The Chibcha Terrane ( es, Terreno Chibcha, ''TCH''), named after

Chibcha The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest. The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the Chibchan lan ...

, is the largest of the geological provinces (

terrane In geology, a terrane (; in full, a tectonostratigraphic terrane) is a crust (geology), crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate (or broken off from it) and Accretion (geology), accreted or "Suture (geology), sutured" to crust lying on another pla ...

s) of Colombia. The terrane, the oldest explored domains of which date to the

Meso- A meso compound or meso isomer is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is "sup ...

Neoproterozoic The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago. It is the last era of the Precambrian Supereon and the Proterozoic Eon; it is subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran periods. It is prec ...

, is situated on the North Andes Plate. The megaregional Romeral Fault System forms the contact of the terrane with the

Tahamí Terrane The Tahamí ( es, Terreno Tahamí, ''TT'') or Tahamí-Panzenú Terrane is one of the geological provinces (terranes) of Colombia. The terrane, dating to the Permo-Triassic, is situated on the North Andes Plate. The contact with the Chibcha, Arqu ...

.Paris et al., 2000, pp.20–26 The contact with the Caribbean and La Guajira Terranes is formed by the regional

Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault The Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (BSMF, BSF) or Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault System ( es, (Sistema de) Falla(s) de Bucaramanga-Santa Marta) is a major oblique transpressional sinistral strike-slip fault (wrench fault) in the departments of Mag ...

.Paris et al., 2000, p.10 The northeastern boundary is formed by the regional Oca Fault, bounding the La Guajira Terrane.Paris et al., 2000, p.9 The terrane is emplaced over the Río Negro-Juruena Province of the

Amazonian Craton The Amazonian Craton is a geologic province located in South America. It occupies a large portion of the central, north and eastern part of the continent and represents one of Earth's largest cratonic regions. The Guiana Shield and Central Braz ...

along the megaregional Eastern Frontal Fault System.Paris et al., 2000, pp.36-46Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209 Geological_Map_of_Colombia

Geological Terranes Map of Colombia. Terrane abbreviation is in parenthesis in the legend, followed by a hyphen and age notation. K1: Early Cretaceous, T: Triassic, P: Permian, D: Devonian, C1: Mississippian, MP: Mesoproterozoic, NP: Neoproterozoic, and PP: Paleoproterozoic.

Reinterpretation

A study performed by Mora Bohórquez et al. in 2017 showed no basement variation between the San Lucas basement underlying the

Lower Magdalena Valley Lower may refer to: *Lower (surname) *Lower Township, New Jersey *Lower Receiver (firearms) *Lower Wick Lower Wick is a small hamlet located in the county of Gloucestershire, England. It is situated about five miles south west of Dursley, eig ...

(VIM) and the SNSM basement to the east of the Santa Marta Fault. The authors redefined the contacts between the different terranes, using the names Calima Terrane for the coastal portion of the Caribbean Terrane ( San Jacinto and Sinú foldbelts) and Tahamí-Panzenú Terrane for the

.Mora Bohórquez et al., 2017, p.20

Subdivision

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta desde el espacio

Some authors consider the Garzón Complex a separate terrane; the Andaquí Terrane.Cordani et al., 2003, p.9Restrepo et al., 2009, p.50Guiral Vega et al., 2015, p.42

Complexes

; SNSM - Early Eocene * Santa Marta Batholith * San Lorenzo * Socorro * Bolívar *

Aracataca Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as "''Cataca''") is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, in Colombia's Caribbean Region. Aracataca is a river town founded in 1885. The town stands beside the river of the same nam ...

* Los Clavos * Central Batholith * Río Sevilla * Latal * San Lorenzo * San Pedro de la Sierra * Río Oríhueca * Golero * Los Tábanos * Atánquez * Nueva Lucha * La Piña * La Caja de Ahorros * La Paila * Buritacá ;SNSM Paleozoic * Los Indios-Corual -

Lopingian The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic. The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms l ...

* Chundúa - Carboniferous (~ Moscovian) to

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last ...

(

Guadalupian The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± ...

) * Los Mangos - basement * Dibuya -

Mesoproterozoic The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred from . The Mesoproterozoic was the first era of Earth's history for which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era (the Paleoproterozoic), ...

(1000 Ma)Cordani et al., 2003, p.4 ;Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (La Guajira Terrane) * Tanganga ( Taganga) * Rodadero * Gaira ( Gaira) * Ciénaga ; Perijá * Palmarito - Cisuralian-

* Manaure - Moscovian-

Gzhelian The Gzhelian ( ) is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from to Ma. It follows the Ka ...

Pastor Chacón et al., 2013, p.17 * Río Cachirí * La VirgenPlancha 42, 2015, p.24 or Guaca - Silurian (

Ludlow Ludlow () is a market town in Shropshire, England. The town is significant in the history of the Welsh Marches and in relation to Wales. It is located south of Shrewsbury and north of Hereford, on the A49 road which bypasses the town. The ...

) * Perjiá Series -

basementPastor Chacón et al., 2013, p.7 ; Santander - Neoproterozoic-Ordovician *

Tiburón Tiburon (Spanish ''Tiburón'', "shark") may refer to: Places ;United States * Tiburon, California * Tiburón Golf Club Naples, Florida * Tiburon Peninsula (California), a peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area of California ;Mexico * Tiburón Is ...

Diamante A diamanté (also spelled diamante) is a glittering ornament, such as an artificial jewel (e.g. a rhinestone) or a sequin. Diamante may also refer to: Places Argentina * Diamante, Entre Ríos, a ''municipio'' in Diamante Department * Diamante ...

Artinskian In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Artinskian likely lasted between and million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of th ...

* Río Chitagá -

Givetian The Givetian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian Period. It lasted from million years ago to million years ago. It was preceded by the Eifelian Stage and followed by the Frasnian The Frasnian is one of two faunal stages in the ...

* San Pedro (formerly 'Silgará Formation')Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42 * Chicamocha (idem) * Pescadero * La Corcova * Bucamanga - basementMantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43 ; Floresta - Cambro-Ordovician * ChuscalesManosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84 * Otengá * Santa Rosita * Buntia * Chuscales Phyllite * Busbanzá * Neoproterozoic 'Nickerian basement ;

Quetame Quetame is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Eastern Province, Cundinamarca, Eastern Province, part of the Departments of Colombia, department of Cundinamarca Department, Cundinamarca. The urban centre of Quetame is located at from the ca ...

Renzoni, 1968 *

Farallones The Farallon Islands, or Farallones (from the Spanish ''farallón'' meaning "pillar" or "sea cliff"), are a group of islands and sea stacks in the Gulf of the Farallones, off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States. The islands ...

- Carboniferous- DevonianMoreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53 ** Guatiquía - Carboniferous (~

) to

(

) ** Clarín-Guacavia - Carboniferous (~ Moscovian to

Kasimovian The Kasimovian is a geochronologic age or chronostratigraphic stage in the ICS geologic timescale. It is the third stage in the Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous), lasting from to Ma.; 2004: ''A Geologic Time Scale 2004'', Cambridge Univer ...

) **

Gutiérrez Gutiérrez (, , ) is a Spanish language, Spanish surname meaning "son of Gutier / Gutierre". ''Gutierre'' is a form of ''Gualtierre'', Spanish form of Walter (name), Walter. Gutiérrez is the Spanish form of the English surnames Walters (surname), W ...

Eifelian The Eifelian is the first of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian Epoch. It lasted from 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago to 387.7 ± 0.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Emsian Stage and followed by the Givetian Stage. North American ...

* Puente Quetame, La Balsa - Silurian (

) * Quetame Group - Cambro-

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya. T ...

* Neoproterozoic ''unnamed'' basement * Sombrerillo Quartzmonzodiorite * Sombrerillo Porphyrics *

Altamira Altamira may refer to: People *Altamira (surname) Places * Cave of Altamira, a cave in Cantabria, Spain famous for its paintings and carving *Altamira, Pará, a city in the Brazilian state of Pará * Altamira, Huila, a town and municipality in ...

* Mazamorras ; La Macarena - Mesoproterozoic * AriaríToro Toro et al., 2014, p.22 ; San Lucas - Cambrian * La Cocha-Río Tellez * Norosí * Bolívar *

Segovia Segovia ( , , ) is a city in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Segovia. Segovia is in the Inner Plateau ('' Meseta central''), near the northern slopes of t ...

* Icarco *

La Magdalena Magdalena may refer to: * Magdalena (given name), a given name derived from Mary Magdalene (including a list of people with the name) Entertainment * Magdalena (comics), an American comic book superheroine * ''Magdalena'' (film), a 1920 Czechos ...

* San Lucas * Puente Linda * El Morro * La Miel * Norcasía * El Hatillo ;Southwestern Chibcha * El Bosque * Santa Isabel * Samaná Igneous Complex ** Samaná Alaskite *

San Diego San Diego ( , ; ) is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is the eighth most populous city in the United State ...

Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...

* Anchique * Dolores

Andaquí Terrane

; Garzón - Neoproterozoic * Garzón ** Garzón Granite ** Garzón Group ** Florencia Migmatite ** Florencia Stock ** El Recreo ** El Astillero ** Las Minas Monzodiorite ** Las Minas Migmatite **

Ibagué Ibagué () (referred to as San Bonifacio de Ibagué del Valle de las Lanzas during the Spanish period) is the capital of Tolima, one of the 32 departments that make up the Republic of Colombia. The city is located in the center of the country ...

** Teruel Batholith ** Teruel Quartzmonzodiorite ** San Cayetano **

Tierradentro Tierra abajo (meaning "Underground" in Spanish for their well-known tombs) is one of the ancient Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia. It started to flourish around 200 BC in the mountains of southwest Colombia, and continued into the 17th century. T ...

Algeciras Algeciras ( , ) is a municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. Located in the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula, near the Strait of Gibraltar, it is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar ( es, Bahía de Algeci ...

** Caño Veinte ** La Plata ** Guapotón ** Mariquita ** Aleluya **

Cajamarca Cajamarca (), also known by the Quechua name, ''Kashamarka'', is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of Peru ...

Volcanoes

* Paipa-Iza volcanic complex (Pliocene)Monsalve et al., 2011Vesga & Jaramillo, 2009 *

Nevado del Huila Nevado del Huila (, ) at , is the highest volcano in Colombia, located at the tripoint of the departments of Huila, Tolima and Cauca. It is visible from the city of Cali. The andesitic volcano is located on top of the Ibagué Batholith.Planch ...

Puracé Puracé is an andesitic stratovolcano located in the Puracé National Natural Park in the Cauca Department, Colombia. It is part of the North Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcano is located at the intersection of the Coconuc ...

Ranges

* Central *

Eastern Eastern may refer to: Transportation *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai *Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 *Eastern Air Li ...

** El Cocuy ** Cerros Orientales * Perijá *

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (English: ''Snow-Covered Mountain Range of Saint Martha'') is an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia, separate from the Andes range that runs through the north of the country. Reaching an elevation of ...

* San Lucas * La Macarena

Basins

* Catatumbo * Cesar-Ranchería * Eastern Cordillera **

Altiplano Cundiboyacense The Altiplano Cundiboyacense () is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Alt ...

*** Bogotá *** Chicamocha * Middle Magdalena (VMM) * Upper Magdalena (VSM)

Faults

''bounding faults in bold'' * Bucaramanga-Santa Marta (BSF) * Eastern Frontal (EFS) ** Afiladores **

** Garzón-Pitalito ** Guaicáramo ** Guayuriba **

Mocoa Mocoa () (Kamsá: Shatjok) is a municipality and capital city of the department of Putumayo in Colombia. The city is located in the northwest of the Putumayo department Putumayo () is a department of Southern Colombia. It is in the south- ...

** San Pedro-Cumaral ** Servitá-Santa María **

Sibundoy Sibundoy (Camsá: Tabanok "village") is a town and municipality in the Putumayo Department of the Republic of Colombia. The town existed well before the Spanish came in 1534. The Inca, under Huayna Cápac, conquered the local people in 1492 and ...

** Suazá ** Yopal ** Boconó * Oca * Otú NorteParis et al., 2000a, p.29 * La Palestina (LPF)Paris et al., 2000a, p.30 * Romeral (RFS) * Bagre Norte * Bituima-La Salina * BogotáParis et al., 2000a, p.47 * Caño Tomás * Chitagá-PamplonaParis et al., 2000a, pp.38-39 *

Cimitarra Cimitarra is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. References Municipalities of Santander Department {{Santander-geo-stub ...

Paris et al., 2000a, pp.30-31 * CucuanaParis et al., 2000a, p.49 * La Dina *

Honda is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles, and power equipment, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, reaching a producti ...

Paris et al., 2000a, p.50 * IrlandaParis et al., 2000a, p.57 * La Macarena * La Plata * SuárezParis et al., 2000a, p.34 * TarraParis et al., 2000a, p.12 * UsmeParis et al., 2000a, p.48 * Vianí

Gallery

File:NorthAndesPlate.png, North Andes Plate File:Mapa de Amenaza Sísmica de Colombia.png, Seismic activity map File:Chibchan languages distribution.png, Map of Chibcha-speaking peoples File:Mapa del Territorio Muisca.svg, Extent of the

File:Paleoglobe NO 1260 mya.gif, Paleogeography of the Mesoproterozoic

References

Bibliography

Terranes

* * * *

Chibcha Terrane

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Reports

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Maps

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Tectonism in Colombia, state=expanded Terranes Geology of Colombia Neoproterozoic South America Precambrian South America Mesoproterozoic geology

Terranes In geology, a terrane (; in full, a tectonostratigraphic terrane) is a crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate (or broken off from it) and accreted or " sutured" to crust lying on another plate. The crustal block or fragment preserves its own ...

Geology of the Andes Muysccubun