The Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs was a drug control treaty promulgated in
Geneva
Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...
on 13 July 1931 that entered into force on 9 July 1933.
History
The conference was held in Geneva on or about 27 May 1931.
After
World War II, the 1931 convention's scope was broadened considerably by the 1948
Protocol Bringing under International Control Drugs outside the Scope of the Convention of 13 July 1931 for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs. In 1968, the Convention was superseded by the 1961
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention, 1961 Convention, or C61) is an international treaty that controls activities (cultivation, production, supply, trade, transport) of specific narcotic drugs and lays down a syst ...
, as it entered into force.
Overview
Schedules
It established two groups of drugs.
Group I consisted of:
*Sub-group (a), which consisted of:
**
Morphine
Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. There ...
and its salts, including its ester salts like
morphine diacetate (heroin) and preparations made directly from raw or medicinal
opium
Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: ''Lachryma papaveris'') is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy '' Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, whic ...
and containing more than 20 percent of morphine;
**
Cocaine
Cocaine (from , from , ultimately from Quechua: ''kúka'') is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant mainly used recreationally for its euphoric effects. It is primarily obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South Ame ...
and its salts, including preparations made direct from the
coca
Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine.
The plant is grown as a cash crop in the Argentine Northwest, Bolivia, ...
leaf and containing more than 0.1 percent of cocaine, all the esters of
ecgonine
Ecgonine (tropane derivative) is a tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance in many jurisdictions, as are ...
and their salts;
**
Dihydrohydrooxycodeinone (of which the substance registered under the name of
eucodal is a salt),
dihydrocodeinone (of which the substance registered under the name of
dicodide is a salt),
dihydromorphinone (of which the substance registered under the name of
dilaudide is a salt),
acetyldihydrocodeinone or
acetyldemethylodihydrothebaine (of which the substance registered under the name of
acedicone is a salt);
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine (Paramorfan, Paramorphan) is a semi-synthetic opioid structurally related to and derived from morphine. The 7,8-double bond in morphine is reduced to a single bond to get dihydromorphine.Rama Rao Nadendla. Principles Of Organic ...
(of which the substance registered under the name of
paramorfan is a salt), their esters and the salts of any of these substances and of their esters,
morphine-N-oxide (registered trade name
genomorphine), also the morphine-N-oxide derivatives, and the other pentavalent nitrogen morphine derivatives.
*Sub-group (b), which consisted of:
**Ecgonine,
thebaine
Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, '' Thēbai'' (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar ...
and their salts,
benzylmorphine
Benzylmorphine (Peronine) is a semi-synthetic opioid narcotic introduced to the international market in 1896 and that of the United States very shortly thereafter. It is much like codeine, containing a benzyl group attached to the morphine molec ...
and the other ethers of morphine and their salts, except methylmorphine (
codeine
Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum''. It is typically us ...
),
ethylmorphine
Ethylmorphine (also known as codethyline, dionine, and ethyl morphine) is an opioid analgesic and antitussive.
Side effects
Adverse effects are similar to other opioids and include drowsiness, constipation, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and respirat ...
and their salts.
Group II consisted of:
*Methylmorphine (codeine), ethylmorphine and their salts.
Group I was subject to stricter regulations than Group II. For instance, in estimating the amount of drugs needed for medical and scientific needs, the margin allowed for demand fluctuations was wider for Group II drugs than for Group I drugs. Also, in certain reports, a summary statement would be sufficient for matters related to Group II drugs. The establishment of these rudimentary groups foreshadowed the development of the drug scheduling system that exists today. Both the 1961
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention, 1961 Convention, or C61) is an international treaty that controls activities (cultivation, production, supply, trade, transport) of specific narcotic drugs and lays down a syst ...
and the 1971
Convention on Psychotropic Substances
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in Vienna, Austria on 21 February ...
have schedules of controlled substances. The 1988
has two tables of controlled
precursor
Precursor or Precursors may refer to:
* Precursor (religion), a forerunner, predecessor
** The Precursor, John the Baptist
Science and technology
* Precursor (bird), a hypothesized genus of fossil birds that was composed of fossilized parts of u ...
chemicals.
Drug Supervisory Body
The Drug Supervisory Body (sometimes called "Opium Supersiory Body", and in French "''Organe de Contrôle''") was established under the 1931 Convention to compile estimates of the amount of drugs to be consumed, manufactured, converted, exported, imported, or used by each country.
One member of the Body was nominated by the
Office international d'hygiène publique (general health advisory council of the
League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference th ...
' Health Organization).
The Body should not be confused with the
Permanent Central Opium Board established under the 1925 Opium Convention, although both the Body and the Board were merged onto the
International Narcotics Control Board
The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is an independent treaty body, one of the four treaty-mandated bodies under international drug control law (alongside the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, UNODC on behalf of the Secretary-General, ...
when the
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention, 1961 Convention, or C61) is an international treaty that controls activities (cultivation, production, supply, trade, transport) of specific narcotic drugs and lays down a syst ...
entered into force in 1968.
References
External links
*
* {{cite web , url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000003-0001.pdf , title=Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs , website=Law Library ~ United States Treaties , date=July 13, 1931 , publisher=U.S. Library of Congress
Ratification status
Drug control treaties
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