407 Changes in uniforms and armament of troops of the Russian Imperial army

The chinovnik was a Russian title for a person having a rank and serving in the

civil Civil may refer to: *Civic virtue, or civility *Civil action, or lawsuit * Civil affairs *Civil and political rights *Civil disobedience *Civil engineering *Civil (journalism), a platform for independent journalism *Civilian, someone not a membe ...

court A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in acco ...

service. The institution of chinovniks existed

de facto ''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by la ...

in the

Tsardom of Russia The Tsardom of Russia or Tsardom of Rus' also externally referenced as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter I ...

and the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

, but until 1722 it did not have a clear structure. The

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...

chinovnik institute was structured by the establishment of the

Table of Ranks The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...

on February 4, 1722. "As the peasants were slaves of the landowners, the Russian people are still slaves of chinovniks", wrote

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...

in 1903, " Political freedom means the people's right to choose all the chinovniks themselves". After the victory of the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mome ...

in 1917, the Table of Ranks was abolished, and the institution of chinovniks was liquidated. Persons employed in the field of

public administration Public Administration (a form of governance) or Public Policy and Administration (an academic discipline) is the implementation of public policy, administration of government establishment (public governance), management of non-profit est ...

became known as civil servants.

Types

*A civilian chinovnik of the military department (military chinovnik or ordinary chinovnik) was a military

officer An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," f ...

wearing a class civilian rank. In addition to external signs (name of rank, uniform), it differs from the rank of military (

officers An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," f ...

) in that it is not necessary for him to consistently complete

military service Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job ( volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription). Some nations (e.g., Mexico) require ...

, starting with the lower rank. Subject to limited military jurisdiction: for crimes of office and violation of the rules of military discipline. *The class chinovnik was a chinovnik who had the rank of a certain class or the right to it. *The clerical chinovnik was a chinovnik who had a class rank and held a position in a public office that was not given a special name.

References

Sources

*{{ВТ-ЭСБЕ, Должность
State Service
// Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). – St. Petersburg, 1890–1907. *Tatyana Efremova
New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Interpretive Word-Building
(Efremova Dictionary). *Dmitry Ushakov. Large Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Russian Language (

Ushakov Dictionary The ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language'', also called just ''Ushakov's Dictionary'', is one of the major dictionaries of the Russian language. Edited by the philologist and lexicographer Dmitry Ushakov, the dictionary was published ...

). Civil services *