HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''Corynebacterium'' () is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of Gram-positive bacteria and most are aerobic. They are bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club-shaped, which inspired the genus name ('' coryneform'' means "club-shaped"). They are widely distributed in nature in the microbiota of
animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage ...
s (including the human microbiota) and are mostly innocuous, most commonly existing in commensal relationships with their hosts. Some, such as '' C. glutamicum'', are commercially useful. Others can cause human disease, including, most notably,
diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium '' Corynebacterium diphtheriae''. Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild clinical course, but in some outbreaks more than 10% of those diagnosed with the disease may die. Signs and s ...
, which is caused by '' C. diphtheriae''. As with various species of amicrobiota (including their relatives in the genera '' Arcanobacterium'' and ''Trueperella''), they usually are not
pathogen In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a g ...
ic, but can occasionally opportunistically capitalize on atypical access to tissues (via wounds) or weakened host defenses.


Taxonomy

The genus ''Corynebacterium'' was created by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896 as a taxonomic group to contain the bacterial rods responsible for causing diphtheria. The genus was defined based on morphological characteristics. Based on studies of 16S-
rRNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribos ...
, they have been grouped into the subdivision of Gram-positive
Eubacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were amon ...
with high G: C content, with close phylogenetic relationship to '' Arthrobacter'', '' Mycobacterium'', '' Nocardia'', and ''
Streptomyces ''Streptomyces'' is the largest genus of Actinomycetota and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positiv ...
''. The term comes from Greek κορύνη, ' 'club, mace, staff, knobby plant bud or shoot' and βακτήριον, ' 'little rod'. The term "diphtheroids" is used to represent corynebacteria that are non pathogenic; for example, '' C. diphtheriae'' would be excluded. The term diphtheroid comes from Greek διφθέρα, ' 'prepared hide, leather'.


Genomics

Comparative analysis of corynebacterial genomes has led to the identification of several conserved signature indels (CSIs) that are unique to the genus. Two examples of CSIs are a two-amino-acid insertion in a conserved region of the enzyme phosphoribose diphosphate:decaprenyl-phosphate phosphoribosyltransferase and a three-amino-acid insertion in acetate kinase, both of which are found only in ''Corynebacterium'' species. Both of these indels serve as molecular markers for species of the genus ''Corynebacterium''. Additionally, 16 conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely found in ''Corynebacterium'' species, have been identified. Three of these have homologs found in the genus ''Dietzia'', which is believed to be the closest related genus to ''Corynebacterium''. In phylogenetic trees based on concatenated protein sequences or 16S rRNA, the genus ''Corynebacterium'' forms a distinct clade, within which is a distinct subclade, cluster I. The cluster is made up of the species ''C. diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. ulcerans, C. aurimucosum, C. glutamicum,'' and ''C. efficiens''. This cluster is distinguished by several conserved signature indels, such as a two-amino-acid insertion in LepA and a seven- or eight-amino-acid insertions in RpoC. Also, 21 conserved signature proteins are found only in members of cluster I. Another cluster has been proposed, consisting of ''C. jeikeium'' and ''C. urealyticum'', which is supported by the presence of 19 distinct conserved signature proteins which are unique to these two species. Corynebateria have a high G+C content ranging from 46-74 mol%.


Characteristics

The principal features of the genus ''Corynebacterium'' were described by Collins and Cummins, for Coryn Taylor in 1986. They are gram-positive,
catalase Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting t ...
-positive, non-
spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...
-forming, non- motile, rod-shaped bacteria that are straight or slightly curved. Metachromatic granules are usually present representing stored phosphate regions. Their size falls between 2 and 6
μm The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer ( American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Uni ...
in length and 0.5 μm in diameter. The bacteria group together in a characteristic way, which has been described as the form of a "V", "palisades", or "Chinese characters". They may also appear elliptical. They are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic,
chemoorganotroph Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light or chemical compounds; the ...
s. They are pleomorphic through their lifecycles, they occur in various lengths, and they frequently have thickenings at either end, depending on the surrounding conditions. Some corynebacteria are lipophilic (such as CDC coryneform groups F-1 and G, '' C. accolens'', '' C. afermentans'' subsp. ''lipophilum'', '' C. bovis'', '' C. jeikeium'', '' C. macginleyi'', '' C. uropygiale'', and '' C. urealyticum''), but most are not. The nonlipophilic bacteria may be classified as fermentative (such as '' C. amycolatum''; '' C. argentoratense'', members of the '' C. diphtheriae'' group, '' C. glucuronolyticum'', '' C. glutamicum'', '' C. matruchotii'', '' C. minutissimum'', '' C. striatum'', and '' C. xerosis'') or nonfermentative (such as '' C. afermentans'' subsp. ''afermentans'', '' C. auris'', '' C. pseudodiphtheriticum'', and '' C. propinquum'').


Cell wall

The
cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mec ...
is distinctive, with a predominance of meso diaminopimelic acid in the murein wall and many repetitions of arabinogalactan, as well as corynemycolic acid (a mycolic acid with 22 to 26
carbon Carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon ma ...
atoms), bound by disaccharide bonds called L-Rha''p''-(1 → 4)--D-GlcNAc-phosphate. These form a complex commonly seen in ''Corynebacterium'' species: the mycolyl-AG–peptidoglican (mAGP). Unlike most corynebacteria, '' Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii'' does not contain mycolic acids.


Culture

Corynebacteria grow slowly, even on enriched media. In nutritional requirements, all need
biotin Biotin (or vitamin B7) is one of the B vitamins. It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The name ''biotin'', bo ...
to grow. Some strains also need thiamine and PABA. Some of the ''Corynebacterium'' species with sequenced genomes have between 2.5 and 3.0 million base pairs. The bacteria grow in Loeffler's medium,
blood agar An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth medium solidified with agar, used to culture microorganisms. Sometimes selective compounds are added to influence growth, such as antibiotics. Individual microorganisms placed on the plate wi ...
, and trypticase soy agar (TSA). They form small, grayish colonies with a granular appearance, mostly translucent, but with opaque centers, convex, with continuous borders. The color tends to be yellowish-white in Loeffler's medium. In TSA, they can form grey colonies with black centers and dentated borders that either resemble flowers (''C. gravis''), continuous borders (''C. mitis''), or a mix between the two forms (''C. intermedium'').


Habitat

''Corynebacterium'' species occur commonly in nature in soil, water, plants, and food products. The nondiphtheiroid ''Corynebacterium'' species can even be found in the mucosa and normal skin flora of humans and animals. Unusual habitats, such as the
preen gland The uropygial gland, informally known as the preen gland or the oil gland, is a bilobed sebaceous gland possessed by the majority of birds used to distribute the gland's oil through the plumage by means of preening. It is located dorsally at the ...
of
birds Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...
, have been recently reported for '' Corynebacterium uropygiale''. Some species are known for their pathogenic effects in humans and other animals. Perhaps the most notable one is ''C. diphtheriae'', which acquires the capacity to produce
diphtheria toxin Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by ''Corynebacterium diphtheriae'', the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. The toxin gene is encoded by a prophageA prophage is a virus that has inserted itself into the genome of the h ...
only after interacting with a
bacteriophage A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a ''phage'' (), is a duplodnaviria virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν ('), meaning "to devour". Bac ...
. Other pathogenic species in humans include: '' C. amycolatum'', ''C. striatum'', ''C. jeikeium'', ''C. urealyticum'', and ''C. xerosis''; all of these are important as pathogens in
immunosuppressed Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse react ...
patients. Pathogenic species in other animals include ''C. bovis'' and ''C. renale''. This genus has been found to be part of the human salivary microbiome.


Role in disease

The most notable human infection is
diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium '' Corynebacterium diphtheriae''. Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild clinical course, but in some outbreaks more than 10% of those diagnosed with the disease may die. Signs and s ...
, caused by ''C. diphtheriae''. It is an acute, contagious infection characterized by pseudomembranes of dead
epithelial Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellu ...
cells, white blood cells,
red blood cell Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "hol ...
s, and
fibrin Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is formed by the action of the protease thrombin on fibrinogen, which causes it to polymerize. The polymerized fibrin, together with pl ...
that form around the tonsils and back of the throat. In developed countries, it is an uncommon illness that tends to occur in un vaccinated individuals, especially school-aged children, elderly,
neutropenic Neutropenia is an abnormally low concentration of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Neutrophils make up the majority of circulating white blood cells and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteri ...
or
immunocompromise Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that a ...
d patients, and those with prosthetic devices such as prosthetic heart valves, shunts, or catheters. It is more common in developing countries It can occasionally infect wounds, the
vulva The vulva (plural: vulvas or vulvae; derived from Latin for wrapper or covering) consists of the external female sex organs. The vulva includes the mons pubis (or mons veneris), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vulv ...
, the
conjunctiva The conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithel ...
, and the middle ear. It can be spread within a hospital. The virulent and toxigenic strains produce an
exotoxin An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, sim ...
formed by two polypeptide chains, which is itself produced when a bacterium is transformed by a
gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...
from the β
prophage A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is th ...
.SIB
Viral exotoxin
Expasy: ViralZone. Accessed 2 Feb 2021
Several species cause disease in animals, most notably ''C. pseudotuberculosis'', which causes the disease
caseous lymphadenitis Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium '' Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis'', that affects the lymphatic system, resulting in abscesses in the lymph nodes and internal organs. It is found mostly in goats and ...
, and some are also pathogenic in humans. Some attack healthy hosts, while others tend to attack the
immunocompromise Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that a ...
d. Effects of infection include granulomatous lymphadenopathy, pneumonitis,
pharyngitis Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever. Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and a hoa ...
, skin infections, and
endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves. Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendineae, the mural endocardium, or the ...
. Corynebacterial endocarditis is seen most frequently in patients with intravascular devices. Several species of ''Corynebacterium'' can cause trichomycosis axillaris. ''C. striatum'' may cause axillary odor. '' C. minutissimum'' causes
erythrasma Erythrasma is a superficial skin infection that causes brown, scaly skin patches. It is caused by '' Corynebacterium minutissimum'' bacteria, a normal part of skin flora (the microorganisms that are normally present on the skin). There are two t ...
.


Industrial uses

Nonpathogenic species of ''Corynebacterium'' are used for important industrial applications, such as the production of
amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha ...
s and
nucleotide Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecu ...
s, bioconversion of
steroid A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and ...
s, degradation of
hydrocarbon In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic, and their odors are usually weak or ...
s,
cheese Cheese is a dairy product produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. During productio ...
aging, and production of
enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products ...
s. Some species produce metabolites similar to
antibiotic An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention ...
s: bacteriocins of the corynecin-linocin type, antitumor agents, etc. One of the most studied species is ''C. glutamicum'', whose name refers to its capacity to produce glutamic acid in aerobic conditions. L-Lysine production is specific to ''C. glutamicum'' in which core metabolic enzymes are manipulated through genetic engineering to drive metabolic flux towards the production of NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway, and L-4-aspartyl phosphate, the commitment step to the synthesis of L-lysine,
lysC LysC is a prokaryotic aspartokinase involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid lysine. It is found in a variety of bacteria, including ''Bacillus subtilis'', ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Corynebacterium glutamicum''. It is notable for containing ...
, dapA, dapC, and dapF. These enzymes are up-regulated in industry through genetic engineering to ensure adequate amounts of lysine precursors are produced to increase metabolic flux. Unwanted side reactions such as threonine and asparagine production can occur if a buildup of intermediates occurs, so scientists have developed mutant strains of'' C. glutamicum'' through PCR engineering and chemical knockouts to ensure production of side-reaction enzymes are limited. Many genetic manipulations conducted in industry are by traditional cross-over methods or inhibition of transcriptional activators. Expression of functionally active human
epidermal growth factor Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR. Human EGF is 6-k Da and has 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. EGF was originally de ...
has been brought about in ''C. glutamicum'', thus demonstrating a potential for industrial-scale production of human proteins. Expressed proteins can be targeted for secretion through either the general secretory pathway or the
twin-arginine translocation pathway The twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat pathway) is a protein export, or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and archaea. In contrast to the Sec pathway which transports proteins in an unfolded manner, the Tat pathway serves to ac ...
. Unlike gram-negative bacteria, the gram-positive ''Corynebacterium'' species lack
lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide that are bacterial toxins. They are composed of an O- antigen, an outer core, and an inner core all joined by a covalent bond, and are found in the out ...
s that function as antigenic endotoxins in humans.


Species

''Corynebacterium'' comprises the following species: * '' C. accolens'' Neubauer et al. 1991 * '' C. afermentans'' Riegel et al. 1993 * '' C. alimapuense'' Claverias et al. 2019 * "'' C. alkanolyticum''" Lee and Reichenbach 2006 * '' C. ammoniagenes'' (Cooke and Keith 1927) Collins 1987 * '' C. amycolatum'' Collins et al. 1988 * '' C. anserum'' Liu et al. 2021 * '' C. appendicis'' Yassin et al. 2002 * '' C. aquatimens'' Aravena-Román et al. 2012 * '' C. aquilae'' Fernández-Garayzábal et al. 2003 * '' C. argentoratense'' Riegel et al. 1995 * "'' C. asperum''" De Briel et al. 1992 * '' C. atrinae'' Kim et al. 2015 * '' C. atypicum'' Hall et al. 2003 * '' C. aurimucosum'' Yassin et al. 2002 * '' C. auris'' Funke et al. 1995 * '' C. auriscanis'' Collins et al. 2000 * '' C. belfantii'' Dazas et al. 2018 * '' C. beticola'' Abdou 1969 (Approved Lists 1980) * "'' C. bouchesdurhonense''" Ndongo et al. 2017 * "'' C. bouchesdurhonense''" Lo et al. 2019 * '' C. bovis'' Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. callunae'' (Lee and Good 1963) Yamada and Komagata 1972 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. camporealensis'' Fernández-Garayzábal et al. 1998 * '' C. canis'' Funke et al. 2010 * '' C. capitovis'' Collins et al. 2001 * '' C. casei'' Brennan et al. 2001 * '' C. caspium'' Collins et al. 2004 * '' C. choanae'' Busse et al. 2019 * '' C. ciconiae'' Fernández-Garayzábal et al. 2004 * '' C. comes'' Schaffert et al. 2021 * '' C. confusum'' Funke et al. 1998 * '' C. coyleae'' Funke et al. 1997 * '' C. crudilactis'' Zimmermann et al. 2016 * '' C. cystitidis'' Yanagawa and Honda 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) * "'' C. defluvii''" Yu et al. 2017 * "'' C. dentalis''" Benabdelkader et al. 2020 * '' C. deserti'' Zhou et al. 2012 * '' C. diphtheriae'' (Kruse 1886) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. doosanense'' Lee et al. 2009 * '' C. durum'' Riegel et al. 1997 * '' C. efficiens'' Fudou et al. 2002 * '' C. endometrii'' Ballas et al. 2020 * '' C. epidermidicanis'' Frischmann et al. 2012 * '' C. faecale'' Chen et al. 2016 * '' C. falsenii'' Sjödén et al. 1998 * '' C. felinum'' Collins et al. 2001 * '' C. flavescens'' Barksdale et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. fournieri'' corrig. Diop et al. 2018 * '' C. frankenforstense'' Wiertz et al. 2013 * '' C. freiburgense'' Funke et al. 2009 * '' C. freneyi'' Renaud et al. 2001 * '' C. gerontici'' Busse et al. 2019 * '' C. glaucum'' Yassin et al. 2003 * '' C. glucuronolyticum'' Funke et al. 1995 * '' C. glutamicum'' (Kinoshita et al. 1958) Abe et al. 1967 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. glyciniphilum'' (ex Kubota et al. 1972) Al-Dilaimi et al. 2015 * '' C. gottingense'' Atasayar et al. 2017 * '' C. guangdongense'' Li et al. 2016 * "'' C. haemomassiliense''" Boxberger et al. 2020 * '' C. halotolerans'' Chen et al. 2004 * '' C. hansenii'' Renaud et al. 2007 * '' C. heidelbergense'' Braun et al. 2021 * '' C. hindlerae'' Bernard et al. 2021 * '' C. humireducens'' Wu et al. 2011 * "'' C. ihumii''" Padmanabhan et al. 2014 * '' C. ilicis'' Mandel et al. 1961 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. imitans'' Funke et al. 1997 * "'' C. incognitum''" Boxberger et al. 2021 * '' C. jeddahense'' Edouard et al. 2017 * '' C. jeikeium'' Jackman et al. 1988 * '' C. kalinowskii'' Schaffert et al. 2021 * "'' C. kefirresidentii''" Blasche et al. 2017 * '' C. kroppenstedtii'' Collins et al. 1998 * '' C. kutscheri'' (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1925 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. lactis'' Wiertz et al. 2013 * "'' C. lactofermentum''" Gubler et al. 1994 * '' C. jeikliangguodongiiium'' Zhu et al. 2020 * '' C. lipophiloflavum'' Funke et al. 1997 * '' C. lizhenjunii'' Zhou et al. 2021 * '' C. lowii'' Bernard et al. 2016 * '' C. lubricantis'' Kämpfer et al. 2009 * '' C. lujinxingii'' Zhang et al. 2021 * '' C. macginleyi'' Riegel et al. 1995 * '' C. marinum'' Du et al. 2010 * '' C. maris'' Ben-Dov et al. 2009 * '' C. massiliense'' Merhej et al. 2009 * '' C. mastitidis'' Fernandez-Garayzabal et al. 1997 * '' C. matruchotii'' (Mendel 1919) Collins 1983 * '' C. minutissimum'' (ex Sarkany et al. 1962) Collins and Jones 1983 * '' C. mucifaciens'' Funke et al. 1997 * '' C. mustelae'' Funke et al. 2010 * '' C. mycetoides'' (ex Castellani 1942) Collins 1983 * '' C. nasicanis'' Baumgardt et al. 2015 * "'' C. neomassiliense''" Boxberger et al. 2020 * '' C. nuruki'' Shin et al. 2011 * '' C. occultum'' Schaffert et al. 2021 * '' C. oculi'' Bernard et al. 2016 * '' C. otitidis'' (Funke et al. 1994) Baek et al. 2018 * "'' C. pacaense''" Bellali et al. 2019 * "'' C. parakroppenstedtii''" Luo et al. 2022 * "'' C. parvulum''" Nakamura et al. 1983 * '' C. pelargi'' Kämpfer et al. 2015 * '' C. phocae'' Pascual et al. 1998 * "'' C. phoceense''" Cresci et al. 2016 * '' C. pilbarense'' Aravena-Roman et al. 2010 * '' C. pilosum'' Yanagawa and Honda 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. pollutisoli'' Negi et al. 2016 * '' C. propinquum'' Riegel et al. 1994 * "'' C. provencense''" Ndongo et al. 2017 * "''C. provencense''" Lo et al. 2019 * '' C. pseudodiphtheriticum'' Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980) * "'' C. pseudokroppenstedtii''" Luo et al. 2022 * '' C. pseudopelargi'' Busse et al. 2019 * '' C. pseudotuberculosis'' (Buchanan 1911) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. pyruviciproducens'' Tong et al. 2010 * '' C. qintianiae'' Zhou et al. 2021 * '' C. renale'' (Migula 1900) Ernst 1906 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. resistens'' Otsuka et al. 2005 * '' C. riegelii'' Funke et al. 1998 * '' C. rouxii'' Badell et al. 2020 * '' C. sanguinis'' Jaén-Luchoro et al. 2020 * "'' C. segmentosum''" Collins et al. 1998 * "'' C. senegalense''" Ndiaye et al. 2019 * '' C. silvaticum'' Dangel et al. 2020 * '' C. simulans'' Wattiau et al. 2000 * '' C. singulare'' Riegel et al. 1997 * '' C. sphenisci'' Goyache et al. 2003 * '' C. spheniscorum'' Goyache et al. 2003 * '' C. sputi'' Yassin and Siering 2008 * '' C. stationis'' (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Bernard et al. 2010 * '' C. striatum'' (Chester 1901) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. suicordis'' Vela et al. 2003 * '' C. sundsvallense'' Collins et al. 1999 * '' C. suranareeae'' Nantapong et al. 2020 * '' C. tapiri'' Baumgardt et al. 2015 * '' C. terpenotabidum'' Takeuchi et al. 1999 * '' C. testudinoris'' Collins et al. 2001 * '' C. thomssenii'' Zimmermann et al. 1998 * '' C. timonense'' Merhej et al. 2009 * '' C. trachiae'' Kämpfer et al. 2015 * '' C. tuberculostearicum'' Feurer et al. 2004 * '' C. tuscaniense'' corrig. Riegel et al. 2006 * "'' C. uberis''" Kittl et al. 2022 * '' C. ulcerans'' (ex Gilbert and Stewart 1927) Riegel et al. 1995 * '' C. ulceribovis'' Yassin 2009 * '' C. urealyticum'' Pitcher et al. 1992 * '' C. ureicelerivorans'' Yassin 2007 * "'' C. urinapleomorphum''" Morand et al. 2017 * '' C. urinipleomorphum'' corrig. Niang et al. 2021 * '' C. urogenitale'' Ballas et al. 2020 * '' C. uropygiale'' Braun et al. 2016 * '' C. uterequi'' Hoyles et al. 2013 * '' C. variabile'' corrig. (Müller 1961) Collins 1987 * '' C. vitaeruminis'' corrig. (Bechdel et al. 1928) Lanéelle et al. 1980 * '' C. wankanglinii'' Zhang et al. 2021 * '' C. xerosis'' (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Lehmann and Neumann 1899 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' C. yudongzhengii'' Zhu et al. 2020 * '' C. zhongnanshanii'' Zhang et al. 2021


References


Further reading

* *
Database of Corynebacterial Transcription Factors and Regulatory Networks
* Rollins, David M. University of Maryland: Pathogentic Microbiology: Corynebacteriu

* * * * * * * * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q133976 Bacteria genera Corynebacterium Gram-positive bacteria