The ''Codex Marianus'' is an
Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language.
Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and othe ...
fourfold
Gospel Book
A Gospel Book, Evangelion, or Book of the Gospels (Greek: , ''Evangélion'') is a codex or bound volume containing one or more of the four Gospels of the Christian New Testament – normally all four – centering on the life of Jesus of Nazareth ...
written in
Glagolitic script
The Glagolitic script (, , ''glagolitsa'') is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. It is generally agreed to have been created in the 9th century by Saint Cyril, a monk from Thessalonica. He and his brother Saint Methodius were sent by the Byza ...
, dated to the beginning of the 11th century, which is (along with
Codex Zographensis The ''Codex Zographensis'' (or ''Tetraevangelium Zographense''; scholarly abbreviation ''Zo'') is an illuminated Old Church Slavonic canon manuscript. It is composed of 304 parchment folios; the first 288 are written in Glagolitic containing Gospe ...
), one of the oldest manuscript witnesses to the
Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language.
Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and othe ...
language, one of the two fourfold gospels being part of the
Old Church Slavonic canon.
History
Most of the Codex (172 folios, 171 according to some sources) was discovered by
Victor Grigorovich
Victor Ivanovich Grigorovich (russian: link=no, Ви́ктор Ива́нович Григоро́вич; 30 April 1815 – 19 December 1876) was a Russian Slavist, folklorist, literary critic, historian and journalist, one of the originators of ...
at
Mount Athos
Mount Athos (; el, Ἄθως, ) is a mountain in the distal part of the eponymous Athos peninsula and site of an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism in northeastern Greece. The mountain along with the respective part of the peni ...
during a journey to the
Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...
in 1844-45, in a hermitage belonging to the "Monastery of the Holy Mother of God" (the Blessed
Theotokos
''Theotokos'' ( Greek: ) is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations are ''Dei Genitrix'' or '' Deipara'' (approximately "parent (fem.) of God"). Familiar English translations a ...
), and thus the manuscript was named ''Codex Marianus'' in Latin. Grigorovich took the found folios to Kazan', and after his death in 1876 the Codex was transferred to
Russian State Library in
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
where it carries the catalog number грнг 6 (M.1689). Croatian diplomat and amateur scholar
Antun Mihanović acquired 2 folios (containing Matthew 5.23 - 6.16) some time before Grigorovich made his discovery, and sent it to renowned Slovene Slavist
Franz Miklosich
Franz Miklosich (german: Franz Ritter von Miklosich, also known in Slovene as ; 20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovene philologist.
Early life
Miklosich was born in the small village of Radomerščak near the Lower Styrian town of Lju ...
, who had them published in 1850. After Miklosich's death, the two-folio fragment was deposited in the
Austrian National Library
The Austrian National Library (german: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) is the largest library in Austria, with more than 12 million items in its various collections. The library is located in the Neue Burg Wing of the Hofburg in center of V ...
in
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
under the catalogue number Cod. Slav. 146.
The Codex was first published by Croatian Slavist
Vatroslav Jagić
Vatroslav Jagić (; July 6, 1838 – August 5, 1923) was a Croatian scholar of Slavic studies in the second half of the 19th century.
Life
Jagić was born in Varaždin (then known by its German name of ''Warasdin''), where he attended the el ...
in 1883 in
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...
as ''Quattuor Evangeliorum versionis palaeoslovenicae Codex Marianus Glagoliticus'', transcribed in
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script ( ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking c ...
and with extensive philological commentary in
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
. The reprint was published in
Graz
Graz (; sl, Gradec) is the capital city of the Austrian state of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. As of 1 January 2021, it had a population of 331,562 (294,236 of whom had principal-residence status). In 2018, the popula ...
in 1960.
Linguistic analysis and origin
Text of Codex especially abounds with the usage of
asigmatic aorist, and very frequent is the assimilation of vowels in compound adjectival declension and present forms (''-aago'', ''-uumu'' instead of ''-aego'', ''-uemu''; ''-aatъ'' instead of ''-aetъ'' etc.).
Analysing the language of the Codex, Vatroslav Jagić concluded that one of the scribes of the Codex came from the Eastern-rite
Štokavian
Shtokavian or Štokavian (; sh-Latn, štokavski / sh-Cyrl, italics=no, штокавски, ) is the prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards. It ...
area (see
Serbian recension), on the basis of substitutions ''u'' - ''ǫ'', ''i'' - ''y'', ''u'' - ''vъ'', ''e'' - ''ę'' etc. The conclusion about Serbian origin of the Codex has been disputed by Russian
slavist
Slavic (American English) or Slavonic (British English) studies, also known as Slavistics is the academic field of area studies concerned with Slavic areas, languages, literature, history, and culture. Originally, a Slavist or Slavicist was prim ...
Alexander Budilovich who believed that the Codex was written in northern Albania, in northern Macedonia or Mount Athos, in Bulgarian language environment. At the same time the Bulgarian researcher
Lyubomir Miletich analysing some dialectal characteristics, claimed Western Bulgarian origin (from
Macedonia) of the Codex.
Later researchers as
Josip Hamm Josip Hamm (3 December 1905 – 23 November 1986) was a Croatian Slavist best known for his research on Old Church Slavonic language and literature.
Biography
Hamm was born in the village of Gat near Belišće and Valpovo. In 1924 he finished the ...
has warned that vocalization of
yers (''ъ'' > ''o'', ''ь'' > ''e''), as well as the occasional disappearance of epenthetic ''l'', suggests Macedonian provenience. According to
F. Curta, the book was "certainly of Macedonian origin", written "either in Ohrid or in one of the monastic centers in the region." According to
H. G. Lunt, "Certain deviations from the theoretical norms indicate Macedonian influences, others possibly Serbian (if not northern Macedonian)".
There are a number of arguments that link the Codex Marianus with Bulgarian territory that bordered that of Serbia. It is difficult to answer whether the Codex was created before the end of the First Bulgarian Empire (1018), or after its Byzantine conquest, i.e. into the
theme of Bulgaria. Lunt proposed the 1030s,
[ but ]David Diringer
David Diringer (16 June 1900 – 13 February 1975) was a British linguist, palaeographer and writer. He was the author of several well-known books about writing systems.
Biography
Diringer was born to Jacob Munzer and Mirl Diringer on 16 June ...
dates it from the late 10th century.
Legacy
The book is enumerated in Bulgarian and Serbian historical literary corpus.
Codex forms the base text for the contemporary rendition of the New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Chris ...
on the basis of the Slavic recensions in the series ''Novum Testamentum Palaeoslovenice''.
See also
* List of Glagolitic manuscripts
Notes
References
*
*
External links
Codex Marianus: images of the original manuscript, at Collected Manuscripts and Incunabula
at the Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense
at TITUS project
Further reading
* {{citation , first=Vatroslav , last=Jagić, author-link=Vatroslav Jagić , title=Quattuor Evangeliorum versionis palaeoslovenicae Codex Marianus Glagoliticus , location=Berlin , publisher=Weidmann , year=1883
archive.org
Google Books US
* B. M. Metzger, ''The Early Versions of the New Testament'', (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 405-406.
* ''Evangelium secundum Ioannem'', Novum Testamentum Palaeoslovenice 1 (St. Petersburg, 1998).
* M. Garzaniti, ''Die altslavische Version der Evangelien'', (Köln: Böhlau, 2001).
* Ђ. Трифуновић, Ка почецима српске писмености, Београд 2001
1030s books
Church Slavonic manuscripts
Marianus Marianus is a male name, formerly an Ancient Roman family name, derived from Marius. Marianus may refer to:
* Marianus of Auxerre (died 462 or 473), French monk and saint
* Marianus Scotus of Mainz (1028–1082 or -83), otherwise Máel Brigte (Dev ...
Marianus, Codex
Medieval Bulgarian literature of Macedonia
11th-century biblical manuscripts
Marianus Marianus is a male name, formerly an Ancient Roman family name, derived from Marius. Marianus may refer to:
* Marianus of Auxerre (died 462 or 473), French monk and saint
* Marianus Scotus of Mainz (1028–1082 or -83), otherwise Máel Brigte (Dev ...
National Library of Russia collection
Serbian manuscripts
History of the Serbo-Croatian language
Cyrillo-Methodian studies