Convoy SC 26
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SC 26 was a
North Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe and ...
convoy A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used ...
of the SC series which ran during the
battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II. At its core was the Allied naval blockade ...
in
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.


Prelude

SC 26 was an east-bound convoy of 23 ships which sailed from Halifax on 20 March 1941 bound for
Liverpool Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
. It carried war materials and was led by Commodore GTC Swabey in SS ''Magician''. SC 26 comprised 23 ships and was escorted only by the
Armed Merchant Cruiser An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in lo ...
(AMC) ''Worcestershire'' (Cdr J Cresswell). At this stage of the campaign escorts against U-boat attack could only be provided in the
Western Approaches The Western Approaches is an approximately rectangular area of the Atlantic Ocean lying immediately to the west of Ireland and parts of Great Britain. Its north and south boundaries are defined by the corresponding extremities of Britain. The c ...
; the Ocean escort, usually an AMC, was provided to give some protection against surface raiders. SC 26 was opposed by a patrol line of nine U-boats, positioned at the limit of endurance to intercept east-bound convoys before the Western Approaches escort had joined. These were ''U-46'', ''U-69'', , ''U-74'', ''U-97'', ''U-98'' and ''U-101''. Two other boats, ''U-94'' and ''U-76'', were moving west to join the line. This patrol line was unnamed; at this stage of the campaign patrol lines did not carry identifying names, as they did later, though if a wolfpack formed it was referred to by the name of the sighting captain. On 1 April 1941 an outbound U-boat, ''U-76'' (Hippel), on her way to join the newly formed patrol line south of Iceland sighted a west-bound convoy in the North-West Approaches. This was OB 305, of 51 ships. Hippel reported this, but U-boat Command (
BdU The ''Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote'' or BdU (Eng: "Commander of the U-boats") was the supreme commander of the German Navy's U-boat Arm (''Ubootwaffe'') during the First World War, First and Second World Wars. The term also referred to the Comma ...
) was reluctant to engage so close to Britain and within range of Coastal Command aircraft; he ordered Hippel to shadow OB 305 westwards and moved the patrol line to intercept. U-76 followed the convoy during the day, but lost contact when she was forced to dive by approaching trawlers. Hippel was ordered to follow west to try to regain contact. As they did so, one of the boats on the patrol line, ''U-74'' ( Kentrat), made contact with an east-bound convoy, SC 26, which BdU determined to attack. After sending a sighting report, Kentrat commenced shadowing, and was joined throughout the day by three other U-boats that were nearby.


Action

After first sighting on 2 April 1941 ''U-74'' commenced shadowing, while the other boats in the area were drawn in for the attack. By evening of 2 April BdU had gathered a pack of 4 U-boats, (''U-46'', ''U-69'', ''U-74'' and ''U-76'') who commenced a devastating attack. The first assault, during the night of 2/3 April, was made by ''U-46'' ( Endrass) just after midnight; She fired on ''British Reliance'', which sank; ''Alderpool'', which was damaged, to be sunk later by the newly arrived ''U-73''; and ''Thirlby'', which had stopped to pick up survivors, but escaped harm. Just after 4am the pack attacked again; ''Leonidas Z Cambanis'' was hit by ''U-74'' and sank, followed a few minutes later by and ''Indier'', both hit by ''U-73'' (
Rosenbaum Rosenbaum is a surname of German origin, which translates as "rose tree" and which was given to people living in the proximity of rose bushes. The surname is common among Ashkenazi Jews, but is also associated with various non-Jews of German orig ...
). With the loss of 5 ships already, nearly a quarter of the convoy, Swabey determined the ships would be less vulnerable if they were dispersed, and at 4.21 am the decision was made to scatter the convoy. As the convoy started to scatter, a 6th ship, the tanker ''British Viscount'', was hit by ''U-73'' and burst into flames, illuminating the scene. Shortly after, ''Worcestershire'' was hit by ''U-74''; she was sustained severe damage, but remained afloat. At dawn on 3 October saw ships and U-boats scattered across a wide area; ships were heading east, pursued by U-boats seeking to regain contact, while the warships detailed to escort SC 26 hurried west. During the morning Swabey in ''Magician'' met a number of ships which he gathered together, to reform the convoy; these eight ships were met later in the day by
destroyers In navy, naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a Naval fleet, fleet, convoy or Carrier battle group, battle group and defend them against powerful short range attack ...
''Wolverine'' (LtCdr J Rowlands, as Senior Officer Escort), and ''Veteran''. ''Worcestershire'', moving under her own steam, was met by the destroyer ''Hurricane'', which escorted her back to Liverpool. Two other destroyers, ''Havelock'' and ''Hesperus'', arrived at the battle site and searched for survivors. Six other ships remained scattered; just before midday ''U-98'', newly arrived, found ''Helle'', which she stalked and sank. In midafternoon ''U-98'' found and sank ''Welcombe'', also travelling alone. Also on 3rd ''U-76'', still moving west, encountered ''Daphne'', a Finnish freighter sailing independently, and sank her. At dusk on the evening of 3/4 April ''U-94'', also newly arrived, found the main body again. She attacked, sinking ''Harbledown'', but all further attacks were driven off. During 4 April there were no further attacks on Swabeys group, and SC 26 was joined by 3 more destroyers (''Verity'', ''Vivien'' and ''Chelsea'') and a
corvette A corvette is a small warship. It is traditionally the smallest class of vessel considered to be a proper (or " rated") warship. The warship class above the corvette is that of the frigate, while the class below was historically that of the slo ...
(''Convolvulus'') During the night of 4/5 April another ship from SC 26, ''Athenic'', was travelling alone ahead of the main body. She was intercepted by ''U-76'' and sunk. All of her crew were saved, including survivors from the ''Liguria'', whom ''Athenic'' had rescued some days before. Another SC 26 ship, ''Thirlby'', also sailing alone, was found and fired on by ''U-69''. She was damaged, but not sunk, and was able to reach port. In the main body, ''Eelbeck'' was damaged, but there were no other casualties. At dawn on 5 April ''U-76'' was running on the surface when she was sighted by ''Wolverine''. As Rowlands approached ''U-76'' dived, and ''Wolverine'' attacked, assisted by ''Scarborough'' and ''Arbutus''. ''Wolverine'' dropped 2 depth charges, followed almost immediately by a full pattern of 8 from ''Scarborough''. ''U-76'' was forced to the surface, and the crew abandoned her. ''Arbutus'' rushed in to attempt to secure and capture the boat and its prized
cypher Cypher is an alternative spelling for cipher. Cypher may also refer to: Arts and entertainment * Cypher (French Group), a Goa trance music group * Cypher (band), an Australian instrumental band * Cypher (film), ''Cypher'' (film), a 2002 film * C ...
equipment, but the boat was filled with chlorine gas from the batteries, and she quickly sank. All ''U-76'' crew but one were rescued. The pack made no further attacks on the ships of SC 26, who made their way to port. Swabey's group of 8 ships arrived in Liverpool on 8 April 1941; ''Worcester'' and ''Hurricane'' arrived in port the same day. ''Thirlby'', which was damaged, in company with ''Loch Ewe'', docked three days later on the 11th. ''Tennessee'', carrying survivors from ''British Reliance'', put into port in
Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
, while ''Tenax'' and ''Ethel R'' docked in
Britain Britain most often refers to: * The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands * Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
. Nearly half of SC 26 had been lost; 10 ships sunk, for 51,969 tons, with 2 ships and the ocean escort damaged. Nearly 100 sailors lost their lives. Against this one U-boat was destroyed; most of its crew were picked up./rescued.


Conclusion

The U-boat arm had scored another victory, and by managing to shift its point of interception further west, beyond the range of the anti-submarine escorts, ensured a series of successes until Western Approaches Command could adjust. ''Arbutus'' had been unable to capture ''U-76'' and her prized Enigma machine, but this breakthrough was just 4 weeks away with the seizure of ''U-110'' in May, with a profound effect on the course of the Atlantic campaign.


Ships in Convoy


Merchant Ships


Allied Warships Hit


U-boats Destroyed


External links


SC 26 at convoyweb

SC 26 at uboatnet


Sources

* Clay Blair, ''Hitler’s U-Boat War Vol I '' (1996). * Arnold Hague, ''The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945'' (2000). (Canada) . (UK) *
Stephen Roskill Captain Stephen Wentworth Roskill, (1 August 1903 – 4 November 1982) was a senior career officer of the Royal Navy, serving during the Second World War and, after his enforced medical retirement, served as the official historian of the Royal ...
, ''The War at Sea 1939–1945 Vol I'' (1954). ISBN (none) * David White, ''Bitter Ocean'' (2006).


Notes

{{reflist SC026