The ''Bencao gangmu'', known in English as the ''Compendium of Materia Medica'' or ''Great Pharmacopoeia'', is an encyclopedic gathering of medicine, natural history, and

Chinese herbology Chinese herbology () is the theory of traditional Chinese herbal therapy, which accounts for the majority of treatments in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A ''Nature'' editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience", and said that t ...

compiled and edited by

Li Shizhen Li Shizhen (July 3, 1518 – 1593), courtesy name Dongbi, was a Chinese acupuncturist, herbalist, naturalist, pharmacologist, physician, and writer of the Ming dynasty. He is the author of a 27-year work, found in the ''Compendium of ...

and published in the late 16th century, during the Ming dynasty. Its first draft was completed in 1578 and printed in Nanjing in 1596. The ''Compendium'' lists the '' materia medica'' of traditional Chinese medicine known at the time, including plants, animals, and minerals that were believed to have medicinal properties. Over the centuries it was reprinted, translated, and cited widely. In the twentieth century was adopted as a basis for Traditional Chinese Medicine. Li compiled his entries not only from hundreds of earlier works in the ''bencao'' medical tradition, but from literary and historical texts. He reasoned that a poem might have better value that a medical work and that a tale of the strange could illustrate a drug's effects.

Name

The title, translated as "''Materia Medica'', Arranged according to Drug Descriptions and Technical Aspects", uses two

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...

compounds. ''Bencao'' (''Ban-chao''; "roots and herbs; based on herbs, pharmacopeia, ''materia medica''") combines ''ben'' ( 'origin, basis') and ''cao'' ( 'grass, plant, herb'). ''Gangmu'' (''Kang-mu''; 'detailed outline; table of contents') combines ''gang'' (''kang''; 'main rope, hawser; main threads, essential principles') and ''mu'' ( 'eye, look; category, division'). The characters and were later used as '

class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differently ...

' and '

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...

', respectively, in

biological classification In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

History

travelled widely for field study, combed through more than 800 works of literature, and compiled material from the copious historical ''bencao'' literature. He modelled his work on a Song dynasty compilation, especially its use of non-medical texts. He worked for more than three decades, with the help of his son, Li Jianyuan, who drew the illustrations. He finished a draft of the text in 1578, the printer began to carve the blocks in 1593, but it was not published until 1593, three years after Li died. Li Jianyuan presented a copy to the Ming dynasty emperor, who saw it but did not pay much attention. Further editions were then published in 1603, 1606, 1640, and then in many editions, with increasing numbers of illustrations, down to the 21st century.

The text consists of 1,892 entries, each entry with its own name called a ''gang''. The ''mu'' in the title refers to the synonyms of each name. The ''Compendium'' has 53 volumes in total: #The opening table of contents lists entries, including 1,160 hand drawn diagrams and illustrations. #Volume 1 to 4 – an

index Index (or its plural form indices) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Index (''A Certain Magical Index''), a character in the light novel series ''A Certain Magical Index'' * The Index, an item on a Halo megastru ...

() and a comprehensive list of herbs to treat the most common sicknesses (). #Volume 5 to 53 – the main text, contains 1,892 distinct herbs, of which 374 were added by

. There are 11,096 side prescriptions to treat common illness (8,160 of which are compiled in the text). The text is written in almost 2 million

Chinese characters Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji ...

, classified into 16 divisions and 60 orders. For every herb there are entries on their names, a detailed description of their appearance and odor, nature, medical function, side effects, recipes, etc.

Errors

The text contains information that was proven to be wrong due to Li's limited scientific and technical knowledge. For example, it is claimed that lead is not

toxic Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subs ...

. Li also claimed that

otters Otters are carnivorous mammals in the subfamily Lutrinae. The 13 extant otter species are all semiaquatic, aquatic, or marine, with diets based on fish and invertebrates. Lutrinae is a branch of the Mustelidae family, which also includes wea ...

are only female and that the Moupin langur is tall, has backwards feet and can be caught when it draws its upper lip over its eyes.

Evaluation

The British historian Joseph Needham writes about the Compendium in his Science and Civilisation in China.Needham, Joseph, and Wang Ling (1954), ''Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 1 Introductory Orientations'', Cambridge University Press, p. 47. The text provided classification of how traditional medicine was compiled and formatted, as well as biology classification of both plants and animals. The text corrected some mistakes in the knowledge of herbs and diseases at the time. Several new herbs and more details from experiments were also included. It also has notes and records on general medical data and medical history. The text includes information on pharmaceutics,

biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary ...

, chemistry, geography, mineralogy, geology, history, and even mining and

astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galax ...

References

Bibliography

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Review
Edward B. Jelks) * . * * * *

External links

Chinese source text at zh.wikisource.org''Pen ts'ao kang mu'' (The Great Herbal)
page from 1672 edition, National Library of Medicine {{Authority control Ming dynasty literature Chinese medical texts Pharmacological classification systems 1578 books Memory of the World Register Pharmacopoeias Memory of the World Register in China