Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by D^p, D₂ or 06 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1026 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced i ...

of the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Chris ...

, written in an uncial hand on

vellum Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. Parchment is another term for this material, from which vellum is sometimes distinguished, when it is made from calfskin, as opposed to that made from other anim ...

. The Greek and Latin texts are on facing pages, thus it is a "'' diglot''" manuscript, like Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis. The Latin text is designated by ''d'' (traditional system) or by 75 in

Beuron Beuron ( Swabian: ''Beira'') is a municipality in the district of Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Beuron is known for the Beuron Archabbey and the Beuron Art School for religious art. Geography Beuron is divided into subdistric ...

system.

Description

The codex contains the

Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest ex ...

on 533 leaves, . The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. At least 9 different correctors worked on this codex. The fourth corrector, from the 9th century, added accents and breathings. The codex is dated palaeographically to the 5th or 6th century. and D. C. Parker, ''An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and their Texts'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 259. The ''Codex Claromontanus'' contains further documents: * A stichometric catalogue of the Old Testament and New Testament canon, known as the ''Catalogus Claromontanus'', of uncertain date, has been inserted in the codex. The list omits '' Philippians'', '' 1'' and '' 2 Thessalonians'', and ''

Hebrews The terms ''Hebrews'' (Hebrew: / , Modern: ' / ', Tiberian: ' / '; ISO 259-3: ' / ') and ''Hebrew people'' are mostly considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still ...

'', but includes several works no longer considered canonical: ''

Epistle of Barnabas The ''Epistle of Barnabas'' ( el, Βαρνάβα Ἐπιστολή) is a Greek epistle written between AD 70 and 132. The complete text is preserved in the 4th-century ''Codex Sinaiticus'', where it appears immediately after the New Testament ...

'', ''

The Shepherd of Hermas ''The Shepherd of Hermas'' ( el, Ποιμὴν τοῦ Ἑρμᾶ, ''Poimēn tou Herma''; la, Pastor Hermae), sometimes just called ''The Shepherd'', is a Christian literary work of the late first half of the second century, considered a valua ...

'', ''

Acts of Paul The Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal series from the New Testament apocrypha also known as Apocryphal Acts. This work is part of a body of literature either about or purporting to be written by Paul the Apost ...

'', and ''

Revelation of Peter The Apocalypse of Peter (or Revelation of Peter) is an early Christian text of the 2nd century and an example of apocalyptic literature with Hellenistic overtones. It is not included in the standard canon of the New Testament, but is mentioned i ...

''. The two

epistles of Peter The authorship of the Petrine epistles (First and Second Peter) is an important question in biblical criticism, parallel to that of the authorship of the Pauline epistles, since scholars have long sought to determine who were the exact authors ...

are listed as if they were epistles of Paul to Peter (''"ad Petrum"''). The Epistle to the Hebrews follows after this catalogue. * Two palimpsest leaves (nos. 162 and 163) are overwritten on fragments of the ''Phaethon'' of

Euripides Euripides (; grc, Εὐριπίδης, Eurīpídēs, ; ) was a tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars ...

, faintly legible under the Christian text. They have been detached from the codex and in the

Bibliothèque nationale de France The Bibliothèque nationale de France (, 'National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository ...

are designated Cod. Gr. 107 B.

Text

The Greek text of this codex is highly valued by critics as representing an early form of the text in the

Western text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac Peshitta translations from the Greek, and also in quotati ...

, characterized by frequent interpolations and, to a lesser extent, interpretive revisions presented as corrections to this text. Modern critical editions of the New Testament texts are produced by an eclectic method, where the preferred reading is determined on a case-by-case basis, from among numerous variants offered by the early manuscripts and versions. Codex claromontanus greek (The S

In this process, ''Claromontanus'' is often employed as a sort of "outside mediator" in collating the more closely related, that is mutually dependent, codices containing the Pauline epistles:

Codex Alexandrinus The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manu ...

(A),

Codex Vaticanus The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...

(B),

Codex Sinaiticus The Codex Sinaiticus ( Shelfmark: London, British Library, Add MS 43725), designated by siglum [Aleph] or 01 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 2 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscript ...

(), and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C). In a similar way, Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis is used in establishing the history of texts of the Gospels and '' Acts''. The text is written colometrically and the order of the epistles to the Colossians and Philippians has been reversed compared to other texts. Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in Category II. In Romans 1:8 it has textual variant περι (along with א A B C K 33 81 1506 1739 1881), but a corrector changed this into υπερ, as in G Ψ Byz. In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, G, 1739, 1881, it^{d, g}, cop^{sa, bo}, eth); corrector b changed it into Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν (as A, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg); corrector c changed it into Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα (as א^c, K, P, 33, 88, 104,

181 Year 181 ( CLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Burrus (or, less frequently, year 934 ''Ab urbe condit ...

326 {{M1 year in topic __NOTOC__ Year 326 ( CCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Constantinus (or, ...

330 __NOTOC__ Year 330 ( CCCXXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallicanus and Tullianus (or, less frequently, year 1 ...

, (

436 __NOTOC__ Year 436 ( CDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Isodorus and Senator (or, less frequently, year 1189 ' ...

omit μη), 456,

614 __NOTOC__ Year 614 ( DCXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 614 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...

, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect). In Romans 12:11 it reads καιρω for κυριω, the reading of the manuscript is supported by Codex Augiensis, Codex Boernerianus 5 it ^d,g,

Origen Origen of Alexandria, ''Ōrigénēs''; Origen's Greek name ''Ōrigénēs'' () probably means "child of Horus" (from , "Horus", and , "born"). ( 185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and the ...

^lat. The second corrector changed it into κυριω. In Romans 15:31 it reads δωροφορια for διακονια; the reading is supported by

and Codex Boernerianus (Greek column). In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with 𝔓¹¹, 𝔓⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 104,

, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting''). The section 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type ( Augiensis, Boernerianus, 88, it^{d, g}, and some manuscripts of Vulgate). In 1 Timothy 3:1 it reads ανθρωπινος (''human'' or ''of a man'') — it^b,d,g,m,mon Ambrosiaster Jerome^mss

Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...

Speculum; majority has πιστος (''faithful''). Greek-Latin manuscripts of the Pauline epistles

History

The Codex is preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 107), at Paris. It was named by the

Calvinist Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John C ...

scholar Theodore Beza because he procured it in the town of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Oise, in the Picardy region north of

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

. Beza was the first to examine it, and he included notes of some of its readings in his editions of the

. The later history of its use by editors of the Greek New Testament can be found in the links and references. The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob GriesbachJ. J. Griesbach
''Symbolae criticae ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. lectionum collectiones''
(Halle, 1793), pp. 31-77. and Constantin von Tischendorf, who edited the Greek text of the codex.

Paul Sabatier Paul Sabatier may refer to: *Paul Sabatier (chemist) (1854–1941), French chemist and Nobel Prize winner *Paul Sabatier (theologian) (1858–1928), French clergyman and historian See also *Paul Sabatier University Paul Sabatier University (''U ...

edited the Latin text of the codex.

Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann (28 November 1772 – 31 December 1848) was a German classical scholar and philologist. He published his works under the name Gottfried Hermann or its Latin equivalent . Biography He was born in Leipzig. Entering ...

published in 1821 the palimpsest text of the leaves 162–163.

Images

File:Codex Claromontanus 467v.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 1 (page 467 ''verso'') File:Codex Claromontanus 468r.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 2 (page 468 ''recto'') File:Codex Claromontanus 468v.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 3 (page 468 ''verso'') File:Claromontanus 2 greek.jpg, The Greek text of Colossians 1:28-2:3 File:Codex claromontanus 2 latin.jpg, The

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

text of

Colossians 1 Colossians 1 is the first chapter of the Epistle to the Colossians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to have been written for the churches in Colossae and Laodicea (see ) by Apostle Paul, with Timoth ...

:28-2:3 File:Codex claromontanus 3 greek.jpg, The Greek text of

Colossians 4 Colossians 4 is the fourth (and last) chapter of the Epistle to the Colossians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to have been written for the churches in Colossae and Laodicea (see ) by Apostle Paul, wi ...

:17-18 (end)

References

External links

* The Bibliothèque nationale de France has all the images o
Codex Claromontanus online
* R. Waltz

Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism

Codex Claromontanus

More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
{{Authority control Claromontanus Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 6th-century biblical manuscripts Bibliothèque nationale de France collections