Cyprinodontiformes

Cyprinodontiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising mostly small, freshwater fish. Many popular aquarium fish, such as killifish and live-bearers, are included. They are closely related to the Atheriniformes and are occasionally included with them. A colloquial term for the order as a whole is toothcarps, though they are not actually close relatives of the true carps – the latter belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, while the toothcarps are Acanthopterygii.

The families of Cyprinodontiformes can be informally divided into three groups based on reproductive strategy: viviparous and ovoviviparous (all species give live birth), and oviparous (all species are egg-laying). The live-bearing groups differ in whether the young are carried to term within (ovoviviparous) or without (viviparous) an enclosing eggshell. Phylogenetically however, one of the two suborders – the Aplocheiloidei – contains oviparous species exclusively, as do two of the four superfamilies of the other suborder (the Cyprinodontoidea and Valencioidea of the Cyprinodontoidei). Vivipary and ovovivipary have evolved independently from oviparous ancestors, the latter possibly twice.

Description

Some members of this order are notable for inhabiting extreme environments, such as saline or very warm waters, heavily polluted waters, rain water pools devoid of minerals and made acidic by decaying vegetation, or isolated situations where no other types of fish occur.

They are typically carnivores, and often live near the surface, where the oxygen-rich water compensates for environmental disadvantages. Scheel (1968) observed the gut contents were invariably ants, others have reported insects, worms and aquatic crustaceans. Aquarium specimens are invariably seen eating protozoans from the water column and the surfaces of leaves, however these are not apparent as stomach contents. Many members of the family Cyprinodontidae (the pupfishes) eat plant material as well and some have adapted to a diet very high in algae to the point where one, the American Flag Fish, is a renowned algae eater in the aquarium, in spite of belonging to an order of fishes that do not generally consume any plant material. In addition, killifish derive some of the carotenoids and other chemicals required to make their body pigments from pollen grains on the surface of and in the gut of insects they eat from the surface of the water; this can be simulated in culture by the use of special color enhancing foods that contain these compounds.

Although the Cyprinodontiformes are a diverse group, most species contained within are small to medium-sized fish, with small mouths, large eyes, a single dorsal fin, and a rounded caudal fin. The largest species is the ''cuatro ojos'' ('' Anableps dowei''), which measures in length, while the smallest, the least killifish ('' Heterandria formosa''), is just long as an adult.

Systematics

CYPRINODONTIFORMES
* Suborder Aplocheiloidei (all oviparous)
** Family Aplocheilidae Asian killifishes
** Family Nothobranchiidae African killifishes
** Family Rivulidae New World killifishes
* Suborder Cyprinodontoidei
** Superfamily Funduloidea
*** Family Profundulidae – Central American killifishes (oviparous)
*** Family Goodeidae – splitfins (largely viviparous)
*** Family Fundulidae – topminnows and North American killifishes (oviparous)
** Superfamily Valencioidea (oviparous)
*** Family Valenciidae – Mediterranean killifishes
** Superfamily Cyprinodontoidea (oviparous)
*** Family Cyprinodontidae – pupfishes
** Superfamily Poecilioidea
*** Family Anablepidae – four-eyed fishes and relatives (largely ovoviviparous)
*** Family Poeciliidae – livebearers and relatives (some oviparous, some ovoviviparous)

The family Aplocheilidae has been expanded by some authorities to include all the killifishes with three subfamilies, Aplocheilinae, Cynolebiinae and Nothobranchiinae, but this is not the classification adopted in the 5th Edition of ''Fishes of the World''.

References

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Extant Oligocene first appearances
Ray-finned fish orders