Clifford Ivar Nass (April 3, 1958 – November 2, 2013) was a professor of communication at
Stanford University
Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies , among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students. Stanford is consider ...
, co-creator of ''
The Media Equation
The Media Equation is a general communication theory that claims people tend to assign human characteristics to computers and other media, and treat them as if they were real social actors. The effects of this phenomenon on people experiencing t ...
'' theory, and a renowned authority on human-computer interaction (HCI). He was also known for his work on individual differences associated with media multitasking. Nass was the Thomas M. Storke Professor at Stanford and held courtesy appointments in Computer Science, Education, Law, and Sociology. He was also affiliated with the programs in Symbolic Systems and Science, Technology, and Society.
Nass was the director of th Communication between Humans and Interactive Media (CHIMe) Lab, co-director of Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory (KGC) and its Real-time Venture Design Laboratory (ReVeL), and a co-founder of TeachAids.
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
from Princeton University in 1981 after completing a senior thesis, titled "PASCGRAF and the Haloed line effect", under the supervision of Arthur Appel. He then conducted research in the areas of computer graphics, data structures and database design for IBM and Intel before returning to Princeton to pursue graduate studies. He received a Ph.D. in sociology from Princeton in 1986 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Society as computer: the structure and skill of information work in the United States, 1900-1980." He then joined the faculty at
Stanford University
Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies , among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students. Stanford is consider ...
The Media Equation
The Media Equation is a general communication theory that claims people tend to assign human characteristics to computers and other media, and treat them as if they were real social actors. The effects of this phenomenon on people experiencing t ...
'', ''Wired for Speech'', and ''The Man Who Lied to His Laptop''. He has also published over 150 papers in the areas of human-computer interaction, statistical methodology, and organizational theory. He was credited with the founding of the ''Computers are Social Actors'' paradigm. Nass consulted on the design of over 250 media products and services for companies including Microsoft, Toyota, Philips, BMW,
Hewlett-Packard
The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...
,
AOL
AOL (stylized as Aol., formerly a company known as AOL Inc. and originally known as America Online) is an American web portal and online service provider based in New York City. It is a brand marketed by the current incarnation of Yahoo (2017 ...
Dell
Dell is an American based technology company. It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies.
Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data ...
.
Early HCI Work
Nass’ early work was primarily in exploring ways people interacted with computers, particularly how those interactions are “fundamentally social” in nature.Nass, C., Steuer, J., & Tauber, E. (1994). Computers are social actors. ''Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,'' 72-78. By identifying a social theme in people's interaction with computers, he was able to observe that humans project “agency” on computers, and thus people will interact with computers in the same ways as interacting with people.
For example, he showed how people will observe the “politeness norm” and focus on the first application they are interacting with if another application interrupts them (such as a pop-up window). He also showed how computer users engender computers and interact with them differently based on whether the computer is perceived as male or female – preferring to hear praise from a male computer voice, or receive relationship and love advice from a female computer voice, as examples. His 1994 presentation at the SIGCHI conference titled “Computers are Social Actors” outlined these and other observations on human computer interaction that led to the ''Computers as Social Actors'' paradigm.
Mid-Career HCI Work
After establishing that people interact with computers the same way they interact with people, particularly when using voice interfaces, Nass began to study this topic in more detail, publishing several studies that show the etiquette components of reciprocity, politeness, and responding to and giving praise as no different between people and computers as they were people and people. This line of research led to the publishing of his book ''Wired for Speech : How Voice Activates and Advances the Human-Computer Relationship,'' in which he summarized the results of much of this work.
In 2007, Nass became a “dorm dad,” moving into a Stanford freshman residence hall. He was shocked and intrigued by the communication and technology practices of the students he observed. He watched as students utilized multiple devices all at once; texting, tweeting, listening to music and watching YouTube, all while working on homework. He began a line of investigation into multitasking and the effects it has on cognition, discovering that more people multitask, the worse multitaskers they become. This, Nass asserts, is due to losing the ability to filter out non-relative stimuli.Ophir, E., Nass, C., Wagner, A., & Posner, M. (2009). Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,'' ''106''(37), 15583-15587. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40484765 In a Frontline interview in February 2010, Nass discusses the results of one of his experiments, saying “It turns out multitaskers are terrible at every aspect of multitasking. They're terrible at ignoring irrelevant information; they're terrible at keeping information in their head nicely and neatly organized; and they're terrible at switching from one task to another.” The results of these experiments were widely picked up in the media, and Nass was even invited to give a TedX talk at Stanford on the subject titled “Are you multitasking your life away?”
Late Career HCI Work
In The Man Who Lied to His Laptop, Nass summarizes many years of HCI research through the lens of what lessons they contain about human behavior and social relationships. The book, published in 2010, contains chapters on praise and criticism, personality, teams and team building, emotion, and persuasion.
Nass continued to explore the effects of multitasking later in his career, co-publishing a study with Roy Pea showing the negative impacts on social well-being of certain media usage and media multitasking in 8-12-year-old girls. This study also introduced a revised method for measuring media multitasking, building upon Nass’ earlier co-authored study with Eyal Ophir from 2009. The new, revised method for measuring media multitasking allowed a more granular measurement of media multitasking in participants, which in turn allowed him to compare this measure to other variables, such as self-satisfaction and contentment.
In addition to furthering the study of media multitasking, Nass also began to research the voice user interface in relation to autonomous vehicles. He published a study that shows when a voice user interface reframes poor driving conditions in a positive light, it helps to regulate driver's emotions, attitudes, and increases driving performance. He also published studies that show when a voice user interface in an autonomous vehicle describes the vehicle taking an action, say slowing down, by describing the “why” and the “how” led to better driving performance and feelings of trust and safety from the driver.Koo, J., Kwac, J., Ju, W., Steinert, M., Leifer, L., & Nass, C. (2015). Why did my car just do that? Explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance. ''International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM),'' ''9''(4), 269-275.
Academic Earth
Academic Earth is a website launched on March 24, 2009, by Richard Ludlow and co-founders Chris Bruner and Liam Pisano,
which offers free online video courses and academic lectures from the world's top universities such as UC Berkeley, UCLA, Uni ...
IBM Almaden Research Center
IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research org ...