Crispin Gardiner
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Crispin William Gardiner (born 18 October 1942 in Hastings New Zealand) is a New Zealand physicist, who has worked in the fields of
Quantum Optics Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have ...
,
Ultracold Atoms Ultracold atoms are atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0 kelvin (absolute zero), typically below several tens of microkelvin (µK). At these temperatures the atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important. To reach such low ...
and Stochastic Processes. He has written about 120 journal articles and several books in the fields of
quantum optics Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have ...
, stochastic processes and
ultracold atoms Ultracold atoms are atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0 kelvin (absolute zero), typically below several tens of microkelvin (µK). At these temperatures the atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important. To reach such low ...


Education

Crispin Gardiner completed his undergraduate studies at the
University of Auckland , mottoeng = By natural ability and hard work , established = 1883; years ago , endowment = NZD $293 million (31 December 2021) , budget = NZD $1.281 billion (31 December 2021) , chancellor = Cecilia Tarrant , vice_chancellor = Dawn F ...
(B. Sc. 1964, M. Sc. 1965). He was awarded a research scholarship by the
Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 is an institution founded in 1850 to administer the international exhibition of 1851, officially called the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations. The Great Exhibition was held ...
in 1965, under which received his D Phil in 1968 from the
Oxford University Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to th ...
for research in elementary particle physics.


Career

Following his D Phil, Gardiner completed
postdoctoral research A postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral researcher, or simply postdoc, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD). The ultimate goal of a postdoctoral research position is to pu ...
in the group of
George Sudarshan Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (also known as E. C. G. Sudarshan; 16 September 1931 – 13 May 2018) was an Indian American theoretical physicist and a professor at the University of Texas. Sudarshan has been credited with numerous contrib ...
at the Syracuse University.


University of Waikato, 1970–1995

Gardiner was appointed to the faculty of the Physics Department of the
University of Waikato , mottoeng = For The People , established = 1964; years ago , endowment = (31 December 2021) , budget = NZD $263.6 million (31 December 2020) , chancellor = Sir Anand Satyanand, GNZM, QSO, KStJ , vice_chancellor = Neil Quigley , cit ...
in 1970, and was awarded a personal chair in physics in 1992, a position held until 1995. When Gardiner arrived, the
University of Waikato , mottoeng = For The People , established = 1964; years ago , endowment = (31 December 2021) , budget = NZD $263.6 million (31 December 2020) , chancellor = Sir Anand Satyanand, GNZM, QSO, KStJ , vice_chancellor = Neil Quigley , cit ...
was only 5 years old, while the School of Science, which covered Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and Earth Science, had only commenced teaching at the beginning of 1970, and no research facilities had been established. Dan Walls took up a position at Waikato in 1972, and, working together, he and Gardiner established a major research centre for theoretical quantum optics at Waikato, building active and productive collaborations with groups throughout the world. During this period * He and Peter Drummond developed the positive P-representation . * He and Matthew Collett developed the input-output formalism for damped quantum systems, which they used to predict and describe the spectrum of
squeezed light In quantum physics, light is in a '' squeezed state'' if its electric field strength ''Ԑ'' for some phases \vartheta has a quantum uncertainty smaller than that of a coherent state. The term ''squeezing'' thus refers to a reduced quantum un ...
. * He wrote the first (1985) edition of the book ''Stochastic Methods'', now seen as a standard text in the field of applied stochastic processes. * In 1986 he predicted the inhibition of atomic phase decays for a two-level atom coupled to a squeezed optical reservoir. While challenging to realise in optical systems, the phenomenon was eventually observed in a superconducting qubit system affording sufficient reservoir control. * He wrote the first (1991) edition of the book "Quantum Noise", (later editions were written in collaboration with Peter Zoller) which has become a standard text in the fields of
quantum optics Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have ...
and quantum stochastic methods. * In 1993 he developed (at the same time as a separate formulation by Howard Carmichael) the theory and application of cascaded quantum systems, in which the optical output of one quantum system becomes the optical input for another quantum system.


Work in early childhood education, 1971–1991

A very significant part of Gardiner's activity over the years 1971-1991 was as a parent activist, administrator and government consultant in New Zealand early childhood education. During this period very significant expansion of recognition, provision and government funding for early childhood education occurred. In particular * He was one of the group which founded the "Campus Creche Society" in 1971, of which he was the secretary until 1974. The Campus Creche Society, advocated, and established the first Childcare Centre in the University of Waikato. * He was elected to the executive of the N.Z. Childcare Association in 1975, becoming Vice President 1983--1984. * In 1976 he organized the Hamilton Day Care Centres Trust, which operated childcare services in Hamilton, and administered the government Childcare Subsidy in the full Waikato region. He was chairman of The Trust 1976--1984. * He worked for the Government in the development of policies and funding mechanisms for Early Childhood Education, as a member of several official boards and working parties, or as a consultant to the Ministry of Education.


Independent researcher at Victoria University of Wellington, 1995–2005

In 1995 he left the
University of Waikato , mottoeng = For The People , established = 1964; years ago , endowment = (31 December 2021) , budget = NZD $263.6 million (31 December 2020) , chancellor = Sir Anand Satyanand, GNZM, QSO, KStJ , vice_chancellor = Neil Quigley , cit ...
and for the next nine years worked as an independently funded researcher affiliated to
Victoria University of Wellington Victoria University of Wellington ( mi, Te Herenga Waka) is a university in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1897 by Act of Parliament, and was a constituent college of the University of New Zealand. The university is well kno ...
. This was funded by the New Zealand R&D system, which was willing to fund individuals outside established institutions, and was motivated by the opportunity to leave the increasingly bureaucratic New Zealand University system. During this period his work concentrated on the physics of
Ultracold atoms Ultracold atoms are atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0 kelvin (absolute zero), typically below several tens of microkelvin (µK). At these temperatures the atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important. To reach such low ...
, developing a collaboration with Rob Ballagh of the
University of Otago , image_name = University of Otago Registry Building2.jpg , image_size = , caption = University clock tower , motto = la, Sapere aude , mottoeng = Dare to be wise , established = 1869; 152 years ago , type = Public research collegiate ...
. They produced number of influential scientific publications, mainly concentrating on kinetic processes in Bose–Einstein condensates, funded by successive research contracts with the
Marsden Fund Marsden grants are the main form of contestable funding for fundamental, 'blue skies' research in New Zealand. Grants are made in all areas of research, in both science and the humanities. The grants are made from the Marsden Fund, which was establ ...
and in particular seven papers on quantum kinetic theory . Gardiner characterised this period as "In terms of productivity, it has been the best 10 years research of my life."


University of Otago, 2005–2013

In 2005 he was appointed as a Research Professor at the
University of Otago , image_name = University of Otago Registry Building2.jpg , image_size = , caption = University clock tower , motto = la, Sapere aude , mottoeng = Dare to be wise , established = 1869; 152 years ago , type = Public research collegiate ...
. In this period he was active in developing the
University of Otago , image_name = University of Otago Registry Building2.jpg , image_size = , caption = University clock tower , motto = la, Sapere aude , mottoeng = Dare to be wise , established = 1869; 152 years ago , type = Public research collegiate ...
as a major research centre in
ultracold atoms Ultracold atoms are atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0 kelvin (absolute zero), typically below several tens of microkelvin (µK). At these temperatures the atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important. To reach such low ...
,
photonics Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Though ...
and
quantum optics Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have ...
, which was named the ''Jack Dodd Centre'', after former Otago professor Jack Dodd. During this period there was a major reorganisation of government research funding, commencing in 2006, which he and Rob Ballagh strongly criticised, on the grounds that this would exclude university research from any major funding. Ultimately this aspect of the funding reform was not implemented, and in 2007 the ''Jack Dodd Centre'' was awarded a $6.4 million research contract by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. From that time on, as director of the ''Jack Dodd Centre'', his role developed more into that of a research leader until his retirement in early 2013.


Retirement

On retirement he became an honorary professor at the
University of Otago , image_name = University of Otago Registry Building2.jpg , image_size = , caption = University clock tower , motto = la, Sapere aude , mottoeng = Dare to be wise , established = 1869; 152 years ago , type = Public research collegiate ...
and in 2016 he accepted a position as visiting fellow at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) in Innsbruck. During this period he and Peter Zoller wrote the three books of ''The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light''Se
Quantum World Webpage
.


Books


Stochastic Methods

* C W Gardiner: ''A Handbook of Stochastic Methods''; Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1st ed. 1983; 2nd ed. 1985, 1989, 1998, 2001; 3rd Ed 2004, Russian Edition 1986 (Mir, Moscow) * Crispin Gardiner: ''Stochastic Methods''; Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2009 (A rewritten and updated 4th edition of ''A Handbook of Stochastic Methods'') * Crispin Gardiner: ''Elements of Stochastic Methods''; AIP Publishing (online), Melville, New York, 2021, available at: https://doi.org/10.1063/9780735423718


Quantum Noise

* C W Gardiner: ''Quantum Noise''; Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1st ed. 1991 * C W Gardiner and Peter Zoller: ''Quantum Noise''; Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2nd ed. 1999, 3rd ed. 2004


The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light

* Crispin Gardiner and Peter Zoller: ''The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light Book I: Foundations of Quantum Optics'', Imperial College Press, London and Singapore 2014. * Crispin Gardiner and Peter Zoller: ''The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light Book II: Physics of Quantum Optical Devices'', Imperial College Press, London and Singapore 2015. * Crispin Gardiner and Peter Zoller: ''The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light Book III: Ultra-Cold Atoms'', World Scientific, London and Singapore 2014.


Awards and honours

* 1983 Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Physics * 1984 Fellow of the American Physical Society * 1990 Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Until 2011) * 2000 Honorary Dr. Rer. Nat. from the University of Innsbruck: ''In recognition of his outstanding scientific merit in the field of theoretical quantum optics''


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gardiner, Crispin 1942 births Living people People from Hastings, New Zealand Optical physicists Quantum physicists Theoretical physicists University of Auckland alumni Alumni of the University of Oxford Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford University of Otago faculty University of Waikato faculty New Zealand physicists 20th-century New Zealand scientists Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand Fellows of the American Physical Society