Christian Friedrich Hebbel (18 March 1813 – 13 December 1863) was a German poet and
dramatist
A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays.
Etymology
The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word "wright" is an archaic English ...
.
Biography
Hebbel was born at
Wesselburen
Wesselburen () is a small town in the district of Dithmarschen in the German Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately west of Heide.
Wesselburen is part of the ''Amt'' ("collective municipality ...
in Dithmarschen,
Holstein
Holstein (; nds, label=Northern Low Saxon, Holsteen; da, Holsten; Latin and historical en, Holsatia, italic=yes) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of German ...
, the son of a bricklayer. He was educated at the ''
Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums
The ''Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums'' ( ''Academic School of the Johanneum'', short: Johanneum) is a Gymnasium (or Grammar School ) in Hamburg, Germany. It is Hamburg's oldest school and was founded in 1529 by Johannes Bugenhagen. The school's f ...
'', a grammar school in
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
, Germany. Despite his humble origins, he showed a talent for poetry,
[ resulting in the publication in the ''Hamburg Modezeitung'', of verses which he had sent to Amalie Schoppe (1791–1858), a popular journalist and author of nursery tales. Through her patronage, he was able to go to the ]University of Hamburg
The University of Hamburg (german: link=no, Universität Hamburg, also referred to as UHH) is a public research university in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded on 28 March 1919 by combining the previous General Lecture System ('' Allgemeines Vo ...
.
A year later he went to Heidelberg University
}
Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, (german: Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; la, Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis) is a public university, public research university in Heidelberg, B ...
to study law, but gave it up and went on to the University of Munich
The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich or LMU; german: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Germany. It is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operatio ...
, where he devoted himself to philosophy, history and literature. In 1839, Hebbel left Munich and walked all the way back to Hamburg, where he resumed his friendship with Elise Lensing, whose self-sacrificing assistance had helped him over the darkest days in Munich. In the same year he wrote his first tragedy
Tragedy (from the grc-gre, τραγῳδία, ''tragōidia'', ''tragōidia'') is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a main character. Traditionally, the intention of tragedy ...
, '' Judith'' (1840, published 1841), which in the following year was performed in Hamburg and Berlin and made his name known throughout Germany.[
In 1840, he wrote the tragedy ''Genoveva'', and the following year finished a comedy, ''Der Diamant'', which he had begun at Munich. In 1842 he visited ]Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...
, where he obtained from King Christian VIII a small travelling studentship, which enabled him to spend some time in Paris and two years (1844–1846) in Italy. In Paris he wrote the "tragedy of common life", ' (1844). On his return from Italy, Hebbel met in Vienna two Polish noblemen, the brothers Zerboni di Sposetti, who in their enthusiasm for his genius urged him to remain, and supplied him with the means to mingle in the best intellectual society of the Austrian capital.[
Hebbel's old precarious existence now became a horror to him, and he made a deliberate breach with it by marrying (in 1846) the beautiful and wealthy actress Christine Enghaus, giving up Elise Lensing (who remained faithful to him until her death), on the grounds that "a man's first duty is to the most powerful force within him, that which alone can give him happiness and be of service to the world": in his case the poetical faculty, which would have perished "in the miserable struggle for existence". This "deadly sin," which, "if peace of conscience be the test of action," was, he considered, the best act of his life, established his fortunes. Elise, however, still provided useful inspiration for his art. As late as 1851, shortly after her death, he wrote the little epic ''Mutter und Kind'', intended to show that the relation of parent and child is the essential factor which makes the quality of happiness among all classes and under all conditions equal.][
Long before this Hebbel had become famous, German sovereigns bestowed decorations upon him; in foreign capitals he was feted as the greatest of living German dramatists. From the grand-duke of Saxe-Weimar he received a flattering invitation to take up his residence at ]Weimar
Weimar is a city in the state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located in Central Germany between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together with the neighbouri ...
, where several of his plays were first performed. He remained, however, at Vienna until his death.[
]
Works
Besides the works already mentioned, Hebbel's principal tragedies are:[
*''Herodes and Mariamne'' (1850)][
*''Julia'' (1851)][
*''Michel Angelo'' (1851)][
*' (1855)][
*''Gyges and His Ring'' (1856)][
*' (1862), his last work (a trilogy consisting of a prologue, ''Der gehörnte Siegfried'', and the tragedies, ''Siegfrieds Tod'' and ''Kriemhilds Rache''), which won for the author the .][
Of his comedies ''Der Diamant'' (1847), ''Der Rubin'' (1850) and the tragi-comedy ''Ein Trauerspiel in Sizilien'' (1845), are the more important, but they are heavy and hardly rise above mediocrity. All his dramatic productions, however, exhibit skill in characterization, great glow of passion, and a true feeling for dramatic situation; but their poetic effect is frequently marred by extravagances which border on the grotesque, and by the introduction of incidents the unpleasant character of which is not sufficiently relieved. In many of his lyric poems, and especially in ''Mutter und Kind'', published in 1859, Hebbel showed that his poetic gifts were not restricted to the drama.][
Hebbel's short stories are often wry and witty observations of society. His well-known story "The master tailor Nepomuk Schlägel in the search for joy" has been published in English.
His collected works were first published by E. Kuh in 12 volumes at Hamburg, 1866–1868.]
Music
Some of Hebbel's works were set to music, such as his poem ''Requiem'' by Peter Cornelius
Carl August Peter Cornelius (24 December 1824 – 26 October 1874) was a German composer, writer about music, poet and translator.
Life
He was born in Mainz to Carl Joseph Gerhard (1793–1843) and Friederike (1789–1867) Cornelius, actors i ...
and in Max Reger's '' Hebbel Requiem''. Reger set his poem "Die Weihe der Nacht" for voice, choir and orchestra. Robert Schumann's opera ''Genoveva
''Genoveva'', Op. 81, is an opera in four acts by Robert Schumann in the genre of German Romanticism with a libretto by Robert Reinick and the composer. The only opera Schumann ever wrote, it received its first performance on 25 June 1850 at ...
'' is based on a play of Hebbel.
In 1872 Samuel de Lange
Samuel de Lange Jr. (22 February 1840 – 7 July 1911) was a Dutch composer, music conservatory director, organist, pianist, conductor and music teacher. His father, Samuel de Lange Sr., and his brother Daniel, one year his junior, were also well- ...
used Hebbel's poem "Ein frühes Liebesleben" in an unusual instrumentation for voice, string quartet and harp. An arrangement with piano instead of harp was made during a centennial revival of Samuel and 's music.
Eduard Lassen
Eduard Lassen (13 April 183015 January 1904) was a Belgian- Danish composer and conductor. Although of Danish birth, he spent most of his career working as the music director at the court in Weimar. A moderately prolific composer, Lassen produc ...
wrote incidental music to ''Die Nibelungen'' in 1873. In 1878/79 Franz Liszt combined music from the ''Die Nibelungen'' setting with excerpts from Lassen's incidental music to Goethe's ''Faust
Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend based on the historical Johann Georg Faust ( 1480–1540).
The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroa ...
'', in a single piano transcription, ''Aus der Musik zu Hebbels Nibelungen und Goethes Faust'' (S.496).
In 1922 Emil von Reznicek composed an opera ''Holofernes'' after Hebbel's ''Judith und Holofernes''.
Anna Teichmüller used Hebbel's text for her composition ''Schlafen, Schlafen, opus 24''.
The poem "Dem Schmerz sein Recht" was set to music by Alban Berg in 4 Gesänge, Op. 2, No 1.
Films
* ''Glutmensch'' (A man aglow, 1975), 90 minutes; writer and director: Jonatan Briel; production: SFB and Literarisches Berliner Kolloquium; plot: Hebbel is confined to his sickbed on his 50th birthday, and recalls his youth in his feverish dreams.
References
Notes
External links
*
*
*
The Complete Poems of Friedrich Hebbel (in German)
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hebbel, Christian Friedrich
1813 births
1863 deaths
People from Wesselburen
People from the Duchy of Holstein
19th-century German poets
German male poets
German male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
University of Hamburg alumni
People educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums
19th-century German male writers