The ''Cité Frugès de Pessac'' ''(''the Frugès Estate of Pessac), or ''Les Quartiers Modernes Frugès''
/ref> (the modern Frugès quarters)'','' is a housing development located in

Pessac Pessac (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a member of the metropolis of Bordeaux, being the second-largest suburb of Bordeaux and located just southwest of it. Pessac is also home to ...

, a suburb of

Bordeaux Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefect ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

. It was commissioned by the industrialist Henri Frugès in 1924 as worker housing and designed by architects Le Corbusier and

Pierre Jeanneret Pierre Jeanneret (22 March 1896 – 4 December 1967) was a Swiss architect who collaborated with his cousin, Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (who assumed the pseudonym Le Corbusier), for about twenty years. Early life Arnold-André-Pierre Jea ...

, who were responsible for the development's masterplan and individual buildings. It was intended as a testing ground for the ideas Le Corbusier had expressed in his 1922 manifesto ''

Vers une Architecture ''Vers une architecture'', recently translated into English as ''Toward an Architecture'' but commonly known as ''Towards a New Architecture'' after the 1927 translation by Frederick Etchells, is a collection of essays written by Le Corbusier (C ...

'' and was his first attempt designing low-cost, mass-produced collective housing in his trademark aesthetic''.'' Drawings of some of the buildings were subsequently included in the second edition of the text. The ''Cité'' was planned to contain 135 housing units in four sections, but only two sections (consisting of 51 units) were realized due to financial difficulties. By the time they were completed, the houses were three to four times more expensive than envisioned and about twice as expensive as comparable houses on the market. The workers refused to move in, forcing Frugès to sell the individual houses in the same year after a failed attempt to sell the entire estate. Over the next decades, the houses were heavily modified by their inhabitants, including the addition of pitched roofs and decoration, the resizing of windows, and the enclosure of patios. On December 18, 1980, No. 3 Rue des Arcades was listed as a French '' monument historique''.Tim Benton, “Pessac and Lege revisited: Standards, dimensions, and failures.” In B. B. Taylor (ed.), Le Corbusier et Pessac (Paris: Fondation Le Corbusier, 1972). Accessible at https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41787181.pdf The whole complex was subsequently designated a French ''Zone de Protection du Patrimoine Architectural Urbain'' (an Urban Architectural Heritage Protection Zone). In 2016, the district was designated a

UNESCO World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...

as part of

The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement is a World Heritage Site consisting of a selection of 17 building projects in several countries by the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier. While he also owned wine and carpet factories, Frugès considered himself more an artist than an industrialist and continued his artistic pursuits and interests throughout his life. In 1912, he and his wife bought the Maison Davergne in downtown Bordeaux. They began a 14-year project with the architect Pierre Ferret to renovate the house into an Art Nouveau/

Art Deco Art Deco, short for the French ''Arts Décoratifs'', and sometimes just called Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in France in the 1910s (just before World War I), and flourished in the Unite ...

showpiece. During this time, Ferret introduced Frugès to the avant-garde magazine ''L'Espirit Nouveau'' where he first learned of and became interested in the ideas Le Corbusier would develop in his 1922 manifesto

Toward an Architecture ''Vers une architecture'', recently translated into English as ''Toward an Architecture'' but commonly known as ''Towards a New Architecture'' after the 1927 translation by Frederick Etchells, is a collection of essays written by Le Corbusier (C ...

. Following a 1920 meeting with Le Corbusier, Frugès commissioned a small worker housing complex (~10 units) near his sawmill in Lège to allow Le Corbusier to test his ideas about

purism Purism, referring to the arts, was a movement that took place between 1918 and 1925 that influenced French painting and architecture. Purism was led by Amédée Ozenfant and Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier). Ozenfant and Le Corbusier f ...

, standardization, efficiency, and machine production. Before construction began on the Lège project, Frugès commissioned Pessac (135 units) as a larger-scale prototype. He wanted it to serve as a testing ground, "extreme as the consequences may be." The site was chosen because it was surrounded by forests and previously unbuilt, as well as for its proximity to the factories where its residents would be employed, the railroad, and a tuberculosis hospital. The complex's forest location is an influence of the

Garden City movement The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and ...

, which held natural landscapes were important for the health and well-being of urban residents.

Construction Construction is a general term meaning the art and science to form Physical object, objects, systems, or organizations,"Construction" def. 1.a. 1.b. and 1.c. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Pr ...

began in 1924 and encountered a host of problems before stopping in 1926. The whole estate was put up for sale but attracted no buyers. In 1928, the French government began giving low-cost loans to low-income workers, which aided the purchase of individual dwellings over time. The financial toll of the project, as well as unrelated business issues, resulted in the liquidation of Frugès's companies by 1929. Following a period of depression, Frugès moved to Tunisia, then Algeria where he continued composing, painting, and drawing until his death in 1974. Le Corbusier lost interest in Pessac before its completion and would go on to "virtually disown" the Lège project. The structures were freely modified by their inhabitants after they became privately owned, including through additions, ornamentation, and the resizing of windows. Modifications were documented in Philippe Boudon's 1969 study of the project. In 1942, one of the houses was destroyed in a

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

bombing targeting the nearby railroad. In 1983, the city of Pessac bought one of the private houses, restored it, and opened it for tours. Since then, the development has become increasingly desirable for residents and visited by architectural tourists. Some of the structures have been restored to a semblance of their intended state, though others remain in a state of disrepair.

Design

Le Corbusier took into account prevailing social and economic factors, and was determined to build the plan to provide people with low-cost, predetermined, homogeneous cubist structures. L-C painted panels of brown, blue, yellow and jade green in response to the clients request for "decoration". The layout consists of: A terrace of about 8 three storey houses with roof gardens. Behind them is a terrace of houses connected to each other with a concrete arch which provides a sheltered garden. In the middle of the development are the interlocking houses.

''Cellule'' System and Typology

Le Corbusier employed the ''cellule'' module to standardize the dwellings. The''cellule'' functioned as the basic unit of mass but did not have a predetermined programmatic function. Three basic units are employed throughout: a 5x5 meter ''1 cellule'', a 5x2.5 meter ''1/2 cellule'', and a 2.5x2.5 ''1/4 cellule''. These are augmented by seven other units for stairs, entrances, and roofs. Following the consideration of functional needs, Le Corbusier aggregated ''cellules'' into a final massing. Additional geometric forms were then added to further differentiate each housing type. Combinations proceeded with explicit attention towards making them easy for assembly-line mass production and to aesthetically reflect the logic of production. The complex contains five distinct housing types of one to six units named after a physical characteristic: the two-story ''quinconces'' (staggered), ''zig-zag'' (Z-formation), ''arcade'', and ''isolé'' (free-standing) and the three-story ''gratte-ciel'' (skyscraper). There is also a block of six attached houses. A system of proportion based on the ''cellule'' and window sizes dictate the relationship between the types. While the interiors differed, each type is articulated as a single vertical building with different combinations of forms. Programmatically, the houses contain an entrance space, a kitchen, a living space, a sleeping area, and service space.

Construction

Construction began on the complex in 1924 and ended in 1926. Only 51 (sections C and D) of the 135 planned units were completed. Almost immediately, construction was beset by problems, partially the result of incomplete architectural designs. When they were sold, units originally envisioned as affordable to the working-class were valued between 51,300 (for attached houses No. 49-54) and 74,100 francs (for single-family house No. 37), three to four times more expensive than planned. Comparable houses were on the market for 30,000 to 35,000 francs.

The Cement Gun and Contractor Problems

Near the end of 1924, M. Poncet, Frugès' Head of Buildings and construction manager for the Lège project, began preparing the Pessac site for building. By April 1925, construction had progressed on the concrete structure of the Zig-Zag houses and attached houses No. 49-54. They were using the newly-available cement gun to build infill wall panels, a reflection of Le Corbusier's desire to employ new technologies. During site visits to both projects on April 7, 1925, Le Corbusier was dissatisfied with the quality of work, calling it an "extremely precarious and dangerous situation" (for instance, the foundation of a dormitory at Lège had collapsed and residents had to be evacuated). He called for a work stoppage and Poncet's replacement with Parisian builder Georges Summer, with whom he had previously worked on the ''Pavillon de L'Espirit Nouveau''. By May, after some reticence from Frugès, a team from Summer's studio consisting of a foreman and eight craftsmen had restarted work on the project, at much higher wages. This, along with issues creating hollow walls with even thicknesses, meant the use of CMU-block infill, laid by hand, was necessary to achieve the desired "high-precision, machine-made look." Gunnite spray was only employed for facing curved walls and other minor details.

Custom Prefabricated Components

In keeping with the desire to mass-produce the entire house, Le Corbusier wanted to work with mass-produced elements. For the window frames, he opted for custom-designed window frames manufactured by Decourt and Company, instead of using designs already available in Bordeaux. The need to quickly produce these custom components raised costs "substantially." By 1927, the windows were leaking due to poor drainage on the sill.

Site Planning Issues

In October of 1925, Frugès sent a letter to Le Corbusier noting one of the ''gratte-ciels'' was sitting on the planned route of a provincial road and suggesting density cuts to accommodate the municipality. At the same time, it became clear that the project had not respected laws governing the provision of public services and would not win governmental approval.

Critical Reception

The scheme was generally panned by critics at the time. In 1929, architectural historian

Henry-Russell Hitchcock Henry-Russell Hitchcock (1903–1987) was an American architectural historian, and for many years a professor at Smith College and New York University. His writings helped to define the characteristics of modernist architecture. Early life He ...

called it a "serious disappointment" with "uncomfortable" interiors. Others characterized it as "a Sultan's district, a harem, and ... as a Moroccan settlement." In 1969, the architect Philippe Boudon published a post-occupancy assessment of the project titled ''Pessac de Le Corbusier: 1927-1967, Étude Socio-Architecturale (''translated in 1972 as ''Lived-In Architecture: Le Corbusier's Pessac Revisited)'' detailing how residents had adapted the structures to fit their lives since its completion. He said the houses helped residents realize what they needed and allowed them to satisfy those needs, though the book was broadly seen as critical of Pessac. In response to the radical changes documented within, Le Corbusier commented that "life is always right; it is the architect who is wrong." In 1981, the ''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

architecture critic Ada Louis Huxtable said the development "continues to give something to the eye and the spirit that only buildings shaped and informed by a superior and caring eye and spirit can." Many still consider it a failure of modern architecture's desire to house the masses, alongside Pruitt-Igoe in the United States.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quartiers Modernes Fruges Le Corbusier buildings in France Pessac