Cynodon dactylon

''Cynodon dactylon'', commonly known as Bermuda grass, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas. Although it is not native to Bermuda, it is an abundant invasive species there. In Bermuda it has been known as "crab grass" (also a name for '' Digitaria sanguinalis''). It is also known by various names as ''Dhoob'', ''dūrvā'' grass, ''ethana'' grass, ''dubo'', dog grass, dog's tooth grass, Bahama grass, crab grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian ''doab'', ''arugampul'', grama, wiregrass and scutch grass.

Description

The blades are a grey-green colour and are short, usually long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in colour.

The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike long.

It has a deep root system; in drought situations with penetrable soil, the root system can grow to over deep, though most of the root mass is less than under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground with its stolons, and roots wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. ''C. dactylon'' reproduces through seeds, stolons, and rhizomes. Growth begins at temperatures above with optimum growth between ; in winter, the grass becomes dormant and turns brown. Growth is promoted by full sun and retarded by full shade, e.g., close to tree trunks.

Cultivation

''Cynodon dactylon'' is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and that get between of rainfall a year (or less, if irrigation is available). For example, it is grown in the U.S. mostly in the southern half of the country.

Cultivars

Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements. New cultivars are released yearly.

Uses

Religious

Commonly known as "''durva''" or dūrvāyugma in India, this grass is used in the Ayurveda system of medicine. In Hinduism, it is considered important in the worship of Lord Ganesha. A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during puja (worship). It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times. A unique festival called Durva Ashtami, dedicated to this grass, is celebrated on the 8th day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadra month of the Hindu calendar.

It is known as "'Arugampul'" in Tamil and "''Karuka''" in Malayalam and is part of the Dashapushpam (Ten sacred flowers) in Kerala.

In Nepal, the grass is known as ''dubo'' and is used by the Hindus. According to Nepalese Hindus, the grass symbolises long life. The grass is an essential item for the Naga Panchami festival as well as the Gaura festival. In a Nepalese Hindu wedding, a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom.

This grass is a Yoruba herb used for Esu or Elegba in the Ifá system of orishas.

Medicinal value

The rhizomes are reported to act as a diuretic in humans and the grass juice can act as an astringent.

It has been observed that ''Cynodon dactylon'' may be selectively eaten by dogs to swiftly induce vomiting when they have gastrointestinal problems. The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin.

Other

It is fast-growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields, as when damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its tolerance to heat and drought enable it to survive where few other grasses do. This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern, southeastern U.S and South Africa. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements.

Bermuda grass has been cultivated in saline soils in California's Central Valley, which are too salt-damaged to support agricultural crops; it was successfully irrigated with saline water and used to graze cattle.

NFL Playing Surfaces

*State Farm Stadium in Glendale, AZ (Tifway 419 Hybrid Bermudagrass)
*M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, MD (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
*Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, MO (Latitude 36 Bermuda Grass)
* FedEx Field in Landover, MD (Latitude 36 Bermuda Grass)
*Nissan Stadium in Nashville, TN (Tifsport Bermuda Sod)
*Allegiant Stadium in Paradise, NV
*Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, CA (Tifway II Bermuda Grass)
*TIAA Bank Field in Jacksonville, FL (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
*Hard Rock Stadium in Miami, FL (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
* Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, FL (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
*Soldier Field in Chicago, IL (Tahoma 31 Bermudagrass)

MLB Playing Surfaces

*Angel Stadium in Anaheim, CA (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
*Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, CA (Santa Ana Bermudagrass)
*Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, CA (Tifway II Bermuda Grass)
*Petco Park in San Diego, CA (BullsEye Bermuda Grass)
*Oracle Park in San Francisco, CA (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)

Ecology

Invasive species

It is a highly aggressive invasive species, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-eradicate weed in some areas (it can be controlled somewhat with Triclopyr, Mesotrione, Fluazifop-P-butyl, and Glyphosate). This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass". Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170, Turflon ester (tricyclopyr), and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness. All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores, as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers.

The hybrid variety Tifton 85, like some other grasses (e.g. sorghum), produces cyanide under certain conditions, and has been implicated in several livestock deaths.

References

External links

FAO.org factsheet: ''Cynodon dactylon''

Online field guide to common saltmarsh plants of Queensland


Cim Antalya factsheet: ''Bermuda Çim''

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Chloridoideae
Flora of Africa
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
Flora of Australasia
Lawn grasses
Forages
Plants in Hinduism