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Codex Boernerianus, designated by G, G or 012 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), α 1028 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a small New Testament
codex The codex (plural codices ) was the historical ancestor of the modern book. Instead of being composed of sheets of paper, it used sheets of vellum, papyrus, or other materials. The term ''codex'' is often used for ancient manuscript books, with ...
, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Using the study of comparative writing styles (
paleography Palaeography ( UK) or paleography ( US; ultimately from grc-gre, , ''palaiós'', "old", and , ''gráphein'', "to write") is the study of historic writing systems and the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts, including the analysi ...
), the manuscript has been dated to the 9th century CE. The name of the codex derives from the theology professor Christian Frederick Boerner, to whom it once belonged. The manuscript has several gaps.


Description

The manuscript contains the text of the
Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extan ...
(excluding
Hebrews The terms ''Hebrews'' (Hebrew: / , Modern: ' / ', Tiberian: ' / '; ISO 259-3: ' / ') and ''Hebrew people'' are mostly considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still ...
) on 99
vellum Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. Parchment is another term for this material, from which vellum is sometimes distinguished, when it is made from calfskin, as opposed to that made from other animal ...
leaves. The main text is in
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
with an interlinear
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
translation inserted above the Greek text (in the same manner as
Codex Sangallensis 48 Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 76 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. It is usually dated palaeographically to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeograp ...
). The text of the codex contains six gaps (
Romans Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...
1:1-4, 2:17-24, 1 Cor. 3:8-16, 6:7-14,
Col. Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...
2:1-8, Philem. 21-25). Quotations from the
Old Testament The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...
are marked in the left-hand margin by inverted commas (>; also known as a ''diplai''), and Latin notation identifies a quotation (f.e. ''Iesaia''). Capital letters follow regular in stichometric frequency. This means codex G was copied from a manuscript arranged in στίχοι. The codex sometimes uses minuscule letters: α, κ, ρ (of the same size as uncials). It does not use include
rough breathing In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing ( grc, δασὺ πνεῦμα, dasỳ pneûma or ''daseîa''; la, spīritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an sound before a vowel, ...
,
smooth breathing The smooth breathing ( grc, ψιλὸν πνεῦμα, psilòn pneûma; ell, ψιλή ''psilí''; la, spīritus lēnis) is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography. In Ancient Greek, it marks the absence of the voiceless glottal frica ...
or accent markers. The Latin text is written in minuscule letters. The shape of Latin letters: r, s, t is characteristic of the
Anglo-Saxon The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England in the Early Middle Ages. They traced their origins to settlers who came to Britain from mainland Europe in the 5th century. However, the ethnogenesis of the Anglo-Saxons happened wit ...
alphabet. The Codex does not use the phrase ἐν Ῥώμῃ (''in Rome''). In Rom 1:7 this phrase was replaced by ἐν ἀγαπῃ (Latin text – ''in caritate et dilectione''), and in 1:15 the phrase is omitted (in both Greek and Latin). After the end of Philemon stands the title Προς Λαουδακησας αρχεται επιστολη (with interlinear Latin ''ad Laudicenses incipit epistola''), but the apocryphal epistle is lost.


Text

The Greek text of this
codex The codex (plural codices ) was the historical ancestor of the modern book. Instead of being composed of sheets of paper, it used sheets of vellum, papyrus, or other materials. The term ''codex'' is often used for ancient manuscript books, with ...
is considered a representative of the
Western text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac Peshitta translations from the Greek, and also in quotations ...
. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian,
Western Western may refer to: Places *Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US *Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western world, countries that id ...
, and
Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
. Textual critic
Kurt Aland Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the '' Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung'' (Institute for New Testament Textual ...
placed it in Category III according to his New Testament manuscript text classification system. Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of yzantinereadings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified". The section is placed after , just like other manuscripts considered to be of the Western text-type ( Claromontanus (D), Augiensis (F), Minuscule 88, it, and some manuscripts of Vulgate). (NA26) It also does not contain the ending of Romans (), but it has a blank space at for it. The Latin text has some affinity with the Latin lectionary manuscript, Liber Comicus (t), which is a Latin lectionary containing an Old Latin (
Vetus Latina ''Vetus Latina'' ("Old Latin" in Latin), also known as ''Vetus Itala'' ("Old Italian"), ''Itala'' ("Italian") and Old Italic, and denoted by the siglum \mathfrak, is the collective name given to the Latin translations of biblical texts (both ...
) text. ; Some Notable Readings : αμα και της αναστασεως : G : αλλα και της αναστασεως : Majority of manuscripts : καιρω : G : κυριω : Majority of manuscripts : δωροφορια : G B D : διακονια : Majority of manuscripts : Ιουνιαν : G C : Ιουλιαν : Majority of manuscripts (UBS3) : αναπληρωσετε : G B 1962 it vg sy sa bo goth eth : αναπληρωσατε : Majority of manuscripts : το αυτο φρονειν, τω αυτω συνστοιχειν : G F : τω αυτω στοιχειν : Majority of manuscripts : σωματα : G F : νοηματα : Majority of manuscripts : Ιησου : G B D 1739 1881 it sa bo eth : Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα : Majority of manuscripts : πειθοις σοφιας (''plausible wisdom'') : G F : πειθοις ανθρωπινης σοφιας λογοις : A C L P Ψ Majority of manuscripts


The Old Irish Poem in the Codex Boernerianus

O
folio 23 verso
at the bottom is written a verse in
Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writt ...
which refers to making a pilgrimage to Rome: Téicht doróim mór saido · becc · torbai · INrí chondaigi hifoss · manimbera latt nífogbái · Mór báis mor baile mór coll ceille mor mire olais airchenn teicht dó ecaib · beith fo étoil · maíc · maire · Stokes and Strachan's translation:
Bruce M. Metzger Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the ...
in his book ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible'' quotes this poem, which seems to have been written by a disappointed pilgrim.


History

The codex was probably written by an Irish monk in the
Abbey of St. Gall The Abbey of Saint Gall (german: Abtei St. Gallen) is a dissolved abbey (747–1805) in a Catholic religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in Switzerland. The Carolingian-era monastery existed from 719, founded by Saint Othmar on the spot ...
,
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
between 850-900 A.D. Ludolph Kuster was the first to recognize the 9th century date of Codex Boernerianus. The evidence for this date includes the style of the script, the smaller uncial letters in Greek, the Latin interlinear written in Anglo-Saxon minuscule, and the separation of words. In 1670 it was in the hands of P. Junius at
Leiden Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with ...
. The codex got its name from its first German owner, University of Leipzig professor Christian Frederick Boerner, who bought it in the
Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiography ...
in the year 1705. It was collated by Kuster, described in the preface to his edition of Mill's Greek New Testament. The manuscript was designated by symbol G in the second part of Wettstein's New Testament. The text of the codex was published by Matthaei, at Meissen, in Saxony, in 1791, and supposed by him to have been written between the 8th and 12th centuries. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same book as the Codex Boernerianus.H. C. M. Rettig, ''Antiquissimus quattuor evangeliorum canonicorum Codex Sangallensis Graeco-Latinus intertlinearis'', (Zurich, 1836). During World War II, the codex suffered severely from water damage. Thus, the facsimile, as published in 1909, provides the most legible text. Some scholars believe this codex originally formed a unit with the Gospel manuscript
Codex Sangallensis 48 Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 76 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. It is usually dated palaeographically to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeograp ...
(Δ/037). Boernerianus is housed now in the
Saxon State Library The Saxon State and University Library Dresden (full name in german: Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden), abbreviated SLUB Dresden, is located in Dresden, Germany. It is both the regional library (german: ...
(A 145b),
Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth lar ...
, Germany, while Δ (037) is at
Saint Gallen , neighboring_municipalities = Eggersriet, Gaiserwald, Gossau, Herisau (AR), Mörschwil, Speicher (AR), Stein (AR), Teufen (AR), Untereggen, Wittenbach , twintowns = Liberec (Czech Republic) , website ...
, in
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
.


See also

*
Codex Augiensis Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1029 ( von Soden) is a 9th-century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page. Description Th ...
*
List of New Testament Latin manuscripts The following articles contain lists of New Testament manuscripts: In Coptic * List of Coptic New Testament manuscripts In Greek * List of New Testament papyri * List of New Testament uncials * List of New Testament minuscules ** List of ...
*
List of New Testament uncials A New Testament uncial is a section of the New Testament in Greek or Latin majuscule letters, written on parchment or vellum. This style of writing is called ''Biblical Uncial'' or ''Biblical Majuscule''. New Testament uncials are distinct from ...


References


Further reading

* Peter Corssen, ''Epistularum Paulinarum Latine Scriptos Augiensem, Boernerianum, Claromontanum'', Jever Druck von H. Fiencke 1887-1889. * W. H. P. Hatch, ''On the Relationship of Codex Augiensis and Codex Boernerianus of the Pauline Epistle''s, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 60, 1951, pp. 187–199. * Alexander Reichardt, ''Der Codex Boernerianus. Der Briefe des Apostels Paulus'', Verlag von Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig 1909. * Bruce M. Metzger, ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 1981, pp. 104–105.


External links

*
Codex Boernerianus Gp (012)
at the CSNTM (images of the 1909 facsimile edition)
Codex Boernerianus Gp (012)
recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek
Codex Boernerianus
recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek (PDF)

at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Boernerianus Greek New Testament uncials Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 9th-century biblical manuscripts