Counties Of Meath And Westmeath Act 1543

An Act for the division of Meath into two shires (referred to in the modern Irish Statute Book as the Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543) was an Act of the Parliament of Ireland passed in 1542 which resulted in the division of County Meath, shired in 1297, into the counties of Meath and Westmeath. The Act commenced on Saint Catherine's Day in 1542 and remains in effect.

Background

Historically, the Kingdom of Meath had been one of the five provinces of Ireland, and at its peak comprised all of modern counties Meath and Westmeath, as well as most of Longford and parts of Cavan, Dublin, Kildare, Louth and Offaly. The seat of the High King of Ireland was located within the Kingdom of Meath at the Hill of Tara, while the Kings of Meath had no fixed seat until the reign of King Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill in 976 AD, when the fort of Dun-na-Scia near Lough Ennell became the permanent royal residence.

The kingdom collapsed following the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169 and was granted by Henry II to the Anglo-Norman lord Hugh de Lacy in 1172, becoming the most extensive liberty in Ireland. The Lordship of Meath covered a large area of almost 6,000 km² (c. 1.5 million acres), which became increasingly unmanageable as English power in Ireland receded throughout the 13th century.

Following several informal divisions and squabbles among de Lacy's descendants over control of the lordship, it was finally divided in 1297 and the much smaller, though still sizable, County of Meath was shired. However, English authority continued to retreat eastward towards The Pale - an area centered around Dublin where English laws and customs were still obeyed. This situation left part of County Meath within the Pale, while other areas which were once loyal to the Crown were now outside the control of the authorities in Dublin. These areas were often referred to by Anglo-Norman officials as "frontiers" or "marches".

An additional anomaly related to the county was the lack of a baronial structure in much of its western areas. Baronies and Cantreds were Norman-era subdivisions of Ireland employed for administrative, justice, taxation, and peerage purposes. Given how extensive the former lordship granted to de Lacy was, many of its western areas were never formally designated, and knowledge of these areas by officials in Dublin was poor. By the 15th century, a beleaguered fort near Mullingar, often burnt by the O'Farrells and located just 80 km (50 miles) from Dublin, was the westernmost outpost that the English controlled in Ireland.

Provisions

The Act noted that although Meath was "great and a large in ciruit, the west part therof laid about and beset with diverse of King's rebels'" and that in the western part of the county, the High Sheriff of Meath was not able to execute the king's laws. Furthermore, the Act stated that the sheriff most commonly hailed from those areas within the Pale (i.e. modern County Meath) rather than elsewhere in the county.

On the subject of the aim of partition, the Act concludes:

Under the partition, the six westernmost baronies of Meath became part of the new shire of Westmeath. The barony of Fore was divided in two, with the western half becoming part of Westmeath. Further west, four new baronies were established along historic Norman marcher lineages, bringing the total number of baronies in the new shire to eleven.

The new baronies created as a result of the act were:
* Dalton's country became the barony of Rathconrath;
* Delamare's country became the barony of Rossaughe;
* Tyrrell's country became the barony of Fartullagh

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