The bulbourethral glands or Cowper's glands (named for English anatomist
William Cowper
William Cowper ( ; 26 November 1731 – 25 April 1800) was an English poet and Anglican hymnwriter. One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th-century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and sce ...
) are two small
exocrine
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances on to an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate and mucous. Exocrine glands are one of t ...
glands in the reproductive system of many
male mammals (of all domesticated animals, they are absent only in dogs).
They are
homologous to
Bartholin's glands in females. The bulbouretheral glands are responsible for producing a pre-ejaculate fluid called
Cowper's fluid (known colloquially as ''pre-ejaculate'' or ''pre-cum''), which is secreted during sexual arousal, neutralizing the acidity of the urethra in preparation for the passage of sperm cells.
Location
Bulbourethral glands are located posterior and lateral to the membranous portion of the
urethra
The urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα – ''ourḗthrā'') is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body of both females and males. In human females and other primates, the urethra c ...
at the base of the
penis
A penis (plural ''penises'' or ''penes'' () is the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate females (or hermaphrodites) during copulation. Such organs occur in many animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, but males d ...
, between the two layers of the
fascia of the
urogenital diaphragm
Older texts have asserted the existence of a urogenital diaphragm, also called the triangular ligament, which was described as a layer of the pelvis that separates the deep perineal sac from the upper pelvis, lying between the inferior fascia of ...
, in the
deep perineal pouch. They are enclosed by transverse fibers of the
sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle.
Structure
The bulbourethral glands are compound
tubulo-alveolar glands, each approximately the size of a
pea in humans. In
chimpanzees
The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), also known as simply the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies. When its close relative th ...
, they are not visible during dissection, but can be found on microscopic examination.
In
boars, they are up to 18 cm long and 5 cm in diameter.
They are composed of several
lobules held together by a fibrous covering. Each lobule consists of a number of
acini, lined by columnar
epithelial cells
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercell ...
, opening into a
duct that joins with the ducts of other lobules to form a single excretory duct. This duct is approximately 2.5 cm long and opens into the bulbar urethra at the base of the penis. The glands gradually diminish in size with advancing age.
['' Gray's Anatomy'', 38th ed., p 1861.]
Function
The bulbourethral gland contributes up to 4 ml of fluid during sexual arousal.
The secretion is a clear fluid rich in
mucoproteins that help to lubricate the distal
urethra
The urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα – ''ourḗthrā'') is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body of both females and males. In human females and other primates, the urethra c ...
and neutralize acidic
urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra.
Cellular ...
which remains in the urethra.
According to one preliminary study, the bulbourethral gland fluid might not contain any
sperm,
whereas another study showed some men did leak sperm in potentially significant quantities (in a range from low counts up to 50 million sperm per ml) into the pre-ejaculatory fluid,
[ potentially leading to conception from the introduction of pre-ejaculate. However, the sperm source is a residual or pre-ejaculatory leak from the testicles into the ]vas deferens
The vas deferens or ductus deferens is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates. The ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. The vas deferens is a partially coiled tube ...
,[ rather than from the bulbourethral gland itself.][
]
Gallery
File:Illu penis.jpg, Structure of the penis
File:Gray1136.png, Male pelvic organs seen from right side.
File:Gray1156.png, Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
File:Gray543.png , Bulbourethral gland labeled at center left.
See also
* List of homologues of the human reproductive system
This list of related male and female reproductive organs shows how the male and female reproductive organs and the development of the reproductive system are related, sharing a common developmental path. This makes them biological homologues. T ...
* Urethral gland
The urethral or periurethral glands (also Littré glands after Alexis Littré) are glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of mammals. The glands secrete mucus and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the peni ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulbourethral Gland
Exocrine system
Glands
Mammal male reproductive system