''Chronicle'' is a British television programme that was shown monthly and then fortnightly on

BBC Two BBC Two is a British free-to-air public broadcast television network owned and operated by the BBC. It covers a wide range of subject matter, with a remit "to broadcast programmes of depth and substance" in contrast to the more mainstream a ...

from 18 June 1966 until its last broadcast on 29 May 1991. ''Chronicle'' focused on popular archaeology and related subjects, and was considered an influential programme and a landmark in early television presentation of archaeology. The programme was commissioned by

David Attenborough Sir David Frederick Attenborough (; born 8 May 1926) is an English broadcaster, biologist, natural historian and author. He is best known for writing and presenting, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, the nine natural histor ...

in 1966, and was produced by the Archaeological and Historical Unit headed by Paul Johnstone and later edited by Bruce Norman. Among the presenters of the programme were

Magnus Magnusson Magnus Magnusson, (born Magnús Sigursteinsson; 12 October 1929 – 7 January 2007) was an Icelandic-born British-based journalist, translator, writer and television presenter. Born in Reykjavík, he lived in Scotland for almost all his life, ...

Colin Renfrew Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, (born 25 July 1937) is a British archaeologist, paleolinguist and Conservative peer noted for his work on radiocarbon dating, the prehistory of languages, archaeogenetics, neuroarchaeology, ...

, David Drew, and

John Julius Norwich John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich, (15 September 1929 – 1 June 2018), known as John Julius Norwich, was an English popular historian, travel writer, and television personality. Background Norwich was born at the Alfred House Nursing ...

Background

BBC first broadcast a regular archaeology programme on radio introduced by

Glyn Daniel Glyn Edmund Daniel FBA, FRAI (23 April 1914 – 13 December 1986) was a Welsh scientist and archaeologist who taught at Cambridge University, where he specialised in the European Neolithic period. He was appointed Disney Professor of Archa ...

in 1946 titled ''The Archaeologist''. This was followed by a popular television quiz show '' Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?'' from 1952, and ''

Buried Treasure Buried treasure is a literary trope commonly associated with depictions of pirates, criminals, and Old West outlaws. According to popular conception, these people often buried their stolen fortunes in remote places, intending to return to th ...

'' broadcast from 1954 to 1959. In 1966, the first controller of BBC Two, David Attenborough, thought that there was sufficient interest in archaeology and established a special unit on the subject, the Archaeological and Historical Unit, to produce ''Chronicle''. Attenborough intended ''Chronicle'' to report on archaeological digs and findings around the word where archaeology was shown as it was practised, and new discoveries could be presented on the show. The Archaeological and Historical Unit at the BBC that produced the programme was headed by Paul Johnstone, later the show was edited by Bruce Norman. Norman described ''Chronicle'' as a "show" because they were "in the entertainment business – not the archaeology business", with the aim to "inform and educate the viewing public in as entertaining a way as possible". The show had many different writers, presenters and narrators, one of the earliest was

who wrote and presented the programme for a number of years from 1966 on. Other presenters included the archaeologists

Mortimer Wheeler Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH CIE MC TD (10 September 1890 – 22 July 1976) was a British archaeologist and officer in the British Army. Over the course of his career, he served as Director of both the National Museum of Wales a ...

and David Drew, and the historian

. The programme ended in 1991 after the death of its editor Bruce Norman. The programme is a mix of full-length documentaries and some live broadcasts. It financed projects that they filmed and televised, the first of which was a live broadcast of an excavation on a prehistoric mound,

Silbury Hill Silbury Hill is a prehistoric artificial chalk mound near Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire. It is part of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites UNESCO World Heritage Site. At high, it is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound ...

, undertaken by Richard Atkinson in 1968. However, this excavation as well as those at

South Cadbury South Cadbury is a village in the civil parish of South Cadbury and Sutton Montis, in the South Somerset council area of the English county of Somerset. The parish includes the village of Sutton Montis. It is famous as the location of the hill f ...

conducted by

Leslie Alcock Leslie Alcock (24 April 1925 – 6 June 2006) was Professor of Archaeology at the University of Glasgow, and one of the leading archaeologists of Early Medieval Britain. His major excavations included Dinas Powys hill fort in Wales, Cadbury Ca ...

yielded few results. Later investigations funded include the

post-mortem An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death or to evaluate any dis ...

examination of

Tutankhamun Tutankhamun (, egy, twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn), Egyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen () (), sometimes referred to as King Tut, was an Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty (ruled ...

. Other notable episodes aired included the excavations at

Knossos Knossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced ; grc, Κνωσός, Knōsós, ; Linear B: ''Ko-no-so'') is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city. Settled as early as the Neolithic period, the na ...

and

Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo is the site of two early medieval cemeteries dating from the 6th to 7th centuries near the English town of Woodbridge. Archaeologists have been excavating the area since 1938, when a previously undisturbed ship burial containing a ...

, and it was part of the 16-hour live coverage of the raising of ''

Mary Rose The ''Mary Rose'' (launched 1511) is a carrack-type warship of the English Tudor navy of King Henry VIII. She served for 33 years in several wars against France, Scotland, and Brittany. After being substantially rebuilt in 1536, she saw her ...

'' from the

Solent The Solent ( ) is a strait between the Isle of Wight and Great Britain. It is about long and varies in width between , although the Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to ...

. Most of the subjects were on ancient civilisations, with some on biographies, philosophy and various other aspects of archaeology such as industrial, underwater and amateur archaeology. The programmes were initially broadcast monthly. It became the primary outlet for archaeology documentaries on British television for many years, although later other documentaries were also produced, for example occasional series such as '' In Search of the Dark Ages'' by Michael Wood in 1981, and Romer's Egypt by John Romer in 1982, in particular the history-based ''

Timewatch ''Timewatch'' is a long-running British television series showing documentaries on historical subjects, spanning all human history. It was first broadcast on 29 September 1982 and is produced by the BBC. The ''Timewatch'' brandname is used as a ...

'' launched in 1982. A selection of excerpts and full programmes are available at the BBC archive website.

Reception

Critical

After a shaky start, the programme went on to produce a series of high quality documentaries and it was considered a high point of British documentary. However, it attracted some criticism for sensationalising some of the subjects, for example in the three episodes by

Henry Lincoln Henry Soskin (12 February 1930 – 23 February 2022), better known as Henry Lincoln, was a British author, television presenter, scriptwriter, and actor. He co-wrote three ''Doctor Who'' multi-part serials in the 1960s, and — starting in th ...

on the

Rennes-le-Château Rennes-le-Château (; oc, Rènnas del Castèl) is a commune approximately 5 km (3 miles) south of Couiza, in the Aude department in the Occitanie region in Southern France. In 2018, it had a population of 91. This hilltop village is kn ...

"mystery" and

Knights Templar , colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment ...

conspiracy theory broadcast in 1972, 1974, and 1979 (the conspiracy theory was further expounded in ''

The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail ''The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail'' (published as ''Holy Blood, Holy Grail'' in the United States) is a book by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln. The book was first published in 1982 by Jonathan Cape in London as an unoffici ...

'' and later became the inspiration for

Dan Brown Daniel Gerhard Brown (born June 22, 1964) is an American author best known for his thriller novels, including the Robert Langdon novels '' Angels & Demons'' (2000), ''The Da Vinci Code'' (2003), '' The Lost Symbol'' (2009), ''Inferno'' (2013), ...

's novel ''

The Da Vinci Code ''The Da Vinci Code'' is a 2003 mystery thriller novel by Dan Brown. It is Brown's second novel to include the character Robert Langdon: the first was his 2000 novel ''Angels & Demons''. ''The Da Vinci Code'' follows symbologist Robert Langdon ...

''). It was also criticised for its "soft-centered approach" on such subjects as the ''Mary Rose''. It was claimed that the dig at Silbury funded by the programme had damaged the site because it was not filled in properly after the dig.

Ratings

The show had good viewing figures for documentaries, rising from one million in 1973 to 2.5 million in 1983. Its most successful episodes were broadcast during the 16-hour coverage over three days of the raising of the Tudor warship ''Mary Rose'' in October 1982, which gained a cumulative audience of 20 million in the UK as well as other viewers in Europe.

Episodes

This is an incomplete list. The programme celebrated its 100th episode in 1974, and its 200th episode was broadcast in 1984.

1960s

{{Episode table , overall=3 , background=#005F6C , title=25 , director=20 , aux2=20, airdate=12 , aux2T=Written / Presented by, country=UK , episodes= {{Episode table/part, p=1966, c=#005F6C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = The Vikings in North America , EpisodeNumber = 1 , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 =

, Gwyn Jones , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 6, 18, df=y , ShortSummary = Daniel, Magnusson and Jones discuss the evidence for possible Viking travels to North America in the wake of the 1965 publication of the

Vinland Map The Vinland Map was claimed to be a 15th-century mappa mundi with unique information about Norse exploration of North America but is now known to be a 20th-century forgery. The map first came to light in 1957 and was acquired by Yale University. I ...

. Magnusson examines the

Flatey Book ''Flatey'' may refer to either of two islands in Iceland: * Flatey, Breiðafjörður *Flatey, Skjálfandi See also * ''Flateyjarbók ''Flateyjarbók'' (; "Book of Flatey") is an important medieval Icelandic manuscript. It is also known as GkS ...

at Denmark's Royal Library.{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p017j146/chronicle-vikings-in-north-america , title=Chronicle: Vikings in North America , work=BBC {{Episode list , Title = Nimrud: The Story of a Dig , EpisodeNumber = 2 , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 7, 16, df=y , ShortSummary = Professor

Max Mallowan Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan (6 May 1904 – 19 August 1978) was a prominent British archaeologist, specialising in ancient Middle Eastern history. He was the second husband of Dame Agatha Christie. Life and work Born Edgar Mallowan in Wands ...

along with Sir

, Dr R. D. Barnett and Gordon Waterfield present findings from the excavation of the one-time

Assyria Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , romanized: ''māt Aššur''; syc, ܐܬܘܪ, ʾāthor) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state at times controlling regional territories in the indigenous lands of the ...

n capital city of Nimrud/Kalhu (in modern-day Iraq). {{Episode list , Title = Stonehenge: Prehistoric Computer?" /
"The First European , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave /
Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 8, 13, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletProfessor

Gerald Hawkins Gerald Stanley Hawkins (20 April 1928– 26 May 2003) was a British-born American astronomer and author noted for his work in the field of archaeoastronomy. A professor and chair of the astronomy department at Boston University in the Unit ...

's theory that

Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, west of Amesbury. It consists of an outer ring of vertical sarsen standing stones, each around high, wide, and weighing around 25 tons, topped by connecting h ...

was used for astronomy.
{{bulletDr.

John Napier John Napier of Merchiston (; 1 February 1550 – 4 April 1617), nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioann ...

and Professor

Kenneth Oakley Kenneth Page Oakley (7 April 1911 – 2 November 1981) was an English physical anthropologist, palaeontologist and geologist. Oakley, known for his work in the Fluorine absorption dating of fossils by fluorine content, was instrumental in ...

discuss the Vértesszőlős skull, and claim it to be ''

homo sapiens Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, a ...

'' rather than ''

homo erectus ''Homo erectus'' (; meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago. Several human species, such as '' H. heidelbergensis'' and '' H. antecessor' ...

'' as originally believed. {{Episode list , Title = Royal Ship, Royal Palace, Royal Grave , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave, John Irving, Paul Johnstone , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 9, 10, df=y , ShortSummary = The buried ship at Sutton Hoo, the possibility of Somerset's Cadbury Castle being

Camelot Camelot is a castle and court associated with the legendary King Arthur. Absent in the early Arthurian material, Camelot first appeared in 12th-century French romances and, since the Lancelot-Grail cycle, eventually came to be described as the ...

Arthurian legend The Matter of Britain is the body of medieval literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain and Brittany and the legendary kings and heroes associated with it, particularly King Arthur. It was one of the three great Western ...

, and the Irish burial mound of

Newgrange Newgrange ( ga, Sí an Bhrú) is a prehistoric monument in County Meath in Ireland, located on a rise overlooking the River Boyne, west of Drogheda. It is an exceptionally grand passage tomb built during the Neolithic Period, around 3200 BC, ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Invasion That Never Was ..." /
"... And the Last Invasion , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 10, 8, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletGeneral Sir

Brian Horrocks Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Gwynne Horrocks, (7 September 1895 – 4 January 1985) was a British Army officer, chiefly remembered as the commander of XXX Corps in Operation Market Garden and other operations during the Second World W ...

on the fictional 1875 Battle of Dorking Gap and its effect on the popular imagination.
{{bulletThe

Norman Conquest of England The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqu ...

as shown by the Bayeux Tapestry. {{Episode list , Title = London's Burning , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 11, 5, df=y , ShortSummary = The

Great Fire of London The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall, while also extending past t ...

of 1666. {{Episode list , Title = The Treasure of Priam , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 =

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 12, 3, df=y , ShortSummary =

Heinrich Schliemann Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann (; 6 January 1822 – 26 December 1890) was a German Empire, German businessman and pioneer in the field of archaeology. He was an advocate of the historicity of places mentioned in the works of Homer and ...

's 1873 discovery of the Treasure of Priam at

Hisarlik Hisarlik ( Turkish: ''Hisarlık'', "Place of Fortresses"), often spelled Hissarlik, is the Turkish name for an ancient city located in what is known historically as Anatolia.A compound of the noun, hisar, "fortification," and the suffix -lik. The ...

, and its disappearance from World War II era Berlin. {{Episode list , Title = The Holy Sailors" /
"The Roman Goose March , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson /
Glyn Daniel , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 12, 31, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletThe evidence for pre-Norse settlement of Iceland by Irish monks.
{{bulletAncient Rome's best geese were reputedly sourced from northern

Gaul Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during R ...

. Daniel, aided by Olympic gold medalist Ann Packer, experiments to find the daily walking pace of geese, and shows the journey to take three months. {{Episode table/part, p=1967, c=#005F6C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = The Finds of the Year , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1966, 2, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = Nicholas Thomas presents 9 pieces acquired by museums in 1966, with curator- and Magnusson-led interviews. Included were the

Dunstable Swan Jewel The Dunstable Swan Jewel is a gold and enamel brooch in the form of a swan made in England or France in about 1400 and now in the British Museum, where it is on display in Room 40. The jewel was excavated in 1965 on the site of Dunstable Friar ...

, bronze cooking pots from a Butterknowle mine, carved Celtic stone heads from Yorkshire, and

Iron Age The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostly ap ...

boats. A five-year-old who had shared in the

Fishpool Hoard In 1966 the Fishpool Hoard of 1,237 15th century gold coins, four rings and four other pieces of jewellery, and two lengths of gold chain treasure trove A treasure trove is an amount of money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion found hidden underground or in places such as cellars or attics, where the treasure seems old enough for it to be presumed that the true owner is dead and the hei ...

explained. {{Episode list , Title = The Other Conquest" /
"The City That Vanished , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 3, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bullet

presents the 11th century

Norman conquest of southern Italy The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1139, involving many battles and independent conquerors. In 1130, the territories in southern Italy united as the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily, the southern t ...

which resulted in the founding of the

Kingdom of Sicily The Kingdom of Sicily ( la, Regnum Siciliae; it, Regno di Sicilia; scn, Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian Peninsula and for a time the region of Ifriqiya from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 unt ...

.{{bulletThe intention to use the newly developed

proton magnetometer A proton magnetometer, also known as a proton precession magnetometer (PPM), uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on land ...

to help locate the lost city of {{sic,

Sybaris Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris ( Coscile). The city was founded in 720 BC ...

, hide=y, reason="Sybarlj" is a scanning error. {{Episode list , Title = Diagnosis - A.D. 70" /
"Iron Age Autopsy , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson /
— , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 4, 8, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletDr Charles Newman diagnoses illnesses of people appearing in Roman-era wood carvings, and Lady Brogan explains what they show of everyday life.
{{bulletDanish

bog bodies A bog body is a human cadaver that has been naturally mummified in a peat bog. Such bodies, sometimes known as bog people, are both geographically and chronologically widespread, having been dated to between and the Second World War. Fischer 199 ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Lost Leonardos" /
"The Gate of Hell , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 5, 13, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bullet Charles Gibbs-Smith discusses the recently announced discovery of 700 Leonardo da Vinci drawings of mechanical inventions.
{{bulletAmateur archaeologist Robert Paget's theory that a tunnel complex at

Baiae Baiae ( it, Baia; nap, Baia) was an ancient Roman town situated on the northwest shore of the Gulf of Naples and now in the ''comune'' of Bacoli. It was a fashionable resort for centuries in antiquity, particularly towards the end of the Roman ...

was the location of the Cumaean Sibyl's entrance to

Hades Hades (; grc-gre, ᾍδης, Háidēs; ), in the ancient Greek religion and myth, is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld, with which his name became synonymous. Hades was the eldest son of Cronus and Rhea, although this also m ...

instead of at

Lake Avernus __NOTOC__ Lake Avernus ( it, Lago d'Averno) is a volcanic crater lake located in the Avernus crater in the Campania region of southern Italy, around west of Pozzuoli. It is near the volcanic field known as the Phlegraean Fields (') and comprises ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Arthur: The Peerless King , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Bruce Parsons , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 6, 10, df=y , ShortSummary = Magnusson discusses the known historical facts about King Arthur, and what has been discovered from the ongoing

excavation of

Cadbury Castle, Somerset Cadbury Castle is a Bronze and Iron Age hillfort in the civil parish of South Cadbury in the English county of Somerset. It is a scheduled monument and has been associated with King Arthur's legendary court at Camelot. The hillfort is formed ...

, a possible site for

. {{Episode list , Title = The Claws of the Griffin" /
"Dragons' Bones , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 7, 8, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletThe Baglioni familicides of 3 July 1500 in

Perugia Perugia (, , ; lat, Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part o ...

led by {{ill, Grifonetto Baglioni, it.
{{bulletMagnussun interviews Alan Charig on his expedition to

Lesotho Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked as an enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the highest mountains in Southern Africa. It has an area of over and has a population ...

in search of dinosaur fossils. {{Episode list , Title = Collision Course" /
"Shall the Waters Prevail? , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 8, 5, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletProgress in the search for the wreck of {{HMS, Association, 1697, 6, the flagship of Admiral Sir

Cloudesley Shovell Admiral of the Fleet Sir Cloudesley Shovell (c. November 1650 – 22 or 23 October 1707) was an English naval officer. As a junior officer he saw action at the Battle of Solebay and then at the Battle of Texel during the Third Anglo-Dutch War ...

, which was lost in the

Scilly naval disaster of 1707 The Scilly naval disaster of 1707 was the loss of four warships of a Royal Navy fleet off the Isles of Scilly in severe weather on 22 October 1707. Between 1,400 and 2,000 sailors lost their lives aboard the wrecked vessels, making the incident ...

.
{{bulletThe relocation of the Egyptian temple of

Abu Simbel Abu Simbel is a historic site comprising two massive rock-cut temples in the village of Abu Simbel ( ar, أبو سمبل), Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt, near the border with Sudan. It is situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser, about s ...

to preserve it from the rising

Lake Nasser Lake Nasser ( ar, بحيرة ناصر ', ) is a vast reservoir in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan. It is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. Before construction, Sudan was against the building of Lake Nasser because it would encro ...

after the construction of the

Aswan High Dam The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is one of the world's largest embankment dams, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan L ...

. {{ Episode list , Title = 121 Million Basketloads , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Peter Bale , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 9, 16, df=y , ShortSummary = Professor Richard Atkinson and Magnus Magnusson on

, western Europe's largest artificial mound. {{Episode list , Title = Cast for Posterity" /
"Searching for Sheba , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = — , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 9, 30, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletHow the team at

preserved the lines of the treasure ship.
{{bulletA US team's search for evidence of the

Queen of Sheba The Queen of Sheba ( he, מַלְכַּת שְׁבָא‎, Malkaṯ Šəḇāʾ; ar, ملكة سبأ, Malikat Sabaʾ; gez, ንግሥተ ሳባ, Nəgśətä Saba) is a figure first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. In the original story, she bring ...

in Arabia. {{Episode list , Title = 6000 Working Dives , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Claude Duthuit , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 10, 67, df=y , ShortSummary = The first archaeological excavation of an underwater shipwreck in its entirety by

George Bass George Bass (; 30 January 1771 – after 5 February 1803) was a British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia. Early years Bass was born on 30 January 1771 at Aswarby, a hamlet near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, the son of a tenant farmer, Georg ...

Cape Gelidonya Cape Gelidonya ( tr, Gelidonya Burnu or Taşlık Burnu, from el, Χελιδωνία, ''Chelidonia''; la, Chelidonium promontorium), formerly Kilidonia or Killidonia is a cape or headland on the Teke Peninsula in the chain of Taurus Mountains, l ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Fall of Constantinople" /
"Lepenski Vir" /
"South Cadbury , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison, Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 =

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 11, 25, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletThe 1453

Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun o ...

when the forces of

Sultan Mehmed II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...

defeated those of

Constantine XI Palaiologos Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos or Dragaš Palaeologus ( el, Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος, ''Kōnstantînos Dragásēs Palaiológos''; 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453) was the last Roman (Byzantine) e ...

and took the capital Constantinople, ending the

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

.
{{bulletThe excavation of

Lepenski Vir Lepenski Vir ( sr-cyr, Лепенски Вир, "Lepena Whirlpool"), located in Serbia, is an important archaeological site of the Mesolithic Iron Gates culture of the Balkans. The latest radiocarbon and AMS data suggests that the chronology of ...

, the oldest village in Europe, located by the

Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...

in modern Serbia.
{{bulletAn update from

on progress on the excavation at

. {{Episode list , Title = The Last Days of Minos , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1967, 12, 23, df=y , ShortSummary = Excavations at

Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cypru ...

, and evidence of the

Minoan eruption The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. It destroyed the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearb ...

on the neighbouring island of

Santorini Santorini ( el, Σαντορίνη, ), officially Thira (Greek: Θήρα ) and classical Greek Thera (English pronunciation ), is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast from the Greek mainland. It is the ...

, which may relate to the Atlantis legend. {{Episode table/part, p=1968, c=#005F6C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Faces of the Moon" /
"Cave Cemetery of Niah , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = — /
Hugh Gibb , Aux2 = Lucy Goodison /
— , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 1, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletPottery of a pre-Incan people in the Perivian Andes (photographed by {{ill, Jean-Christian Spahni, fr).
{{bulletThe 40,000-year human history of the

Niah Caves Niah National Park, located within Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia, is the site of the Niah Caves limestone cave and archeological site. History Alfred Russel Wallace lived for 8 months at Simunjan District with a mining engineer, Robert C ...

Malaysian Borneo East Malaysia (), or the Borneo States, also known as Malaysian Borneo, is the part of Malaysia on and near the island of Borneo, the world's third-largest island. Near the coast of Sabah is a small archipelago called Labuan. East Malaysia li ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Finders and Keepers , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 2, 17, df=y , ShortSummary = Nicholas Thomas introduces the best finds/acquisitions of 1967. Magnusson and journalist Patricia Connor interview the relevant archaeologists and museums staff. {{Episode list , Title = The Death of the High King , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David CollisonRoderick Graham , Aux2 = Richard Imison, Maurice Denham, Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 3, 23, df=y , ShortSummary = A dramatised reconstruction of what may have been the life of a single person responsible for driving the design and construction of

. {{Episode list , Title = The Silbury Dig" /
"The Man Who Was Given a Gasworks , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison, Ray Sutcliffe , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 4, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletChronicle's first

live broadcast A live broadcast, also called a live transmission, generally refers to various types of media that are broadcast without a significant delay. The most common seen media example of the live transmission is a news program or a news broadcasting. Oth ...

from the excavation at

, less than a fortnight after it started
{{bulletThe ongoing development of the Beamish open air museum in County Durham by Frank Atkinson. {{Episode list , Title = The Tomb Robbers , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Paul Johnstone , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 5, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = Two Italians illegally raid Etruscan tombs in

Vulci Vulci or Volci ( Etruscan: ''Velch'' or ''Velx'', depending on the romanization used) was a rich Etruscan city in what is now northern Lazio, central Italy. As George Dennis wrote, "Vulci is a city whose very name... was scarcely remembered, ...

for antiquities. {{Episode list , Title = Sarajevo 1914" /
"The Biggest Roman Handshake , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard /
David Collison , Aux2 = Stuart Hood /
Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 6, 1, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletThe June 1914 assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I. ...

and his wife

Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (; cs, Žofie Marie Josefína Albína hraběnka Chotková z Chotkova a Vojnína 1 March 1868 – 28 June 1914) was the wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Their assas ...

, which resulted in the First World War; filmed in

Sarajevo Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S, names in other languages'') is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its a ...

.
{{bulletThe public opening of the

Fishbourne Roman Palace Fishbourne Roman Palace (or Fishbourne Villa) is located in the village of Fishbourne, Chichester in West Sussex. The palace is the largest Roman residence north of the Alps. and has an unusually early date of 75 CE, around thirty years aft ...

museum, built in {{CE, 75 as what is believed to have been a gift from the Romans to a local client king. {{Episode list , Title = The Shrine of the Bulls , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 6, 29, df=y , ShortSummary = Patricia Connor interviews

James Mellaart James Mellaart FBA (14 November 1925 – 29 July 2012) was an English archaeologist and author who is noted for his discovery of the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük in Turkey. He was expelled from Turkey when he was suspected of involveme ...

about his excavation of the Stone Age town of

Çatalhöyük Çatalhöyük (; also ''Çatal Höyük'' and ''Çatal Hüyük''; from Turkish ''çatal'' "fork" + ''höyük'' "tumulus") is a tell of a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from ap ...

in Turkey, and the conclusions he has drawn on the life, religion and culture of its people, from evidence including an 8000 year old painting of

bull baiting Bull-baiting is a blood sport involving pitting a bull against dogs. History England Crowds in London during the Royal Entry of James VI and I in March 1604 were entertained by bull-baiting. During the time of Queen Anne, bull-baiting was ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Heart of the Mound , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 7, 27, df=y , ShortSummary = Professor Richard Atkinson and mining engineer Dr John Taylor follow the uncovered 1849 tunnel to the center of

, finding its core to be layered in construction. {{Episode list , Title = This is the Wonderful Year , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Lucy Goodison , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 8, 24, df=y , ShortSummary = {{sic, Sabbati Zevi, hide=y, reason=BBC spelling, a rabbi from the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

, who claimed to be the

Jewish Messiah The Messiah in Judaism () is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology, who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jewish people. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or Hig ...

in 1666. {{Episode list , Title = Abu Simbel Reborn , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Julia Cave , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 9, 21, df=y , ShortSummary = The relocation of the Egyptian temple of

, to be reopened on the following day. Filmed onsite. {{Episode list , Title = The Legend of the Borgias" /
"The High Roman Style , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Michael Adams /
Stuart Hood , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 10, 19, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bullet

Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI ( it, Alessandro VI, va, Alexandre VI, es, Alejandro VI; born Rodrigo de Borja; ca-valencia, Roderic Llançol i de Borja ; es, Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja, lang ; 1431 – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Chur ...

and his children {{sic,

Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and ...

, hide="y", reason=BBC spelling and

Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia (; ca-valencia, Lucrècia Borja, links=no ; 18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was a Spanish-Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She reigned as the Govern ...

, filmed on location.
{{bullet18th century Scottish architect

Robert Adam Robert Adam (3 July 17283 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his ...

and the inspiration he drew from

Diocletian's Palace Diocletian's Palace ( hr, Dioklecijanova palača, ) is an ancient palace built for the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD, which today forms about half the old town of Split, Croatia. While it is referred to as a "pala ...

in modern

Split, Croatia )'' , settlement_type = City , anthem = '' Marjane, Marjane'' , image_skyline = , imagesize = 267px , image_caption = Top: Nighttime view of Split from Mosor; 2nd row: Cathe ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Human Sacrifice" /
"The Ghost Ship , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = — /
Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 11, 16, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletThe first evidence of human sacrifice by Vikings on the Orkney Islands.
{{bulletThe

casting Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a ''casting'', which is ejected ...

of the ninety-foot

treasure ship from "rivets and stains in the sand". {{Episode list , Title = Bring in the Big Hammer , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Martin Minns , Aux2 = Martin Minns , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1968, 12, 14, df=y , ShortSummary = Attempts to preserve some of Britain's Industrial Revolution heritage {{Episode table/part, p=1969, c=#005F6C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Carved for the Gods , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 1, 11, df=y , ShortSummary =

Carvings Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. The technique can be applied to any material that is solid enough to hold a form even when pieces have been removed from it, and ...

Stone Age The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC, with t ...

tombs are interpreted by Patrick Carey (in a short film ''Mists of Time'' on Irish megaliths and related mythology) and artist Peter Rawstorne (who exhibits tracings of petroglyphs). {{Episode list , Title = The Realms of Gold , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = John Julius Norwich , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 2, 8, df=y , ShortSummary = The 1519

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico or the Spanish-Aztec War (1519–21), was one of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the eve ...

Hernán Cortés Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (; ; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish ''conquistador'' who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of w ...

(believed by

Aztec The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl ...

emperor Montezuma to be the god

Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl (, ; Spanish: ''Quetzalcóatl'' ; nci-IPA, Quetzalcōātl, ket͡saɬˈkoːaːt͡ɬ (Modern Nahuatl pronunciation), in honorific form: ''Quetzalcōātzin'') is a deity in Aztec culture and literature whose name comes from the Nahu ...

) and his 400

conquistador Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (, ; meaning 'conquerors') were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, ...

s, leading to the founding of

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Thomas Becket , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Nesta Pain , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 3, 1, df=y , ShortSummary = A dramatised documentary on

Thomas Becket Thomas Becket (), also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket (21 December 1119 or 1120 – 29 December 1170), was an English nobleman who served as Lord Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, and then ...

Archbishop of Canterbury The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Jus ...

, his conflicts with Henry II, and his murder by four of Henry's knights in

Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England. It forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, currently Justin Welby, leader of the C ...

in December {{CE, 1170. {{Episode list , Title = Lord Elgin and the Parthenon , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 03, 29, df=y , ShortSummary =

Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine (; 20 July 176614 November 1841) was a British nobleman, soldier, politician and diplomat, known primarily for the controversial procurement of marble sculptures (known as the Elgin Ma ...

, his acquisition of marble sculptures and friezes from the

Parthenon The Parthenon (; grc, Παρθενών, , ; ell, Παρθενώνας, , ) is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, that was dedicated to the goddess Athena during the fifth century BC. Its decorative sculptures are considered ...

and other buildings on the

Acropolis An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens, ...

in Athens, and the debate over whether these "

Elgin Marbles The Elgin Marbles (), also known as the Parthenon Marbles ( el, Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα, lit. "sculptures of the Parthenon"), are a collection of Classical Greek marble sculptures made under the supervision of the architect and s ...

" should be returned to Greece. {{Episode list , Title = Blood-Axe's Revenge , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Per Simmonaes , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 04, 19, df=y , ShortSummary = Life in the

Viking Age The Viking Age () was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. It followed the Migration Period and the Germ ...

as illustrated through the life of

Egill Skallagrímsson Egil Skallagrímsson (Old Norse: ; Modern Icelandic: ; 904 995) was a Viking Age war poet, sorcerer, berserker, and farmer.Thorsson, 3 He is known mainly as the anti-hero of ''Egil's Saga''. ''Egil's Saga'' historically narrates a period from a ...

, a warrior-poet who feuded with Norwegian king

Erik Bloodaxe Eric Haraldsson ( non, Eiríkr Haraldsson , no, Eirik Haraldsson; died 954), nicknamed Bloodaxe ( non, blóðøx , no, Blodøks) and Brother-Slayer ( la, fratrum interfector), was a 10th-century Norwegian king. He ruled as King of Norway from ...

. {{Episode list , Title = No Ordinary Monk , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 =

Arthur Calder-Marshall Arthur Calder-Marshall (19 August 1908 – 17 April 1992) was an English novelist, essayist, critic, memoirist, and biographer. Life and career Calder-Marshall was born in El Misti, Woodcote Road, Wallington, Surrey, the son of Alice (Poole) ...

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 5, 24, df=y , ShortSummary = The life of Joseph Leycester Lyne, known as "Ignatius the Monk", who attempted to introduce a Benedictine monastic order to the Church of England during the

Victorian era In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Silbury 1969 , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = Magnus Magnussson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 7, 19, df=y , ShortSummary = Live broadcast from

. {{Episode list , Title = Silbury '69 , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 08, 16, df=y , ShortSummary = The last three weeks of excavations of 1969 at Silbury, including a pit near the centre of the inner mound, and the results from two years' research. {{Episode list , Title = The Fate of the Armada , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Ray Sutcliffe , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 9, 13, df=y , ShortSummary =

Robert Sténuit Robert Pierre André Sténuit (born 1933 in Brussels) is a Belgian journalist, writer, and underwater archeologist. In 1962 he spent 24 hours on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea in the submersible "Link Cylinder" developed by Edwin Link, thus ...

's discovery of the {{ship, , Girona, ship, 2, a

galleass Galleasses were military ships developed from large merchant galleys, and intended to combine galley speed with the sea-worthiness and artillery of a galleon. While perhaps never quite matching up to their full expectations, galleasses neverthel ...

of the

Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada (a.k.a. the Enterprise of England, es, Grande y Felicísima Armada, links=no, lit=Great and Most Fortunate Navy) was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aris ...

, which was lost in 1588 off the coast of

County Antrim County Antrim (named after the town of Antrim, ) is one of six counties of Northern Ireland and one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of and has a population of ...

, Ireland. {{Episode list , Title = There is no Conqueror.... , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Michael Adams , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 10, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = Muslim rule in mainland Europe from AD 711, the

Emirate of Granada ) , common_languages = Official language:Classical ArabicOther languages: Andalusi Arabic, Mozarabic, Berber, Ladino , capital = Granada , religion = Majority religion:Sunni IslamMinority religions:Roma ...

and its Alhambra Palace, and the 1492 surrender to the Christian forces of Castile to finalise the '' Reconquista''. {{Episode list , Title = The 100 Days , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 =

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 11, 15, df=y , ShortSummary =

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

's return from exile on

Elba Elba ( it, isola d'Elba, ; la, Ilva) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano Nation ...

to establish his government in Paris, France, during the "

Hundred Days The Hundred Days (french: les Cent-Jours ), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration ...

" (111-day period) between 20 March 1815 and 8 July 1815, including the loss in the

Waterloo campaign The Waterloo campaign (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army was commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he ...

, and his abdication. {{Episode list , Title = The Treasures from the Sacred Well , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1969, 12, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = A Birmingham City Museum exhibition of objects retrieved from the (sacrificial) Sacred Well in the Mayan city of

Chichen Itza Chichen Itza , es, Chichén Itzá , often with the emphasis reversed in English to ; from yua, Chiʼchʼèen Ìitshaʼ () "at the mouth of the well of the Itza people" was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Termin ...

on the

Yucatán Peninsula The Yucatán Peninsula (, also , ; es, Península de Yucatán ) is a large peninsula in southeastern Mexico and adjacent portions of Belize and Guatemala. The peninsula extends towards the northeast, separating the Gulf of Mexico to the north ...

1970s

{{Episode table , background=#D09956 , overall=3, title=25 , director=20 , aux2=20, airdate=12 , aux2T=Written / Presented by, country=UK , episodes= {{Episode table/part, p=1970, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = The Mad King? , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 01, 17, df=y , ShortSummary = Historian J. Steven Watson on the madness of King George III of the United Kingdom, with diagnosis from Dr Richard Hunter, a specialist in psychological medicine. {{Episode list , Title = Search and Discovery , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 02, 21, df=y , ShortSummary = Magnusson introduces the major excavations and research of the year:
{{bulletPatricia Connor on the statue menhirs of horned weapon-bearing men from the Torreans on the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...

island

Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast o ...

.
{{bulletProfessor Gerald Hawkins on the

Nazca Lines The Nazca Lines are a group of geoglyphs made in the soil of the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were created between 500 BCE and 500 CE by people making depressions or shallow incisions in the desert floor, removing pebbles and le ...

in the

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

vian desert.
{{bulletFilm of

rock paintings In archaeology, rock art is human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also m ...

from the Hoggar Massif in the

Sahara , photo = Sahara real color.jpg , photo_caption = The Sahara taken by Apollo 17 astronauts, 1972 , map = , map_image = , location = , country = , country1 = , ...

desert of southern

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

.
{{bulletThe continuing search for Camelot in Somerset.
{{bulletEvidence of early human habitation in Britain from (what is now) the

Swanscombe Heritage Park Swanscombe Skull Site or Swanscombe Heritage Park is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Swanscombe in north-west Kent, England. It contains two Geological Conservation Review sites and a National Nature Reserve. The park lies ...

in Kent. {{Episode list , Title = Tutankhamen Post-mortem , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 02, 28, df=y , ShortSummary = A team led by

Liverpool Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a populat ...

anatomy professor R.G. Harrison opens the coffin of the young Egyptian king

Tutankhamen Tutankhamun (, egy, twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn), Egyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen () (), sometimes referred to as King Tut, was an Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty (ruled ...

for the first time since 1926, and conducts a scientific

X-ray An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 ...

study of his

mummy A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay furt ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Win a Second-hand Crane , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 03, 14, df=y , ShortSummary = A ''Chronicle'' competition which judges the best work by a group in researching, recording, and/or restoring part of Britain's industrial heritage. {{Episode list , Title = The Catacombs of Sakkara , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 04, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = Walter Emery's search for the tomb of

Imhotep , other_names = Asclepius (name in Greek) Imouthes (also name in Greek) , burial_place = Saqqara (probable) , occupation = chancellor to the Pharaoh Djoser and High Priest of Ra , years_active = , known_for ...

, the architect responsible for Egypt's first Pyramid, at the

necropolis A necropolis (plural necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from the Ancient Greek ''nekropolis'', literally meaning "city of the dead". The term usually i ...

Sakkara Saqqara ( ar, سقارة, ), also spelled Sakkara or Saccara in English , is an Egyptian village in Giza Governorate, that contains ancient burial grounds of Egyptian royalty, serving as the necropolis for the ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis ...

, and the discovery of the burial

catacombs Catacombs are man-made subterranean passageways for religious practice. Any chamber used as a burial place is a catacomb, although the word is most commonly associated with the Roman Empire. Etymology and history The first place to be referred ...

where the Isis cow mothers of sacred

Apis bull In ancient Egyptian religion, Apis or Hapis ( egy, ḥjpw, reconstructed as Old Egyptian with unknown final vowel > Medio-Late Egyptian , cop, ϩⲁⲡⲉ ''ḥapə''), alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh, was a sacred bull worshiped in the Mem ...

s were interred. {{Episode list , Title = One people between the Alps and the Sea! , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 05, 16, df=y , ShortSummary = The "

Risorgimento The unification of Italy ( it, Unità d'Italia ), also known as the ''Risorgimento'' (, ; ), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single ...

" movement to unify the Italians states by

Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( , ;In his native Ligurian language, he is known as ''Gioxeppe Gaibado''. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as ''Jousé'' or ''Josep''. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patr ...

Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini (, , ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the i ...

Count Cavour Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (, 10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( , ), was an Italian politician, businessman, economist and noble, and a leading figure in the movement t ...

and others, and those who resisted including

Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand II ( it, Ferdinando Carlo; scn, Ferdinannu Carlu; nap, Ferdinando Carlo; 12 January 1810 – 22 May 1859) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his death in 1859. Family Ferdinand was born in Palermo to King Francis I of the ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Great Iron Ship , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Ray Sutcliffe , Aux2 = Richard Wade (writer) Dudley Foster (narration) , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 6, 13, df=y , ShortSummary =

Isambard Kingdom Brunel Isambard Kingdom Brunel (; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was a British civil engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history," "one of the 19th-century engineering giants," and "one ...

's 1843 {{ship, SS, Great Britain, , 6, the first iron-hulled

steamship A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships ca ...

with a

screw propeller A propeller (colloquially often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon ...

, her working life, and her recovery in 1970 from the

Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; es, Islas Malvinas, link=no ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about from Cape Dubou ...

, where she had been

scuttled Scuttling is the deliberate sinking of a ship. Scuttling may be performed to dispose of an abandoned, old, or captured vessel; to prevent the vessel from becoming a navigation hazard; as an act of self-destruction to prevent the ship from being ...

in 1937, for return to Bristol. {{Episode list , Title = The ''Great Britain'' Comes Home , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Ray Sutcliffe (film), David Collison (outside broadcast) , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 07, 19, df=y , ShortSummary = Magnusson introduces the rescue and return of the {{ship, SS, Great Britain, , 6 to Bristol, with live footage from the

piloting Piloting or pilotage is the process of navigating on water or in the air using fixed points of reference on the sea or on land, usually with reference to a nautical chart or aeronautical chart to obtain a fix of the position of the vessel or ai ...

of the ship up the River Avon into the Jeffries

dry dock A dry dock (sometimes drydock or dry-dock) is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, ...

Bristol Harbour Bristol Harbour is the harbour in the city of Bristol, England. The harbour covers an area of . It is the former natural tidal river Avon through the city but was made into its current form in 1809 when the tide was prevented from going out per ...

127 years to the day since she was launched there. {{Episode list , Title = The Alexandrians , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 07, 25, df=y , ShortSummary = The poetry of the third century BC Alexandrian school in the cosmopolitan city of Alexandria, Egypt, and its influence on modern authors such as

Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is ...

Lawrence Durrell Lawrence George Durrell (; 27 February 1912 – 7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer. He was the eldest brother of naturalist and writer Gerald Durrell. Born in India to British colonial pare ...

, and Cavafy {{Episode list , Title = The Oldest Monarchy , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 08, 15, df=y , ShortSummary = The almost 2500 years of monarchy in Persia/Iran, the former capital of

Isfahan Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Region, Isfahan Province, Iran. It is lo ...

, and the first film of the Imam Reza shrine in

Meshed Mashhad ( fa, مشهد, Mašhad ), also spelled Mashad, is the second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. It serves as the capital of Razavi Khorasan Province and has a ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Atatürk - Father of the Turks , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 09, 05, df=y , ShortSummary = The rise of

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until 1934 ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Repub ...

with victories in the Gallipoli Campaign and the

Turkish War of Independence The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...

, the abolishment of the

and

Caliphate A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...

, and the establishment of the

Republic of Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

under his Presidency as a secular modern nation-state with a

Kemalist Kemalism ( tr, Kemalizm, also archaically ''Kamâlizm''), also known as Atatürkism ( tr, Atatürkçülük, Atatürkçü düşünce), or The Six Arrows ( tr, Altı Ok), is the founding official ideology of the Republic of Turkey.Eric J. Zurcher ...

ideology. {{Episode list , Title = Cadbury, Silbury, and the Barbarians , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 09, 26, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletPictures taken by an

unmanned aerial vehicle An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controller ...

of the current year's excavation of

{{bulletThe engineers at

{{bulletAn

Edinburgh Festival __NOTOC__ This is a list of arts and cultural festivals regularly taking place in Edinburgh, Scotland. The city has become known for its festivals since the establishment in 1947 of the Edinburgh International Festival and the Edinburgh Fes ...

exhibition of

Celtic art Celtic art is associated with the peoples known as Celts; those who spoke the Celtic languages in Europe from pre-history through to the modern period, as well as the art of ancient peoples whose language is uncertain, but have cultural and styli ...

{{bulletA

lyre The lyre () is a stringed musical instrument that is classified by Hornbostel–Sachs as a member of the lute-family of instruments. In organology, a lyre is considered a yoke lute, since it is a lute in which the strings are attached to a yoke ...

found at

, which at the time was Europe's oldest identified stringed instrument. {{Episode list , Title = Marx was here , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 10, 10, df=y , ShortSummary = The life and work of German philosopher and

political economist Political economy is the study of how economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and political systems (e.g. law, institutions, government) are linked. Widely studied phenomena within the discipline are systems such as labour m ...

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major s ...

, from 1850 until his death in 1888, culminating in his (unfinished) ''

Das Kapital ''Das Kapital'', also known as ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' or sometimes simply ''Capital'' (german: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, link=no, ; 1867–1883), is a foundational theoretical text in materialist phi ...

''. {{Episode list , Title = Cracking the Stone Age Code , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 10, 31, df=y , ShortSummary =

Alexander Thom Alexander Thom (26 March 1894 – 7 November 1985) was a Scottish engineer most famous for his theory of the Megalithic yard, categorisation of stone circles and his studies of Stonehenge and other archaeological sites. Life and work Early l ...

's theory of

as used to calculate eclipses, assessments of that theory by archaeologists. {{Episode list , Title = The Coming of the Black Ships , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 11, 21, df=y , ShortSummary = The 1853-54 reopening of Japan after 220 years of isolation, achieved through the gunboat diplomacy of Commodore

Matthew C. Perry Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a commodore of the United States Navy who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). He played a leading role in the op ...

of the United States and his armed steamships, presented by Bernard Keeffe from the historical locations. {{Episode list , Title = Why the Armada was Beaten? , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1970, 12, 12, df=y , ShortSummary = Sydney Wignall's discovery and survey of the wreck of the '' Santa Maria de la Rosa'', the first

flagship A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the ...

to be found of the 1588

invasion of England, including his identification of flaws in the Spanish technique for casting

cannonball A round shot (also called solid shot or simply ball) is a solid spherical projectile without explosive charge, launched from a gun. Its diameter is slightly less than the bore of the barrel from which it is shot. A round shot fired from a la ...

s as contributing to the Armada's defeat. {{Episode table/part, p=1971, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = The Ocean Striding Sea-Bison , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 01, 02, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Search and Discovery , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 01, 23, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Where there's muck... , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = David Collison , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 02, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = The 1970-71 Chronicle Industrial Archaeology Competition, judged by Kenneth Hudson, Neil Cossons and

Ken Hawley Ken Hawley (born Kenneth Wybert Hawley, 29 June 1927 – 15 August 2014) was a British tool specialist and industrial historian: he was a tool retailer, collector of tools and authority on the history of Sheffield manufacturing trades. He amass ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Nefertiti and the Computer , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 03, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = A re-evaluation of the political status of Egyptian queen

Nefertiti Neferneferuaten Nefertiti () ( – c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for a radical change in national religious policy, in whic ...

by Ray Winfield Smith from analysis of computer-aided reconstruction of the

Temple of Amenhotep IV The Temple of Amenhotep IV was an ancient monument at Karnak in Luxor, Egypt. The structures were used during the New Kingdom, in the first four years of the 18th Dynasty reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten, when he still used the name Amenhote ...

, which her husband

Akhenaten Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth D ...

built at

Karnak The Karnak Temple Complex, commonly known as Karnak (, which was originally derived from ar, خورنق ''Khurnaq'' "fortified village"), comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, pylons, chapels, and other buildings near Luxor, Egypt. Construc ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Wreck of an East Indiaman , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Ray Sutcliffe , Aux2 = Richard Wade , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 04, 24, df=y , ShortSummary = The 1749 stranding and subsequent sinking of the

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock co ...

ship {{ship, VOC ship, Amsterdam, , 2 on the beach at

Hastings Hastings () is a large seaside town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England, east to the county town of Lewes and south east of London. The town gives its name to the Battle of Hastings, which took place to the north-west ...

, and its recent scientific excavation. {{Episode list , Title = The Terrible Year , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 =

Alistair Horne Sir Alistair Allan Horne (9 November 1925 – 25 May 2017) was a British journalist, biographer and historian of Europe, especially of 19th- and 20th-century France. He wrote more than 20 books on travel, history, and biography. Early life, ...

(writer),

Marius Goring Marius Re Goring, (23 May 191230 September 1998) was a British stage and screen actor. He is best remembered for the four films he made with Powell & Pressburger, particularly as Conductor 71 in '' A Matter of Life and Death'' and as Julian C ...

(narrator) , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 06, 05, df=y , ShortSummary = The September 1870 to January 1871 Siege of Paris with the city's surrender ending the Franco-Prussian War, the subsequent political instability in Paris, and the resulting March 1871 uprising and establishment of the short-lived left-wing government of the

Paris Commune The Paris Commune (french: Commune de Paris, ) was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard had defended ...

until May 1871. {{Episode list , Title = The Fastest Con in the West , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 06, 19, df=y , ShortSummary = The {{sic, mythologising, hide=y, reason=may be a better way to phrase, but not "mythology" and reality of the

Wild West The American frontier, also known as the Old West or the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial ...

. {{Episode list , Title = Storm in the Peninsula , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 07, 17, df=y , ShortSummary = A recreation of scenes from the 1808-1814

Peninsular War The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, ...

on the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

between the French and allied armies under

, and those of

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a Sovereign state, country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southern Europe, Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes ...

and

Britain Britain most often refers to: * The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands * Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...

{{Episode list , Title = Search and Discovery , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 08, 21, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Was This the Garden of Eden , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 09, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = The search for, discovery of, and excavation of the lost civilisation of

Dilmun Dilmun, or Telmun, ( Sumerian: , later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), ni.tukki = DILMUNki; ar, دلمون) was an ancient East Semitic-speaking civilization in Eastern Arabia mentioned from the 3rd millennium BC onwards. Based on contextual evidence, it was l ...

—the location for a precursor of the Genesis myth of the

Garden of Eden In Abrahamic religions, the Garden of Eden ( he, גַּן־עֵדֶן, ) or Garden of God (, and גַן־אֱלֹהִים ''gan-Elohim''), also called the Terrestrial Paradise, is the biblical paradise described in Genesis 2-3 and Ezekiel 28 ...

—on the island of

Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an a ...

in the

Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf ( fa, خلیج فارس, translit=xalij-e fârs, lit=Gulf of Fars, ), sometimes called the ( ar, اَلْخَلِيْجُ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body ...

, by Geoffrey Bibby and a Danish archaeological team. {{Episode list , Title = The Tree That Put the Clock Back , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 11, 06, df=y , ShortSummary = Analysis of dendrochronological evidence from California's

Bristlecone pine The term bristlecone pine covers three species of pine tree (family Pinaceae, genus ''Pinus'', subsection ''Balfourianae''). All three species are long-lived and highly resilient to harsh weather and bad soils. One of the three species, ''Pinus ...

, the oldest of trees, shows that there may have been significant technological advances in

Prehistoric Europe Prehistoric Europe is Europe with human presence but before the start of recorded history, beginning in the Lower Paleolithic. As history progresses, considerable regional irregularities of cultural development emerge and increase. The region of ...

rather than only the

Near East The ''Near East''; he, המזרח הקרוב; arc, ܕܢܚܐ ܩܪܒ; fa, خاور نزدیک, Xāvar-e nazdik; tr, Yakın Doğu is a geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region in Western Asia, that was once the hist ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Ship of the Sun Gods , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 11, 27, df=y , ShortSummary = Professor Sverre Marstrander, who believes that the boat-and-sun

rock carvings A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions ...

used in solar rituals of the Scandinavian Bronze Age represented real ship designs, runs an experiment to build and sail an ocean-going vessel of the type displayed. {{Episode list , Title = King Bernardotte , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Bernard Keeffe , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1971, 12, 18, df=y , ShortSummary = How

Charles XIV John of Sweden sv, Karl Johan Baptist Julius , spouse = , issue = Oscar I of Sweden , house = Bernadotte , father = Henri Bernadotte , mother = Jeanne de Saint-Jean , birth_date = , birth_place = Pau, ...

rose from birth as French commoner Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte to become a

Marshal of the Empire Marshal of the Empire (french: Maréchal d'Empire) was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was created by ''Sénatus-consulte'' on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent reinstated the formerly abolished title of Marshal of France. Acc ...

under

and then to be elected in 1810 as Sweden's Crown Prince – and why the dynasty he established, unlike that of Napoleon, might have lasted. {{Episode table/part, p=1972, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Front Line Archaeology , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 01, 29, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Lost Treasure of Jerusalem , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Andrew Maxwell-Hyslop , Aux2 =

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 2, 12, df=y , ShortSummary = First part of the

"mystery" {{Episode list , Title = Finders, Keepers and Con-men? , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 02, 26, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Other Contest , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 03, 25, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Steam and Iron Contest , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 05, 13, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Venice - the Most Serene Republic , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = John R. Hale (writer, narrator) , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 06, 10, df=y , ShortSummary = The story of the

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Cave Divers , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson (introduction, writer) , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 08, 11, df=y , ShortSummary = Within the limestone Caves of Han-sur-Lesse of the Ardennes in Belgium, human debris has accumulated for 5000 years on the bottom of the river Lesse. The finds of cave divers there are discussed with archaeologists

Barry Cunliffe Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe, (born 10 December 1939), known as Barry Cunliffe, is a British archaeologist and academic. He was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2007. Since 2007, he has been an Emerit ...

and Anna Ritchie. {{Episode list , Title = Egypt, Rome and Britain , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 08, 25, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bullet

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

's plan to move the Egyptian temples on the drowned island of

Philae ; ar, فيلة; cop, ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕ , alternate_name = , image = File:File, Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 93.jpg , alt = , caption = The temple of Isis from Philae at its current location on Agilkia Island in Lake Nasse ...

.
{{bulletThe forthcoming public opening of an area in the

Roman Baths In ancient Rome, (from Greek , "hot") and (from Greek ) were facilities for bathing. usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughou ...

at Bath, UK that has been excavated by

.
{{bulletThe opening of Neptune Hall at the

National Maritime Museum The National Maritime Museum (NMM) is a maritime museum in Greenwich, London. It is part of Royal Museums Greenwich, a network of museums in the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site. Like other publicly funded national museums in the Unite ...

Prince Philip Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from ...

, featuring the paddle tug ''Reliant''. {{Episode list , Title = The Lost World of the Maya , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 10, 6, df=y , ShortSummary =

Eric Thompson Eric Norman Thompson (9 November 1929 – 30 November 1982) was an English actor, scriptwriter and stage director. He is best remembered for creating and performing the English narration for '' The Magic Roundabout'', which he adapted from ...

on Mayan sites {{Episode list , Title = Search and Discovery , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 10, 30, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Ashes of Atlantis , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1972, 11, 06, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode table/part, p=1973, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = The Longbow , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 02, 12, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Flame in the North , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 03, 05, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Sir Mortimer: Digging Up People , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 03, 26, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Sir Mortimer: The Viceroy sent for me... , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 04, 02, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Prize Exhibit , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 04, 16 , df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Ape Man That Never Was , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Paul Jordan , Aux2 = Geoffrey Hinsliff , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 5, 7, df=y , ShortSummary = On the

Piltdown Man The Piltdown Man was a paleoanthropological fraud in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. Although there were doubts about its authenticity virtually from the beginning, the remains ...

hoax {{Episode list , Title = For Love or Money? , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 06, 18, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Mystery of the Etruscans , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 07, 09, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Trial and Error , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 07, 23, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Search and Discovery , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 08, 14, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = The Chinese Tutankhamun , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 10, 18, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode list , Title = Islands Out of Time , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1973, 11, 01, df=y , ShortSummary = {{Episode table/part, p=1974, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Maximilian of Mexico , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 03, 21, df=y , ShortSummary = Emperor Maximilian I, and his failed 1864-1867 attempt to establish the

Second Mexican Empire The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...

in place of the

Second Federal Republic of Mexico ) , common_languages = Spanish (official), Nahuatl, Yucatec Maya, Mixtecan languages, Zapotec languages , religion = Roman Catholicism ( official religion until 1857) , currency = Mexican real , g ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The 'Celebration' of the 100th Chronicle , EpisodeNumber = 100 , DirectedBy = — , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 4, 25, df=y , ShortSummary = A banquet is held where historians and archaeologists sample and comment on foods from the

, Ancient Egypt, and Ancient Rome. {{Episode list , Title = The Saga of Magnus Tourist-killer , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 05, 14, df=y , ShortSummary = 1,100 years after

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

was first settled, Icelander Magnus Magnusson leads a group visit to illuminate its

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

sagas is a series of science fantasy role-playing video games by Square Enix. The series originated on the Game Boy in 1989 as the creation of Akitoshi Kawazu at Square. It has since continued across multiple platforms, from the Super NES to the Play ...

and legends. {{Episode list , Title = True or False? , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 6, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = {{bulletthe

hoax
{{bulleta Roman siege engine test
{{bulletprogress at

{{bulletthe restoration of

The Iron Bridge The Iron Bridge is a cast iron arch bridge that crosses the River Severn in Shropshire, England. Opened in 1781, it was the first major bridge in the world to be made of cast iron. Its success inspired the widespread use of cast iron as a str ...

. {{Episode list , Title = The Ship That Never Sailed , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 7, 25, df=y , ShortSummary = The

Bremen cog The Bremen cog or ''Bremer Kogge'' is a well-preserved wreck of a cog dated to 1380, found in 1962 in Bremen. Today, it is displayed at the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven as one of the main features. Three nearly identical replicas of t ...

. {{Episode list , Title = House the Picts Built , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 08, 28, df=y , ShortSummary = Anna Ritchie's 1970-1 excavation of a mound at Buckquoy,

Birsay Birsay () (Old Norse: ''Birgisherað'') is a parish in the north west corner of The Mainland of Orkney, Scotland. Almost all the land in the parish is devoted to agriculture: chiefly grassland used to rear beef cattle. There are various ancient ...

in the

Orkney Islands Orkney (; sco, Orkney; on, Orkneyjar; nrn, Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north ...

, where she found the remains of six houses built on the same site, four of which were

Pict The Picts were a group of peoples who lived in what is now northern and eastern Scotland (north of the Firth of Forth) during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Where they lived and what their culture was like can be inferred from ear ...

ish. {{Episode list , Title = Florence - The Fifth Element , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 10, 09, df=y , ShortSummary = The birth of the

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

in the Italian Republic of Florence, and the

Medici Family The House of Medici ( , ) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the M ...

's struggle to control that city-state. {{Episode list , Title = The Priest, the Painter and The Devil , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Roy Davies , Aux2 = Henry Lincoln , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 10, 30, df=y , ShortSummary = Part 2 of the Rennes-le-Château "mystery"{{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCh1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 , title=Key to the Sacred Pattern: The Untold Story of Rennes-le-Château, first= Henry , last=Lincoln, isbn= 9781310841972 , publisher=Grave Distractions , date=1997 {{Episode list , Title = Inside the Great Pyramid , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1974, 11, 27, df=y , ShortSummary = Architect Hubert Paulsen's theory of an undiscovered chamber within the

Great Pyramid at Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza is the biggest Egyptian pyramid and the tomb of Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu. Built in the early 26th century BC during a period of around 27 years, the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Worl ...

, based on a geometric analysis. {{Episode table/part, p=1977, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = The Key to the Land of Silence , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Anna Benson Gyles , Aux2 = Paul Jordan , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1977, 3, 8, df=y , ShortSummary = On

Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is a stele composed of granodiorite inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient E ...

{{Episode table/part, p=1978, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Aphrodite's Other Island , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = — , Aux2 =

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1978, 11, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = On

Phylakopi Phylakopi ( el, Φυλακωπή), located at the northern coast of the island of Milos, is one of the most important Bronze Age settlements in the Aegean and especially in the Cyclades. The importance of Phylakopi is in its continuity throughout ...

Milos Milos or Melos (; el, label=Modern Greek, Μήλος, Mílos, ; grc, Μῆλος, Mêlos) is a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea, just north of the Sea of Crete. Milos is the southwesternmost island in the Cyclades group. The ''Venus ...

{{Episode table/part, p=1979, c=#D09956, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Tomb of the Lost King , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Roy Davies , Aux2 = Roy Davies , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1979, 4, 20, df=y , ShortSummary = Tombs of Macedonia in

Vergina Vergina ( el, Βεργίνα, ''Vergína'' ) is a small town in northern Greece, part of Veria municipality in Imathia, Central Macedonia. Vergina was established in 1922 in the aftermath of the population exchanges after the Treaty of La ...

{{Episode list , Title = Search for the Master Carpenter , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Robin Boothe , Aux2 = Cecil Hewett / René Cutforth , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1979, 5, 18, df=y , ShortSummary = On early timber buildings {{Episode list , Title = Digging from the Air , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1979, 6, 1, df=y , ShortSummary = On

aerial archaeology Aerial archaeology is the study of archaeological remains by examining them from a higher altitude. In present day, this is usually achieved by satellite images or through the use of drones. Details Aerial Archaeology involves interpretation an ...

{{Episode list , Title = Santorini – the First Pompeii , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = Magnus Magnusson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1979, 6, 8, df=y , ShortSummary = On the

that buried Akrotiri {{Episode list , Title = Lost Kings of the Desert , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = — , Aux2 =

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1979, 10, 30, df=y , ShortSummary = On the city of

Hatra Hatra ( ar, الحضر; syr, ‎ܚܛܪܐ) was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. The city lies northwest of Baghdad and southwest of Mosul. Hatra was a strongly fortified ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...

{{Episode list , Title = The Shadow of the Templars , EpisodeNumber = , DirectedBy = Roy Davies , Aux2 = Henry Lincoln , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1979, 11, 27, df=y , ShortSummary = Final part of the Rennes-le-Château "mystery"

1980s

{{Episode table , background=#31486C , title=25 , director=20 , aux2=20, airdate=12 , aux4=20 , aux2T=Written / Presented by, aux4T=Notes, country=UK , episodes= {{Episode table/part, p=1980, c=#31486C , nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Black Napoleon , DirectedBy = Kenneth Shepheard , Aux2 = John Julius Norwich , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1980, 4, 23, df=y , Aux4 = On

Toussaint L'Ouverture François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (; also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda; 20 May 1743 – 7 April 1803) was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, Louverture ...

{{Episode list , Title = Sacred Ring , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 =

Aubrey Burl Harry Aubrey Woodruff Burl HonFSA Scot (24 September 1926 – 8 April 2020) was a British archaeologist best known for his studies into megalithic monuments and the nature of prehistoric rituals associated with them. Before retirement he was P ...

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1980, 5, 21, df=y , Aux4 = On

stone circles A stone circle is a ring of standing stones. Most are found in Northwestern Europe – especially in Britain, Ireland, and Brittany – and typically date from the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, with most being built from 3000 BC. The b ...

{{Episode list , Title = The Wreck of the Mary Rose , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1980, 10, 29, df=y , Aux4 = First of eight programmes on ''

'' {{Episode table/part, p=1981, c=#31486C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Orpheus and the Gentleman Farmer , DirectedBy = Antonia Benedek , Aux2 = Antonia Benedek , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1981, 4, 29, df=y , Aux4 = {{Episode list , Title = Electric Revolution , DirectedBy = — , Aux2 = Ken Hudson , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1981, 5, 13, df=y , Aux4 = On industrial archaeology {{Episode table/part, p=1982, c=#31486C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Riot , DirectedBy = Antonia Benedek , Aux2 =

Simon Winchester Simon Winchester (born 28 September 1944) is a British-American author and journalist. In his career at ''The Guardian'' newspaper, Winchester covered numerous significant events, including Bloody Sunday and the Watergate Scandal. Winchester ha ...

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1982, 2, 24, df=y , Aux4 = {{Episode list , Title = The Wreck of Mary Rose, Part 2 , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1982, 4, 22, df=y , Aux4 = Progress on the investigation {{Episode list , Title = The Wreck of Mary Rose III , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1982, 10, 9, df=y , Aux4 = {{Episode list , Title = Raising the Rose , DirectedBy = Peter Massey, John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1982, 10, 10, df=y , Aux4 = A number of live broadcasts plus highlights{{cite web , url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e05fbcb , title=Chronicle: The Wreck of the 'Mary Rose' (1982) , work=British Film Institute {{Episode list , Title = The Year They Raised the Rose , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1982, 12, 24, df=y , Aux4 = {{cite web , url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/download/GB1456%20JOHN%20SELWYN%20GILBERT%20COLLECTION , title=John Selwyn Gilbert Collection , work=The National Archive {{Episode table/part, p=1983, c=#31486C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Life and Death in Ancient Egypt , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = John Selwyn Gilbert , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1983, 11, 29, df=y , Aux4 = {{Episode table/part, p=1984, c=#31486C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Lost City of the Incas , DirectedBy = — , Aux2 = David Drew , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1984, 1, 24, df=y , Aux4 = Hiram Bingham and

Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a mountain range.UNESCO World Heritage Centre. It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, whi ...

{{Episode list , Title = The Wreck in Campese Bay , DirectedBy = Roy Davies , Aux2 = Roy Davies , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1984, 2, 28, df=y , Aux4 = Mensun Bound on Etruscan shipwreck {{Episode list , Title = Chronicle 200 , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1984, 4, 17, df=y , Aux4 = 200th episode {{Episode list , Title = The Wreck of the Mary Rose Part IV , DirectedBy = John Selwyn Gilbert , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1984, 5, 16, df=y , Aux4 = {{Episode table/part, p=1989, c=#31486C, nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Sutton Hoo , DirectedBy = , Aux2 =

Martin Carver Martin Oswald Hugh Carver, FSA, Hon FSA Scot, (born 8 July 1941) is Emeritus Professor of Archaeology at the University of York, England, director of the Sutton Hoo Research Project and a leading exponent of new methods in excavation and surve ...

, OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1989, 8, 16, df=y , Aux4 = New digs at

{{Episode list , Title = Digging for Slaves , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = David Drew , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1989, 9, 13, df=y , Aux4 = Slave quarters on American plantations {{Episode list , Title = Nefertari – For Whom the Sun Shines , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = David Drew , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1989, 12, 6, df=y , Aux4 = {{cite web, url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a6a45ee , title=Nefertari – For Whom the Sun Shines (1989), work=National Film Institute

1990s

{{Episode table , background=#B30C00 , title=25 , director=20 , aux2=20, airdate=12 , aux4=20 , aux2T=Written / Presented by, aux4T=Notes, country=UK , episodes= {{Episode table/part, p=1991, c=#B30C00 , nopart=y {{Episode list , Title = Memphis : capital of Egypt , DirectedBy = , Aux2 = — , OriginalAirDate = {{start date, 1991, 5, 29, df=y , Aux4 = Last episode broadcast

References

{{Reflist

External links

*{{IMDb title, id=0386922, title=Chronicle
BBC ''Chronicle'' archive
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129151446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/chronicle/ , date=29 January 2010 (not available in all territories) 1966 British television series debuts 1991 British television series endings 1960s British documentary television series 1970s British documentary television series 1980s British documentary television series 1990s British documentary television series BBC television documentaries English-language television shows

Background

Reception

Critical

Ratings

Episodes

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

References

Further reading

External links