The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

, geographical or political. Fifty generally recognised sovereign states, Kosovo with limited, but substantial, international recognition, and seven largely unrecognised ''de facto'' states with limited to no recognition have territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight entities that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political arrangements.

Boundary of Europe

Geographical

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the boundary between the continents of Asia and Europe stretches along the

Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...

, the

Ural River The Ural (russian: Урал, ), known before 1775 as Yaik (russian: Яик, ba, Яйыҡ, translit=Yayıq, ; kk, Жайық, translit=Jaiyq, ), is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia ...

, and the

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central A ...

in the east, the

Greater Caucasus The Greater Caucasus ( az, Böyük Qafqaz, Бөјүк Гафгаз, بيوک قافقاز; ka, დიდი კავკასიონი, ''Didi K’avk’asioni''; russian: Большой Кавказ, ''Bolshoy Kavkaz'', sometimes translat ...

range, and the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

with its outlets, the

Bosporus The Bosporus Strait (; grc, Βόσπορος ; tr, İstanbul Boğazı 'Istanbul strait', colloquially ''Boğaz'') or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Tu ...

and the

Dardanelles The Dardanelles (; tr, Çanakkale Boğazı, lit=Strait of Çanakkale, el, Δαρδανέλλια, translit=Dardanéllia), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli from the Gallipoli peninsula or from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ...

, in the south. Based on such a commonly used division of the continents, the transcontinental countries of

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

, and

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

have territory in both Asia and Europe. The island of

Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ...

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes A ...

is close to

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

(or Asia Minor) but is often considered to be a part of Europe and is a current member of the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are located primarily in Europe, Europe. The union has a total area of ...

. Like Cyprus,

Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''O ...

is also entirely in Western Asia but is a member of several European organisations. Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as

Malta Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...

Pantelleria Pantelleria (; Sicilian: ''Pantiddirìa'', Maltese: ''Pantellerija'' or ''Qawsra''), the ancient Cossyra or Cossura, is an Italian island and comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Sicily and east of the Tunisi ...

, the

Pelagie Islands The Pelagie Islands ( it, Isole Pelagie; scn, Ìsuli Pilaggî), from the Greek , meaning "open sea", are the three small islands of Lampedusa, Lampione, and Linosa, located in the Mediterranean Sea between Malta and Tunisia, south of Sicily. ...

, and

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

are actually located on the

African Plate The African Plate is a major tectonic plate that includes much of the continent of Africa (except for its easternmost part) and the adjacent oceanic crust to the west and south. It is bounded by the North American Plate and South American Plate ...

. The island of

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its ...

is part of the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge (a divergent or constructive plate boundary) located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. In the North Atlantic, the ridge separates the North A ...

, straddling the

Eurasian Plate The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate that includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia), with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent an ...

and the

North American Plate The North American Plate is a tectonic plate covering most of North America, Cuba, the Bahamas, extreme northeastern Asia, and parts of Iceland and the Azores. With an area of , it is the Earth's second largest tectonic plate, behind the Paci ...

. Some territories which are geographically outside of Europe have strong connections with European states.

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland ...

, for example, has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the

Kingdom of Denmark The Danish Realm ( da, Danmarks Rige; fo, Danmarkar Ríki; kl, Danmarkip Naalagaaffik), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (; ; ), is a sovereign state located in Northern Europe and Northern North America. It consists of metropolitan Denma ...

but is located closer to the continent of North America and is usually grouped with that continent. Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located on other continents, such as the French overseas regions, the Spanish autonomous cities of

Ceuta Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territori ...

and

Melilla Melilla ( , ; ; rif, Mřič ; ar, مليلية ) is an autonomous city of Spain located in north Africa. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of . It was pa ...

on the coast of Africa, and the Dutch

BES islands ) , image_map = BES islands location map.svg , map_caption = Location of the Caribbean Netherlands (green and circled). From left to right: Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius , elevation_max_m = 887 , elevation_max_footnotes = , demographic ...

Bonaire Bonaire (; , ; pap, Boneiru, , almost pronounced ) is a Dutch island in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. Its capital is the port of Kralendijk, on the west ( leeward) coast of the island. Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao form the ABC ...

Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius (, ), also known locally as Statia (), is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, sout ...

, and

Saba Saba may refer to: Places * Saba (island), an island of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean Sea * Şaba (Romanian for Shabo), a town of the Odesa Oblast, Ukraine * Sabá, a municipality in the department of Colón, Honduras * Saba (river), ...

in the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean ...

Political

The political boundaries of Europe vary with the definition of Europe that is used by different political organizations. For instance, the

Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it has 46 member states, with a p ...

and the

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that ...

include 47 countries in their definition of Europe. The

European Higher Education Area The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) was launched in March 2010, during the Budapest-Vienna Ministerial Conference, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Bologna Process. As the main objective of the Bologna Process since its ince ...

includes 48 countries, and the

European Cultural Convention The European Cultural Convention is an international Council of Europe's treaty to strengthen, deepen and further develop a European culture, by using local culture as a starting point. Setting common goals and a plan of action to reach an int ...

and the

European Olympic Committees The European Olympic Committees is an organisation based in Rome, Italy, consisting of 50 National Olympic Committees from the continent of Europe.EOC members include transcontinental countries Turkey and the Russian Federation, as well as Israel, ...

include 50 countries in their definitions.

Sovereign states

sovereign state A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined ter ...

is a political association with effective

sovereignty Sovereignty is the defining authority within individual consciousness, social construct, or territory. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the perso ...

over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest. According to the

Montevideo Convention The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is a treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933, during the Seventh International Conference of American States. The Convention codifies the declarative theory of state ...

, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

UN member states and UNGA non-member observer state

There are 50 sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations that are almost universally recognized internationally. All are either member states of the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoni ...

or non-member observer states at the

United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; french: link=no, Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Curr ...

(UNGA), and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Vatican City are members of the

. 44 countries have their capital city located within Europe, and (as of 2022) 27 of those countries are member states of the European Union, which means that they are highly integrated with one another and share their sovereignty through

EU institutions The institutions of the European Union are the seven principal decision-making bodies of the European Union and the Euratom. They are, as listed in Article 13 of the Treaty on European Union: * the European Parliament, * the European Council ...

. Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents other states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU. } ,

Tirana Tirana ( , ; aln, Tirona) is the capital and largest city of Albania. It is located in the centre of the country, enclosed by mountains and hills with Dajti rising to the east and a slight valley to the northwest overlooking the Adriatic Sea ...

sq, Tiranë , , ,

Albanian lek The lek (; indefinite singular ''lek'', definite plural ''lekët'', indefinite plural ''lekë''; sign: Lekë in Albanian or Lek in English, sometimes L; code: ALL) is the currency of Albania. Historically, it was subdivided 100 ''qintars'' (; s ...

, - ,

Andorra , image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...

Principality of Andorra

AND , ca, Andorra – Principat d'Andorra ,

Andorra la Vella Andorra la Vella french: Andorre-la-Vieille is the capital of the Principality of Andorra. It is located high in the east Pyrenees, between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital. , the city has a popu ...

ca, Andorra la Vella , , ,

Euro The euro ( symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . ...

, - ,

Republic of Armenia

ARM , hy, Հայաստան – Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (') ,

Yerevan Yerevan ( , , hy, Երևան , sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and i ...

hy, Երևան (') , , ,

Armenian dram The dram ( hy, դրամ; sign: ֏; abbreviation: դր.; ISO code: AMD) is the currency of Armenia, and is also used in the neighboring unrecognized Republic of Artsakh. It was historically subdivided into 100 luma (). The Central Bank of Armeni ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Austria

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

*

Republic of Austria

AUT , german: Österreich – Republik Österreich ,

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

german: Wien , , ,

, - ,

Republic of Azerbaijan

AZE , az, Azǝrbaycan – Azǝrbaycan Respublikası ,

Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world an ...

az, Bakı , , ,

Azerbaijani manat The manat ( ISO code: AZN; sign: ₼; abbreviation: m) is the currency of Azerbaijan. It is subdivided into 100 ''gapiks''. The first iteration of the currency happened in the times of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and its successor, the Az ...

, - ,

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...

Republic of Belarus

BLR , be, Беларусь – Рэспубліка Беларусь (')

russian: Беларусь – Республика Беларусь (') ,

Minsk Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative stat ...

be, Мінск (')

russian: Минск (') , , ,

Belarusian rubel The ruble ( be, рубель ''rubeĺ’''; Abbreviation: Rbl (plural: Rbls); ISO code: BYN) is the currency of Belarus. It is also known as the rubel, or in Commonwealth English as the rouble. The ruble is subdivided into 100 copecks (sometim ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Belgium

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...

*

Kingdom of Belgium

BEL , nl, België – Koninkrijk België

french: Belgique – Royaume de Belgique

german: Belgien – Königreich Belgien ,

Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...

nl, Brussel

french: Bruxelles

german: Brüssel , , ,

, - ,

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and ...

BIH , Bosnian: ''Bosna i Hercegovina''

Croatian: ''Bosna i Hercegovina''

Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...

: Босна и Херцеговина ,

Sarajevo Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see names in other languages'') is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo ...

Bosnian: ''Sarajevo''

Croatian: ''Sarajevo''

: Сарајево , , , Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible marka , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Bulgaria

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

*

Republic of Bulgaria

BGR , bg, България – Република България (') ,

Sofia Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and h ...

bg, София (') , , ,

Bulgarian lev The lev ( bg, лев, plural: / , ; ISO 4217 code: BGN; numeric code: 975) is the currency of Bulgaria. In old Bulgarian the word "lev" meant "lion", the word 'lion' in the modern language is ''lаv'' (; in Bulgarian: ). The lev is divided in 1 ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" ,

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

*

Republic of Croatia

HRV , hr, Hrvatska – Republika Hrvatska ,

Zagreb Zagreb ( , , , ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slop ...

hr, Zagreb , , ,

Croatian kuna The kuna is the currency of Croatia, in use since 1994 (sign: kn; code: HRK). It is subdivided into 100 lipa. The kuna is issued by the Croatian National Bank and the coins are minted by the Croatian Mint. The plural form of the word kuna in Cr ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Cyprus

*

Republic of Cyprus

CYP , el, Κύπρος – Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (')

tr, Kıbrıs – Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti ,

Nicosia Nicosia ( ; el, Λευκωσία, Lefkosía ; tr, Lefkoşa ; hy, Նիկոսիա, romanized: ''Nikosia''; Cypriot Arabic: Nikusiya) is the largest city, capital, and seat of government of Cyprus. It is located near the centre of the Mesaori ...

el, Λευκωσία (')

tr, Lefkoşa , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of the Czech Republic

, Czechia*

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...

CZE , cs, Česko – Česká republika ,

Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...

cs, Praha , , ,

Czech koruna The koruna, or crown, (sign: Kč; code: CZK, cs, koruna česká) has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993. The koruna is one of the European Union's 9 currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro curre ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Denmark

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

*

Kingdom of Denmark

DNK , da, Danmark – Kongeriget Danmark ,

Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan a ...

da, København , , , Danish krone , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Estonia

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, an ...

*

Republic of Estonia

EST , et, Eesti – Eesti Vabariik ,

Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju '' ...

et, Tallinn , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Finland

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bot ...

*

Republic of Finland

FIN , fi, Suomi – Suomen tasavalta

sv, Finland – Republiken Finland ,

Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...

fi, Helsinki

sv, Helsingfors , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of France

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

*

French Republic

FRA , french: France – République française ,

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

french: Paris , , ,

, - ,

GEO , ka, საქართველო (') ,

Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million pe ...

/ T'bilisi

ka, თბილისი (') , , , Georgian lari , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Germany

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

*

Federal Republic of Germany

DEU , german: Deutschland – Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...

german: Berlin , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Greece

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...

*

Hellenic Republic

GRC , el, Ελλάδα – Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (') ,

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates a ...

el, Αθήνα (') , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Hungary

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...

*

HUN , hu, Magyarország ,

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population o ...

hu, Budapest , , ,

Hungarian forint The forint (sign Ft; code HUF) is the currency of Hungary. It was formerly divided into 100 fillér, but fillér coins are no longer in circulation. The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post-World War II stab ...

, - ,

ISL , is, Ísland – Lýðveldið Ísland ,

Reykjavík Reykjavík ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói bay. Its latitude is 64°08' N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. With a po ...

is, Reykjavík , , ,

Icelandic króna The króna or krona (sometimes called Icelandic crown; sign: kr; code: ISK) is the currency of Iceland. Iceland is the second-smallest country by population, after the Seychelles, to have its own currency and monetary policy. Name Like the ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Ireland

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the s ...

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IRL , en, Ireland

ga, Éire ,

Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 ...

ga, Baile Átha Cliath , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Italy

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

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Italian Republic

ITA , it, Italia – Repubblica Italiana ,

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

it, Roma , , ,

, - ,

Republic of Kazakhstan

KAZ , kk, Қазақстан – Қазақстан Республикасы (')

russian: Казахстан – Республика Казахстан (') ,

Astana Astana, previously known as Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, Akmola, and most recently Nur-Sultan, is the capital city of Kazakhstan. The city lies on the banks of the Ishim River in the north-central part of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region, tho ...

kk, Астана (')

russian: Астана (') , , , Kazakhstani tenge , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Latvia

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

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Republic of Latvia

LVA , lv, Latvija – Latvijas Republika ,

Riga Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the ...

lv, Rīga , , ,

, - ,

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (german: link=no, Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a German language, German-speaking microstate located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland. Liechtenstein is a semi-constit ...

Principality of Liechtenstein

LIE , german: Liechtenstein – Fürstentum Liechtenstein ,

Vaduz Vaduz ( or , High Alemannic pronunciation: [])Hans Stricker, Toni Banzer, Herbert Hilbe: ''Liechtensteiner Namenbuch. Die Orts- und Flurnamen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein.'' Band 2: ''Die Namen der Gemeinden Triesenberg, Vaduz, Schaan.'' Hrsg. ...

german: Vaduz , , ,

Liechtenstein franc The Swiss franc (plural: francs; in German: ''Frank'', plural: ''Franken'') has been the currency of Liechtenstein since 1920. The Swiss franc is legal tender since Liechtenstein is in a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. The 1980 tre ...

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Lithuania

Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...

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Republic of Lithuania

LTU , lt, Lietuva – Lietuvos Respublika ,

Vilnius Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urba ...

lt, Vilnius , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Luxembourg

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...

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Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

LUX , german: Luxemburg – Großherzogtum Luxemburg

french: Luxembourg – Grand-Duché de Luxembourg

lb, Lëtzebuerg - Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg ,

german: Luxemburg

french: Luxembourg

lb, Lëtzebuerg , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Malta

*

Republic of Malta

MLT , en, Malta – Republic of Malta

mt, Malta – Repubblika ta' Malta ,

Valletta Valletta (, mt, il-Belt Valletta, ) is an administrative unit and capital of Malta. Located on the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population within administrative limits in 2014 ...

mt, Valletta , , ,

, - ,

Moldova Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The unrecognised state of Transnistri ...

Republic of Moldova

MDA , ro, Moldova – Republica Moldova ,

Chișinău Chișinău ( , , ), also known as Kishinev (russian: Кишинёв, r=Kishinjóv ), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the ...

ro, Chișinău , , ,

Moldovan leu The leu (sign: L; ISO 4217 code: MDL) is the currency of Moldova. Like the Romanian leu, the Moldovan leu ( lei) is subdivided into 100 bani ( ban). The name of the currency originates from a Romanian word which means "lion". Etymology The name ...

, - ,

Monaco Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (french: Principauté de Monaco; Ligurian: ; oc, Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Lig ...

Principality of Monaco

MCO , french: Monaco – Principauté de Monaco , Monaco

french: Monaco , , ,

, - ,

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

MNE , cnr, Црна Гора (') ,

Podgorica Podgorica (Cyrillic: Подгорица, ; lit. 'under the hill') is the capital and largest city of Montenegro. The city was formerly known as Titograd (Cyrillic: Титоград, ) between 1946 and 1992—in the period that Montenegro form ...

cnr, Подгорица (') , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of the Netherlands

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

Kingdom of the Netherlands , national_anthem = ) , image_map = Kingdom of the Netherlands (orthographic projection).svg , map_width = 250px , image_map2 = File:KonDerNed-10-10-10.png , map_caption2 = Map of the four constituent countries shown to scale , capital = ...

NLD , nl, Nederland – Koninkrijk der Nederlanden , Amsterdam (capital)

nl, Amsterdam

The Hague (seat of government)

nl, 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag , , ,

, - ,

, North Macedonia

Republic of North Macedonia

MKD , mk, Северна Македонија – Република Северна Македонија (') , Skopje

mk, Скопје (') , , , Macedonian denar , - , Flag of Norway

, Norway

Kingdom of Norway

NOR , nb, Norge – Kongeriket Norge

nn, Noreg – Kongeriket Noreg , Oslo

no, Oslo , , , Norwegian krone , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Poland

, Poland*

Republic of Poland

POL , pl, Polska – Rzeczpospolita Polska , Warsaw

pl, Warszawa , , , Polish złoty , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Portugal

, Portugal*

Portuguese Republic

PRT , pt, Portugal – República Portuguesa , Lisbon

pt, Lisboa , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Romania

, Romania*

ROU , ro, România , Bucharest

ro, București , , , Romanian leu , - , Flag of Russia

Russian Federation

RUS , russian: Россия – Российская Федерация (') , Moscow

russian: Москва (') , , , Russian ruble , - , Flag of San Marino

, San Marino

Republic of San Marino

SMR , it, San Marino – Repubblica di San Marino , City of San Marino, San Marino

it, San Marino , , ,

, - ,

, Serbia

Republic of Serbia

SRB , sr, Србија – Република Србија (') , Belgrade

sr, Београд (') , , , Serbian dinar , - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Slovakia

, Slovakia*

Slovak Republic

SVK , sk, Slovensko – Slovenská republika , Bratislava

sk, Bratislava , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Slovenia

, Slovenia*

Republic of Slovenia

SVN , sl, Slovenija – Republika Slovenija , Ljubljana

sl, Ljubljana , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Spain

, Spain*

Kingdom of Spain

ESP , es, España – Reino de España , Madrid

es, Madrid , , ,

, - style="background:lightcyan;" , Flag of Sweden

, Sweden*

Kingdom of Sweden

SWE , sv, Sverige – Konungariket Sverige , Stockholm

sv, Stockholm , , , Swedish krona , - , Flag of Switzerland

, Switzerland

Swiss Confederation

CHE , german: Schweiz – Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

french: Suisse – Confédération suisse

it, Svizzera – Confederazione Svizzera

rm, Svizra – Confederaziun svizra , Bern / Berne

german: Bern

french: Berne

Italian language, Italian and Romansh language, Romansh: ''Berna'' , , , Swiss franc , - , Flag of Turkey

Republic of Turkey

TUR , tr, Türkiye – Türkiye Cumhuriyeti , Ankara

tr, Ankara , , , Turkish lira , - , Flag of Ukraine

, Ukraine

UKR , uk, Украïна (')
, Kyiv

uk, Київ (')
, , , Ukrainian hryvnia , - , Flag of the United Kingdom

, United Kingdom

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

GBR , en, United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , London , , , Pound sterling , - , Flag of the Vatican City

, Vatican City

Vatican City State

VAT , it, Città del Vaticano – Stato della Città del Vaticano

la, Status Civitatis Vaticanae , Vatican City

it, Città del Vaticano , , ,

De facto states

The following six entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more member states of the United Nations, UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the Sovereign state#Constitutive theory, constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the Sovereign state#Declarative theory, declarative theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU. } (')

russian: Абхазия - Республика Абхазия (') , Sukhumi

ab, Аҟəа (')

russian: Суху́м(и) (') , 250,000 , , - , Flag of Artsakh

, Republic of Artsakh, Artsakh

Republic of Artsakh , Claimed as Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan, part of

. De facto independent state, recognised by Foreign relations of Artsakh, 3 non-UN states. , hy, Արցախի Հանրապետություն (') , Stepanakert

hy, Ստեփանակերտ (') , 141,400 , , - , Flag of Kosovo

, Kosovo

Republic of Kosovo , Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, Claimed by Serbia. Has been recognized as sovereign by International recognition of Kosovo, 97 UN member states. , sq, Kosova / Kosovë – Republika e Kosovës

sr, Косово – Република Косово (') , Pristina

sq, Prishtina, Prishtinë

sr, Приштина (') , 1,836,529 , , - , Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

, Northern Cyprus

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , Claimed as Districts of Cyprus, part of the Cyprus, Republic of Cyprus. Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus, Recognised by Turkey. , tr, Kuzey Kıbrıs – Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti , North Nicosia

tr, Lefkoşa , 294,906 , , - , Flag of South Ossetia

, South Ossetia

Republic of South Ossetia , Claimed as Administrative divisions of Georgia (country), part of

. Recognised by International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#UN member states, five UN member states. , os, Хуссар Ирыстон – Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон (')

russian: Южная Осетия – Республика Южная Осетия (') , Tskhinvali

os, Цхинвал or Чъреба (')

russian: Цхинва́л(и) (') , 70,000 , , - , Flag of Transnistria (state)

, Transnistria / Trans-Dniester

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic , Claimed as a Administrative divisions of Moldova, territorial unit of

. De facto independent state,. recognised by International recognition of Transnistria#UN non-member states, 3 non-UN states. , ro, Transnistria – Republica Moldovenească Nistreană

russian: Приднестровье – Приднестровская Молдавская Республика (')

uk, Придністров'я – Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (') , Tiraspol

ro, Tiraspol

russian: Тираcполь (')

uk, Тирасполь (') , 475,373 ,

Non-sovereign territories

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territory, dependent territories. } , Episkopi Cantonment , 15,700 , , - , Flag of the Faroe Islands

, Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands , Danish Realm#Home rule and self rule, Constituent country of the

, fo, Føroyar

da, Færøerne , Tórshavn

fo, Tórshavn

da, Thorshavn , 54,000 , , - , Flag of Gibraltar

, Gibraltar , British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory , en, Gibraltar , Gibraltar , 29,185 , , - , Flag of Guernsey

, Bailiwick of Guernsey, Guernsey

Bailiwick of Guernsey , Crown Dependencies, Crown Dependency in right of GuernseyQueen and Crown dependencies page of the official website of the British Monarchy
Ministry of Justice's fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies
/ref> , en, Guernsey – Bailiwick of Guernsey

french: Guernesey – Bailliage de Guernesey

Guernésiais: ''Guernési – Bailliage de Guernési'' , Saint Peter Port

french: Saint Pierre Port

Guernésiais: ''Saint Pierre Port'' , 65,849 , , - , Flag of the Isle of Mann

, Isle of Man , Crown Dependencies, Crown Dependency in right of Man , en, Isle of Man

gv, Mannin – Ellan Vannin , Douglas, Isle of Man, Douglas

gv, Doolish , 86,866 , , - , Flag of Jersey

, Jersey

Bailiwick of Jersey , Crown Dependencies, Crown Dependency in right of Jersey , en, Jersey – Bailiwick of Jersey

french: Jersey – Bailliage de Jersey

Jèrriais: ''Jèrri – Bailliage de Jèrri'' , Saint Helier

french: Saint-Hélier

Jèrriais: ''Saint Hélyi'' , 96,513 ,

Areas of special sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their sovereign state, but have a political arrangement that was decided through an international agreement. } , Mariehamn

sv, Mariehamn , 27,500 , , - , Flag of the United Kingdom

, Northern Ireland , Part of the United Kingdom, devolved government determined by the Good Friday Agreement , en, Northern Ireland

ir, Tuaisceart Éireann

sco, Norlin Airlann , Belfast , 1,810,863 , , - , Flag of Norway

, Svalbard , Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty , no, Svalbard , Longyearbyen

no, Longyearbyen , 2,019 ,

A State-like entity with partial diplomatic recognition

A list of State-like entities with partial diplomatic recognition with which UN member states maintain diplomatic relations.

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign States And Dependent Territories in Europe, List Of Lists of countries by continent Lists of countries in Europe, 01 Dependent territories in Europe, .List Europe-related lists, Sovereign states and dependent territories Europe