A crown-cardinal ( it, cardinale della corona) was a cardinal protector of a Roman Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the

College of Cardinals The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are app ...

and, on occasion, to exercise the right claimed by some monarchs to veto a candidate for election to the papacy. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch. Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and in many cases without having performed any service at all for the advancement of the Church." According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, the crown-cardinals "rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves, if then, and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College. Usually unable to take part in the '' pratiche'', they were not '' papabili'' and rarely received more than one or two votes".Baumgartner, 2003, p. 150. Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms, although they tended to unite against the election of

cardinal-nephew A cardinal-nephew ( la, cardinalis nepos; it, cardinale nipote; es, valido de su tío; pt, cardeal-sobrinho; french: prince de fortune)Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 114. Modern French scholarly literature uses the term "cardinal-neveu'". ...

s. Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest, and

Pope Martin V Pope Martin V ( la, Martinus V; it, Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. H ...

attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425. A reform of

Pope Pius II Pope Pius II ( la, Pius PP. II, it, Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini ( la, Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus, links=no; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August ...

dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility, with several exceptions. Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes

Innocent VIII Pope Innocent VIII ( la, Innocentius VIII; it, Innocenzo VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death in July 1492. Son of th ...

and

Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI ( it, Alessandro VI, va, Alexandre VI, es, Alejandro VI; born Rodrigo de Borja; ca-valencia, Roderic Llançol i de Borja ; es, Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja, lang ; 1431 – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Churc ...

, both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a "position of service to a secular prince".Wilkie, 1974, p. 9. An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the Roman Curia, equivalent to an ambassador.

History

The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the

Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome ...

developed in the 16th century.Bireley, Robert. 2007. Book Review. ''The Catholic Historical Review''. 93, 1: 172–173. A manuscript list of cardinals appointed at the request of Crowns can be found in the Vatican Library in the Borghese collection, ''Borg. lat.'' 376, pp. 131-141: Pietro Francesco de Rossi, ''De cardinalibus electis ad preces Principum, ab anno 1294 usque in finem pontificatus Pauli III''. The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the

with the consistory of

Pope Eugene IV Pope Eugene IV ( la, Eugenius IV; it, Eugenio IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death in February 1447. Condulmer was a Venetian, and ...

on December 18, 1439 (on the heels of the election of

Antipope Felix V Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was a claimant to the pap ...

by the

Council of Basel The Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449. It was convoked as the Council of Basel by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in ...

), which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions. The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the ''

Catholic Encyclopedia The ''Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'' (also referred to as the ''Old Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the ''Original Catholic Encyclopedia'') i ...

'' says 1424) when

forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 161 This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by

Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI ( it, Alessandro VI, va, Alexandre VI, es, Alejandro VI; born Rodrigo de Borja; ca-valencia, Roderic Llançol i de Borja ; es, Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja, lang ; 1431 – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Chur ...

. This prohibition was not renewed by

Pope Leo X Pope Leo X ( it, Leone X; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death in December 1521. Born into the prominent political a ...

in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512. Some crown-cardinals were

s or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience.Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)
" During the reigns of

Avignon Avignon (, ; ; oc, Avinhon, label= Provençal or , ; la, Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône, the commune ha ...

Pope Clement VI Pope Clement VI ( la, Clemens VI; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death in December 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. Clement reigned during the first visitation of the Bla ...

and

Pope Urban VI Pope Urban VI ( la, Urbanus VI; it, Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano (), was head of the Catholic Church from 8 April 1378 to his death in October 1389. He was the most recent pope to be elected from outside the ...

in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832

scudi The ''scudo'' (pl. ''scudi'') was the name for a number of coins used in various states in the Italian peninsula until the 19th century. The name, like that of the French écu and the Spanish and Portuguese escudo, was derived from the Latin ''scu ...

. Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals ''

in pectore ''In pectore'' (Latin for "in the breast/heart") is a term used in the Catholic Church for an action, decision, or document which is meant to be kept secret. It is most often used when there is a papal appointment to the College of Cardinals wit ...

''. Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns. World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either became extinct or declined in power.

Role in conclaves

In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the ''

jus exclusivae ''Jus exclusivae'' (Latin for "right of exclusion"; sometimes called the papal veto) was the right claimed by several Catholic monarchs of Europe to veto a candidate for the papacy. Although never formally recognized by the Catholic Church, the ...

'', that is, to veto a candidate for the papacy deemed "unacceptable" by their patron. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers and attempt, with varying degrees of success, to delay the conclave from proceeding until they received a response. For example,

Pope Innocent X Pope Innocent X ( la, Innocentius X; it, Innocenzo X; 6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 September 1644 to his death in January ...

(elected 1644) and

Pope Innocent XIII Pope Innocent XIII ( la, Innocentius XIII; it, Innocenzo XIII; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born as Michelangelo dei Conti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 May 1721 to his death in March 1724. He is ...

(elected 1721) survived late-arriving veto instructions from France and Spain respectively. Austrian crown-cardinal Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck reached the papal conclave of 1846 too late to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who had already been elected and taken the name

Pius IX Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...

List of cardinal protector crown-cardinals

The following includes a complete list of crown cardinal-protectors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries:

Of Hungary

Pietro Isvalies Pietro Isvalies (died 1511) (called the Cardinal of Oristano) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Pietro Isvalies was born in Messina, part of an obscure family of Spanish origin. Early in his career, he became a can ...

(1507–1511) * Giulio de Medici (?– 1523)

Of Austria

Protectors: *1523–1531:

Lorenzo Pucci Lorenzo Pucci (18 August 1458 – 16 September 1531) was an Italian cardinal and bishop from the Florentine Pucci family. His brother Roberto Pucci and his nephew Antonio Pucci also became cardinals. Biography Pucci was born in Florence. He b ...

*1532–1535:

Giovanni Salviati Giovanni Salviati (24 March 1490 – 28 October 1553) was a Florentine diplomat and cardinal. He was papal legate in France, and conducted negotiations with the Emperor Charles V. Biography Salviati was born in Florence to Jacopo Salviati, s ...

*1540–1542: Girolamo Aleander *1542–1555: Marcello Cervini *1555–1580: Giovanni Girolamo Morone *1580–1600: Andreas von Österreich *1603–1634:

Franz von Dietrichstein Franz Seraph von Dietrichstein ( cs, František Serafín z Ditrichštejna, 22 August 1570 – 19 September 1636), of the Austrian and Moravian House of Dietrichstein, was Prince of Dietrichstein, Archbishop of Olomouc, Governor (Landeshauptmann) ...

*1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini *1638–1642: Maurizio di Savoia *1655–1667:

Ernst Adalbert von Harrach Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach (4 November 1598 – 25 October 1667) was an Austrian Catholic Cardinal who was appointed Archbishop of Prague and Prince-Bishop of Trento. His name in Czech is Arnošt Vojtěch hrabě z Harrachu. Early life Ada ...

Federico Sforza Federico Sforza (20 January 1603 – 24 May 1676) was an Italian Catholic cardinal. Biography Sforza was born in 1603, the son of Alessandro Sforza, 7th Count of Santa Fiora, Duke of Segni and Prince of Valmontone - and Eleonora Orsini. ...

(1664–1666, substitute protector of Habsburg hereditary lands) *1673–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia *1689–1701:

Francesco Maria de' Medici Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) was a member of the House of Medici. He was successively a Governor of Siena, cardinal and later the heir of the duchy of Montefeltro by right of his mother. Biography Me ...

*1701–1707:

Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch (also spelt ''Collonicz'', ''Colonitz'', ''Kollonitz'', ''Kolonits'' and ''Kolonić''; 26 October 1631 – 20 January 1707) or Lipót Kollonich was a cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Archbishop of Kalocsa and late ...

*1707–1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg *1712–1725: Christian von Sachsen-Zeitz *1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach *1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch *1751–1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer *1779–1800: František Herczan *1823–1834:

Giuseppe Albani Giuseppe (Andrea) Albani (13 September 1750 – 3 December 1834) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal. He played an important role in the elections of Leo XII, Pius VIII and Gregory XVI. Biography Albani was born in Rome into a noble fami ...

*1858–1867: Pietro Silvestri Vice-protectors and co-protectors *1536–1541:

Alessandro Cesarini Alessandro Cesarini (died 13 February 1542), bishop of Pistoia, was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Life Born in Rome, the son of Agabito Cesarini, he became close to the Medici family, particularly Cardinal Giovanni di Lore ...

*1560–1565:

Cristoforo Madruzzo 200px, '' Portrait of Cristoforo Madruzzo'' by Titian (1552). Museu de Arte de São Paulo, São Paulo">Museu_de_Arte_de_São_Paulo.html" ;"title="Titian (1552). Museu de Arte de São Paulo">Titian (1552). Museu de Arte de São Paulo, São Paulo. ...

*1571:

Marcantonio Colonna Marcantonio II Colonna (sometimes spelled Marc'Antonio; 1535 – August 1, 1584), Duke of Tagliacozzo and Duke and Prince of Paliano, was a Roman aristocrat who served as a Viceroy of Sicily in the service of the Spanish Crown, Spanish gener ...

*1574/ 1580/81: Tolomeo Galli *1581–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo *1584–1587:

Antonio Carafa Antonio Carafa (1538 – 13 January 1591) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal from the House of Carafa. Biography Early years Antonio Carafa was born in Naples to Rinaldo I Carafello Carafa, a local patrician, and Giovanna of the ''signo ...

*1604–1607: Alfonso Visconti *1607–1611: Ottavio Paravicini *1612–1621:

Pietro Aldobrandini Pietro Aldobrandini (31 March 1571 – 10 February 1621) was an Italian cardinal and patron of the arts. Biography He was made a cardinal in 1593 by his uncle, Pope Clement VIII. He took over the duchy of Ferrara in 1598 when it fell to the Pa ...

*1621–1632:

Ludovico Ludovisi Ludovico Ludovisi (22 or 27 October 1595 – 18 November 1632) was an Italian cardinal and statesman of the Roman Catholic Church. He was an art connoisseur who formed a famous collection of antiquities, housed at the Villa Ludovisi in Rome. Bi ...

*1629–1631: Cosimo de Torres *1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele di Savoia *1642–1644: Alfonso de la Cueva *1644–1655: Ernst von Harrach *1645–1664: Girolamo Colonna *1664–1667: Fedrigo Sforza *1667–1675: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt *1690–1693: José Saenz d'Aguirre *1694–1700: Francesco del Guidice *1701/02/ 1706–1710: Vincenzo Grimani *1703–05/ 1708–12:

Fabrizio Paolucci Fabrizio Paolucci (2 April 1651 – 12 June 1726) was an Italian cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, appointed by Pope Innocent XII. Biography Born at Forlì, he went to Rome at the age of eight, in 1659, to be educated by his grand-uncle ...

*1713–1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach *1719–1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan *1722–1726: Alvaro Cienfuegos *1735–1743: Niccolò del Giudice *1743–1779:

Alessandro Albani Alessandro Albani (15 October 1692 – 11 December 1779) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, but should be best remembered as a leading collector of antiquities, dealer and art patron in Rome. He supported the art historian, Johann Joachim Winckelmann ...

Of England

Of Ireland

Girolamo Ghinucci Girolamo Ghinucci (additionally referred to historically as: ''Jerome de Ghinucci, Geronimo de Ghinucci, Hieronymus Ghinucci, ''and'' Girolamo Ginucci''; 1480 in Siena – 3 July 1541) was an Italian papal administrator, diplomat and Cardinal in ...

(1539–1541) * Rodolfo Pio di Carpi (1545–1554) *Giovanni Girolamo Morone (1555? – 1574?) *

Francesco Alciati Francesco Alciati (2 February 1522 – 20 April 1580) was an Italian Cardinal. A native of Milan and a relative of Andrea Alciato, he became one of the most important law professors in Milan. His best-known student in Pavia was St Charles Borromeo ...

(1574–1580) * Flavio Orsini (1580–1581) * Nicholas Pelleve (1582–1594) *

Girolamo Mattei Girolamo Mattei (8 February 1547 – 8 December 1603) was an Italian Cardinal from the House of Mattei. Biography Mattei was born 8 February 1547, the son of Alessandro Mattei and Emilia Mazzatosta. He was the younger brother of Ciriaco Mattei ...

(1594? – 1603) * Pompeo Arrigoni (1605–1616) * Fabrizio Veralli (1616? – 1624) *

(1625–1632)Gillis, Clive. 2004.
Days of Deliverance Part 9: Rome makes the New Irish Confederation invincible
" *

Antonio Barberini Antonio Barberini (5 August 1607 – 3 August 1671) was an Italian Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, military leader, patron of the arts and a prominent member of the House of Barberini. As one of the cardinal-nephews of Pope Urban VIII ...

(1633? – 1671) *

Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (8 June 1623 – 29 June 1698) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal-Nephew to Pope Clement X. Biography Altieri was born Paluzzo Paluzzi degli Albertoni in Rome, the eldest of two sons to Antoni ...

(1671–1698) * Giuseppe Renato Imperiali (1706–1737) *

Neri Maria Corsini Neri Maria Corsini (19 May 1685 – 6 December 1770) was an Italian nobleman and Catholic priest and cardinal. Life Born in Florence, Corsini was the second of the two sons of Filippo Corsini and Lucrezia Rinuccini. He traveled widely throug ...

(1737–1770) * Mario Marefoschi (1771–1780) * Gregorio Salviati (1781–1794) * Carlo Livizzani (1794–1802)

Of Scotland

*Antoniotto Pallavicini (1504–1507) *Pietro Accolti (1514–1532) *Benedetto Accolti (1532–1538) * Rodolfo Pio di Carpi (1538–1549) *

Giovanni Domenico de Cupis Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (Cupi, Cuppi) (1493–1553) was an Italian Cardinal, created by Pope Leo X in the consistory of 1 July 1517. Biography He was Crown-cardinal of the Kingdom of Scotland. He was a friend of Ignatius Loyola. His mother w ...

(1550–1553)Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of July 1, 1517 (V)
" *Niccolo Caetani Sermoneta (1570–1585) * Camillo Borghese (1603–1605) *

Maffeo Barberini Pope Urban VIII ( la, Urbanus VIII; it, Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in July 1644. As p ...

(1608–1623) * Francesco Barberini (1623–1679) * Phillip Howard of Norfolk (1680–1694) * Taddeo da Verme (1706–1717) * Alessandro Falconieri (1727–1734) *

Domenico Riviera Domenico is an Italian given name for males and may refer to: People * Domenico Alfani, Italian painter * Domenico Allegri, Italian composer * Domenico Alvaro, Italian mobster * Domenico Ambrogi, Italian painter * Domenico Auria, Italian a ...

(1734–1752) *

Giuseppe Spinelli Giuseppe Spinelli (1 February 1694 – 12 April 1763) was an Italian cardinal. He was prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. Biography A native of Naples, he was the son of Giambattista Spinelli, marquis of Fuscaldo, pr ...

(1754–1763) *Giovanni Francesco Albani (1763–1803) * Charles Erskine (1804–1811)

Of France

The

King of France France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I () as the fir ...

historically had only one cardinal protector at a time, chosen by a complicated process that involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the Pope.Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164. The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot ''commendatario'' of several French abbeys. There was traditionally at least one resident French cardinal in the Roman Curia during the first half of the sixteenth century, but Louis XII and Francis I chose three successive Italian cardinals as protector of France thereafter. *1513–1516: Federico di Sanseverino *1516–1523: Giulio de Medici *1523–1548:

Agostino Trivulzio Agostino Trivulzio (c. 1485–1548) was an Italian Cardinal and papal legate. He was from a noble family in Milan, the eighth child of Giovanni Trivulzio di Borgomanero, a Councillor of the Dukes of Milan, and Angela (or Agnolina, or Anna) Marti ...

** Niccolò Gaddi (vice-protector from 1533)Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of May 3, 1527 (I)
" *1549–1572:

Ippolito II d'Este Ippolito (II) d'Este (25 August 1509 – 2 December 1572) was an Italian cardinal and statesman. He was a member of the House of Este, and nephew of the other Ippolito d'Este, also a cardinal. He is perhaps best known for his despoliation of th ...

*1573–1586:

Luigi d'Este Luigi d'Este (21 December 1538 – 30 December 1586) was an Italian Catholic cardinal, the second son of the five children of Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Modena and Ferrara, and Renée, daughter of Louis XII of France. Biography Luigi, a member o ...

*1587–1615:

François de Joyeuse François de Joyeuse (24 June 1562 – 23 August 1615) was a French churchman and politician. Biography Born at Carcassonne, François de Joyeuse was the second son of Guillaume de Joyeuse and Marie Eléanor de Batarnay. As the younger son of a ...

**Vice-protector

Arnaud d'Ossat Arnaud d'Ossat (20 July 1537 – 13 March 1604) was a French diplomat and writer and a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, whose personal tact and diplomatic skill steered the perilous course of French diplomacy with the papacy in the reign ...

(1599–1604) **Vice-protector François de La Rochefoucald (October 1609–May 1611)Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of December 10, 1607 (III)
" *1616–1620: Alessandro Orsini **

Guido Bentivoglio Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona (4 October 15797 September 1644) was an Italian cardinal, statesman and historian. Early years A member of the Ferrara branch of the influential Bentivoglio family of Bologna, he was the younger son of marchese Cor ...

(vice-protector from 1621 until 1636) *1621–1636: Maurizio di Savoia *1636–1644:

*1645–1672: Rinaldo d'Este ** Alessandro Bichi (vice-protector 1645 until 1657) *1672–1676:

Virginio Orsini Gentile Virginio Orsini (c. 1434 – 8 January 1497) was an Italian condottiero and vassal of the papal throne and the Kingdom of Naples, mainly remembered as the powerful head of the Orsini family during its feud with Pope Alexander VI (Rodri ...

(from 1646 acted as co-protector) *1676–1701:

César d'Estrées César d'Estrées (5 February 1628 – 18 December 1714) was a French diplomat and cardinal. Biography Estrées was born and died in Paris. He was the son of Marshal François Annibal d'Estrées and nephew of Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistre ...

*1702–1709: Francesco Maria de’Medici *1709–1740:

Pietro Ottoboni Pope Alexander VIII ( it, Alessandro VIII; 22 April 1610 – 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in February 1691. He is to date the la ...

Pierre Guérin de Tencin Pierre-Paul Guérin de Tencin (Grenoble, 22 August 1679 – 2 March 1758), French ecclesiastic, was archbishop of Embrun and Lyon, and a cardinal. His sister was Claudine Guérin de Tencin. Biography After studying with the Oratorians in h ...

, acting protector until 1758 *1758–1765: Prospero Colonna di Sciarra *1769–1792/4: François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis

Of the Holy Roman Empire

The protector of the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 un ...

was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands. *1492–1503: Francesco PiccolominiSignorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29 *1518–1539:

Lorenzo Campeggio Lorenzo Campeggio (7 November 1474 – 19 July 1539) was an Italian cardinal and politician. He was the last cardinal protector of England. Life Campeggio was born in Milan, the eldest of five sons. In 1500, he took his doctorate in ca ...

*1540: Pedro Manriquez *1540–1542: Girolamo Aleander *1542–1550: Innocenzo Cibo *1550–1557: Juan Álvarez de Toledo *1557–1573:

Otto Truchsess von Waldburg Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (25 February 1514 – 2 April 1573) was Prince-Bishop of Augsburg from 1543 until his death and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. Childhood and Education Otto was born at Scheer Castle to the Swabian noble House o ...

*1573–1600: Ludovico Madruzzo *1603–1611: Ottavio Paravicini *1611–1633:

Scipione Borghese Scipione Borghese (; 1 September 1577 – 2 October 1633) was an Italian Cardinal, art collector and patron of the arts. A member of the Borghese family, he was the patron of the painter Caravaggio and the artist Bernini. His legacy is the establ ...

*1635/36:

Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of March 3, 1599 (IV)
*1636–1642: Moritz von Savoyen *1644–1666: Girolamo Colonna *1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt *1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia *1689–1701:

Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
September 2, 1686 (II)
*1701–1707: Leopold von Kollonitsch *1707–1712:

Johann Philipp von Lamberg Cardinal Johann Philipp '' Graf'' von Lamberg Johann Philipp Cardinal Count von Lamberg (25 May 1651 in Vienna - 30 October 1712 in Regensburg), was bishop of Passau, a Cardinal and diplomat in the service of the Habsburg emperors. Early life ...

*1712–1725: Christian August von Sachsen-Zeitz *1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach *1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch *1751–1758:

Ferdinand Julius von Troyer Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements "protection", "peace" (PIE "to love, to make peace") or alternatively "journey, travel", Proto-Germanic , abstract noun from root "to fare, travel" (PIE , "to lead, pass over"), and "co ...

*1758–1765: ''vacant'' *1765–1779:

*1779–1800: Franziskus von Paula Herzan von Harras Vice-protectors and co-protectors *1517–1530:

*1530–1532: Wilhelm van Enkevoirt *1534–1539:

*1538–1540:

*1540–1542: Alessandro Farnese *1542–1550: Juan Álvarez de Toledo *1550–1553: Bernardo Maffei *1557–1559:

Pedro Pacheco Pedro Miguel Salgadinho Pacheco de Melo (born 27 June 1984), known as Pacheco, is a professional soccer player who plays for CU Micaelense as a defensive midfielder. He played 312 games in the Segunda Liga over 11 seasons, mainly at the servi ...

*1558–1568: Clemente Dolera *1587–1593: Filippo Spinola *1594–1600: Ottavio Paravicini *1621–1625: Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern *1625–1644:

Giulio Savelli Giulio Savelli (27 September 1941 – 12 May 2020) was an Italian politician and publisher. Biography Born in Rome, Italy, on 27 September 1941, Savelli co-founded the publishing house alongside Giuseppe Paolo Samonà in 1963. Samonà left the ...

*1644: Girolamo Colonna **1664–1666:

(substitute protector) *1666–1682: Carlo Pio di Savoia *1690–1693: José Saenz d'Aguirre *1694–1700: Francesco del Guidice *1701/02/ 1706–1710: Vincenzo Grimani *1703–05/ 1708–12:

*1713–1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach *1719–1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan *1722–1726: Alvaro Cienfuegos *1735–1743: Niccolò del Giudice *1745–1765:

Of Poland

* Pedro Isvalies (ca. 1506 — 1511) * Achille de Grassi (1512–1523) *

(1523–1531)Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of September 23, 1513 (I)
* Antonio Pucci (1532–1544) * Alessandro Farnese (1544–1589) **Bernardino Maffei (vice-protector 1550–1553) **Giacomo Puteo (vice-protector 1555–1563) **Giacomo Savelli (vice-protector 1563–1587) *

Alessandro Peretti di Montalto Alessandro Damasceni Peretti di Montalto (1571 – 2 June 1623) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal Bishop. He received the title by his uncle Felice Peretti after the latter was elected Pope Sixtus V on 24 April 1585, in the consistory on 13 May ...

(1589–1623) * Cosimo de Torres (vice-protector 1622–1623, protector 1623–1642) *

(1642–1644) ** Gianbattista Pamphilj (vice-protector until 1644) * Gaspare Mattei (1644–1650) *

(co-protector 1647–1650, protector 1650–1676) * Pietro Vidoni (co-protector 1676, protector 1676–1681) * Carlo Barberini (1681–1704) *

Annibale Albani Annibale Albani (15 August 1682 – 21 September 1751) was an Italian Cardinal. Biography Annibale Albani was born in Urbino as a member of the Albani family, of Albanian-Italian origin. His parents were Orazio Albani, brother of Pope Clement XI ...

(1712–1751) * Gian Francesco Albani (1751–1795)

Of Sweden

Cardinal-protectors of Sweden were appointed by king of Poland

Zygmunt III Waza Sigismund III Vasa ( pl, Zygmunt III Waza, lt, Žygimantas Vaza; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund, King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from 1592 to ...

, who had claimed the rights to the Swedish Crown. *

Odoardo Farnese Odoardo Farnese (28 April 1612 – 11 September 1646), also known as Odoardo I Farnese to distinguish him from his grandson Odoardo II Farnese, was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1622 to 1646. Biography Odoardo was the eldest legit ...

(1601–1626) *

Lorenzo Magalotti Lorenzo Magalotti (24 October 1637 – 2 March 1712) was an Italian philosopher, author, diplomat and poet. Magalotti was born in Rome into an aristocratic family, the son of Ottavio Magalotti, Prefect of the Pontifical Mail: his uncle Lorenz ...

(1626–1637)

Of Portugal

*1517–1531:

*1533–1544: Antonio Pucci *1545–1564:

Guido Ascanio Sforza Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora (26 November 1518 – 6 October 1564) was an Italian cardinal, known also as ''The cardinal of Santa Fiora''. Born in Rome, he was the son of Costanza Farnese and therefore grandson of Pope Paul III, brothe ...

*1565–1572:

Carlo Borromeo Charles Borromeo ( it, Carlo Borromeo; la, Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was a leading figure of the Counter-Reformation combat a ...

*1573–1589: Alessandro Farnese *1591–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo *1604–1626:

*1626–1634: Francesco Barberini *1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini *1657–1676:

*1676–1714:

*1714–1721: Michelangelo Conti *1739–1770:

*1859–1884: Camillo di Pietro *1887–1888: Włodzimierz Czacki *1891–1910/30:

Vincenzo Vannutelli Vincenzo Vannutelli (5 December 1836 – 9 July 1930) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He spent his career in the foreign service of the Holy See and was made a cardinal in 1890. At his death he was the oldest member o ...

Of Savoy/Kingdom of Sardinia

Protectors of the Duchy of Savoy *1534–1537: Paolo Cesi *1576–1594:

Michele Bonelli Carlo Michele Bonelli, Cardinal Alessandrino (25 November 1541– 28 March 1598) was an Italian senior papal diplomat with a distinguished career that spanned two decades from 1571. Biography Born in Bosco Marengo, he was the son of Marco ...

*1594–1621:

*1621–1632:

*1633–1671:

*1671–1704: Carlo Barberini Protectors of the Kingdom of Sardinia *1727–1779:

*1819? – 1834:

*1835–1853:

Luigi Lambruschini Luigi Lambruschini (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century. He was a member of the Clerics Regular of St. Paul and served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. Biograph ...

Of Naples

*1530–1542: Alessandro Cesarini *1544–1549: Alessandro Farnese *1556–1564: Guido Ascanio Sforza *1566–1574: Alessandro Sforza *1574–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo *1605–1608: Ascanio Colonna *1608–1642: Girolamo Doria *1644–1650: Gaspare Mattei *1657–1663: Camillo Astalli *1664–1676:

*1689–1699: José Saenz d'Aguirre

Of Sicily

*1524–1542: Alessandro Cesarini *1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese *1592–1626:

*1626–1634: Francesco Barberini *1635–1642: Luigi Caetani *1645–1656: Pier Donato Cesi *1664–1687: Lorenzo Raggi **

(1664–1666, substitute protector) *1687–1699: José Saenz d'Aguirre *1699–1725: Francesco del Giudice

Of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

*1738–1747:

Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona Troiano Acquaviva of Aragon (14 January 1696 – 20 March 1747) was an Italian cardinal and Catholic archbishop. Acquaviva was from a noble family with close ties to the Spanish crown; he was the nephew of Cardinal Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona ...

Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of October 1, 1732 (IV)
*1747–1789: Domenico Orsini *1789–1795: Ferdinando Spinelli *1799–1806?: Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo

Of Castile/Spain

The

King of Spain , coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 Ju ...

could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors ( es, Protector de España, links=no) simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. . p. 163 *1516–1517: Francisco Remolins *1517–1529:

*1529–1534: Andrea della Valle *1534–1563: Ercole Gonzaga *1563–1566: Francesco Gonzaga *1566–1574: Francisco Pacheco de ToledoMiranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)
*1574–1581:

Alessandro Sforza Alessandro Sforza (21 October 1409 – 3 April 1473) was an Italian condottiero and lord of Pesaro, the first of the Pesaro line of the Sforza family. Biography He was born in Cotignola in 1409, an illegitimate son of the famous condottier ...

Miranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of March 12, 1565 (IV)
*1582–1588: Ferdinando de' MediciMinnich, Nelson H. 2003. Book Review. ''The Catholic Historical Review''. 89, 4: 773–778 *

(Vice-protector circa 1569) *1588–1592: Juan Hurtado Mendoza *1592–1599:

Pedro de Deza Manuel Pedro de Deza (1520–1600) was a Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Biography Background Pedro de Deza was born in Seville on 26 March 1520, the son of Antonio de Deza and Beatriz de Portugal. He was the nephew of Diego Deza, Archbi ...

*1599–1601: Alessandro d'Este *1601–1606: Francisco de Ávila *1606–1617: Antonio Zapata y Cisneros *1617–1632:

Gaspar de Borja y Velasco Gaspar de Borja y Velasco (26 June 1580 – 28 December 1645) was a Spanish cardinal, ecclesiastic and politician. He belonged to the house of Borgia (though he always used the Spanish spelling of ''Borja'') and served as Primate of Spain, Archbi ...

*1632–1645: Gil Carrillo de Albornoz *1645–1666: Carlo de' Medici **

(1664–1667, substitute protector) *1667–1672: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt *1673–1677:

Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzmán, (8 January 1635, Palma del Río – 14 September 1709, Toledo, Spain) was a Spanish prelate, who was cardinal archbishop of Toledo. Uncle of Luis Antonio Tomás de Portocarrero y Moscoso, 5th ...

*1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia *1689–1702:

*1702–1713?: Francesco del Giudice *1713–1725: Francesco Acquaviva d'AragonaMiranda, Salvator. 1998.
Consistory of May 17, 1706 (II)
" *1725–1743: Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada *1743–1747:

*1748–1760: Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero

Of Aragon

*1517–1531: Lorenzo Pucci *1531–1542:

*1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese *1592–1626:

*1626–1634: Francesco Barberini *1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia *1645–1666: Girolamo Colonna *1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt *1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia *1689–1702: Francesco Maria de’Medici

Of Flanders

*1561–1572:

*1573–1597:

*1597–1608: Ascanio Colonna *1608–1633:

Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese Scipione Borghese (; 1 September 1577 – 2 October 1633) was an Italian Cardinal, art collector and patron of the arts. A member of the Borghese family, he was the patron of the painter Caravaggio and the artist Bernini. His legacy is the estab ...

*1633–1642: Pietro Maria Borghese *1644–1666: Girolamo Colonna **

(1664–1666, substitute protector) *1669–1676: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt *1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia *1689–1702:

List of other national cardinal protectors

Of Switzerland

(1560–1572) *

Paolo Emilio Sfondrati Paolo Emilio Sfondrati (1560 – 14 February 1618) was an Italian Cardinal. Biography Born to a noble family in Milan and the nephew of Pope Gregory XIV, he was the cardinal priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, papal legate in Bologna, member of ...

(1591–1618) *

(1618–1626) * Francesco Barberini (1626–1679) * Carlo Barberini (1680–1704) * Fabrizio Spada (1712–1717) *Annibale Albani (1717–1751)

Of Republic of Genoa

* Giandomenico Spinola (1626–1630) * Laudivio Zacchia (1631–1637) * Pietro Maria Borghese (1638–1642)

List of non-cardinal protector crown-cardinals

;Of Austria * Andrew of Austria, son of Archduke FerdinandTrollope, 1876, p. 51. * Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737 – August 30, 1761) * Rudolf of Austria (June 4, 1819 – July 24, 1831), Archbishop of Olomouc, Archduke * Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck ( Papal conclave circa 1846) * Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko ( Papal conclave circa 1903) ;Of Bavaria *Philipp Wilhelm (22 September 1576 – 18 May 1598), Bishop of Regensburg from 1595, Cardinal from 1597Trollope, 1876, p. 52. *Johann Casimir v. Häffelin (6 April 1818 – 27 August 1827), Ambassador of Bavaria to the Holy See (since 18 November 1803), probably a de facto court bishop since 11 November 1787 (as general vicar of the Bavarian Priory of the Order of Malta) ;Of England *

Charles of Guise Charles de Lorraine (c. 1525 – 26 December 1574), Duke of Chevreuse, was a French Cardinal, a member of the powerful House of Guise. He was known at first as the Cardinal of Guise, and then as the second Cardinal of Lorraine, after the death o ...

, uncle of

Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scot ...

;Of France * Jean Jouffroy, continued role as

procurator Procurator (with procuracy or procuratorate referring to the office itself) may refer to: * Procurator, one engaged in procuration, the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency * ''Procurator'' (Ancient Rome), the title of ...

after elevation as cardinalWilkie, 1974, p. 8. *

Jean Balue Jean Balue (5 October 1491) was a French cardinal and minister of Louis XI. Born without resources, he managed to climb the political ladder by exploiting connections, to whom he often did not remain loyal, and by making himself an indispensable ...

, continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinal; styled as "French protector" in RomeWilkie, 1974, p. 16. * André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489 – November 10, 1500) * Armand Jean de Richelieu (November 3, 1622 – December 4, 1642), Bishop of Luçon, Prime Minister *

Jules Mazarin Cardinal Jules Mazarin (, also , , ; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino () or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XI ...

(1641–1661) *

Jean Siffrein Maury Jean-Sifrein Maury (; 26 June 1746 – 10 May 1817) was a French cardinal, archbishop of Paris, and former bishop of Montefiascone. Biography The son of a cobbler, he was born at Valréas in the Comtat-Venaissin, the enclave within France that ...

(1794–1806), Archbishop of Montefiascone, representative of the Bourbon pretender, sided with

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

in 1806 *

Joseph Fesch Joseph Fesch, Prince of France (3 January 1763 – 13 May 1839) was a French priest and diplomat, who was the maternal half-uncle of Napoleon Bonaparte (half-brother of Napoleon's mother Laetitia). In the wake of his nephew, he became Archbishop ...

(2 December 1804 – 22 June 1815), Archbishop of Lyons, step-uncle to

, Ambassador of France to the Holy See (1803–1806, but in 1803 there wasn't as yet a ''crown'') and Imperial Grand Almoner (1805–1814); his role as crown-cardinal ended with the end of the Napoleonic reign, whereas he remained Cardinal and Archbishop ;Of the Holy Roman Empire * Albert of Austria, son of

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576. A member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, he was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 14 May 1562 and elected King of Germany (K ...

;Of Poland * Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600) * Jan Aleksander Lipski (December 20, 1737 – February 20, 1746) ;Of Portugal * Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal * Henry of Portugal * Tomás de Almeida (December 20, 1737 – February 27, 1754)Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. ''Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 173Minor, Vernon Hyde. 2005. ''The Death of the Baroque and the Rhetoric of Good Taste''. Cambridge University Press. . p. 138 ;Of Spain *

Pedro González de Mendoza Pedro González de Mendoza (3 May 1428 – 11 January 1495) was a Spanish cardinal, statesman and lawyer. He served on the council of King Enrique IV of Castile and in 1467 fought for him at the Second Battle of Olmedo. In 1468 he was named bi ...

(May 7, 1473 – January 11, 1495)Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998.
The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)
*

Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, OFM (1436 – 8 November 1517), spelled Ximenes in his own lifetime, and commonly referred to today as simply Cisneros, was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman. Starting from humble beginnings ...

* Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand * Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735 – December 18, 1754)Pastor, 1941, p. 405 * Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756 – March 21, 1775) ;Of Tuscany *

Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I. Early life Ferdinando was the fifth son (the third surviving at t ...

References

;Sources *Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. ''Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections''. Palgrave Macmillan. . *Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. ''The History of Popes''. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. *Wilkie, William E. 1974. ''The cardinal protectors of England''. Cambridge University Press. * *Peter Tusor, "Prolegomena zur Frage des Kronkardinalats," ''Archivum Historiae Pontificiae'' Volume 41 (2003), pp. 51–71. {{DEFAULTSORT:Crown-Cardinal ^ Lists of Roman Catholics Election of the Pope Cardinal protectors