was one of five beach landing sectors designated for the amphibious assault component of operation Overlord during the Second World War. On June 6, 1944, the Allies invaded German-occupied France with the Normandy landings. "Omaha ...
). * 27 May 1944: 'Overlord' (11 across, clued as " 'common''.. but some bigwig like this has stolen some of it at times.", code name for the whole D-Day operation: Operation Overlord) * 30 May 1944: 'Mulberry' (11 across, clued as "This bush is a centre of nursery revolutions.", Mulberry harbour) * 1 June 1944: 'Neptune' (15 down, clued as "Britannia and he hold to the same thing.", codeword for the naval phase: Operation Neptune).


Investigation

MI5 became involved and arrested Dawe and a senior colleague, crossword compiler Melville Jones. Both were interrogated intensively, but it was decided that they were innocent, although Dawe nearly lost his job as a headmaster. Afterwards, Dawe asked at least one of the boys (Ronald French) where he had got these codewords from, and he was alarmed at the contents of the boy's notebook. He gave him a severe reprimand about secrecy and national security during wartime, ordered the notebook to be burnt, and ordered the boy to swear secrecy on the Bible. It was told publicly that the leakage of codenames was coincidence. Dawe kept his interrogation secret until he described it in a BBC interview in 1958.


Aftermath

In 1984, the approach of the 40th anniversary of D-Day reminded people of the crossword incident, causing a check for any codewords related to the 1982 Falklands War in ''The Daily Telegraph'' crosswords set around the time of that war; none were found. That induced Ronald French, then a property manager in Wolverhampton, to come forward to say that in 1944, when he was a 14-year-old at the Strand School, he inserted D-Day codenames into crosswords. He believed that hundreds of children must have known what he knew.{{cite book , last= Mayo , first= Jonathan , title= D-Day: Minute by Minute , year= 2014 , publisher= Marble Arch Press , location= New York , isbn= 978-1-4767-7294-3 , pages= 30, 31 A fictionalised version of the story appeared in ''The Mountain and the Molehill'' in series 1 of the BBC One ''
Screen One ''Screen One'' is a British television anthology drama series, produced by the BBC and distributed by BBC Worldwide, that was transmitted on BBC One from 1989 to 1998. A total of six series were broadcast, incorporating sixty individual films ...
'' anthology series, first broadcast on 15 October 1989. Written by David Reid and directed by
Moira Armstrong Moira Armstrong (born 1930) is a Scottish television director whose career has expanded over nearly fifty years.
, it starred
Michael Gough Francis Michael Gough ( ; 23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011) was a British character actor who made more than 150 film and television appearances. He is known for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958, with his first role as Sir Arthu ...
as Mr Maggs, a school headmaster based on Dawe. Another fictionalised version appeared in the Norwegian children`s book ''Kodeord Overlord'' ''(Codeword Overlord)'', written by Tor Arve Røssland and published by Vigmostad&Bjørke publishing house in 2019, whose main character is also based on Dawe.


References

Operation Overlord Coincidence Crosswords National security 1944 in the United Kingdom Telegraph Media Group Espionage scandals and incidents