The Chibcha Terrane ( es, Terreno Chibcha, ''TCH''), named after

Chibcha The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest. The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the Chibchan lan ...

, is the largest of the geological provinces (

terrane In geology, a terrane (; in full, a tectonostratigraphic terrane) is a crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate (or broken off from it) and accreted or " sutured" to crust lying on another plate. The crustal block or fragment preserves its own ...

s) of

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...

. The terrane, the oldest explored domains of which date to the

Meso- A meso compound or meso isomer is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is "sup ...

Neoproterozoic The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago. It is the last era of the Precambrian Supereon and the Proterozoic Eon; it is subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran periods. It is ...

, is situated on the North Andes Plate. The megaregional

Romeral Fault System The Romeral Fault System ( es, Sistema de Fallas (de) Romeral) is a megaregional system of major parallel and anastomosing faults in the Cordillera Central (Colombia), Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes and the Cauca Basin, Cauca, Amagá Basin, ...

forms the contact of the terrane with the

Tahamí Terrane The Tahamí ( es, Terreno Tahamí, ''TT'') or Tahamí-Panzenú Terrane is one of the geological provinces (terranes) of Colombia. The terrane, dating to the Permo-Triassic, is situated on the North Andes Plate. The contact with the Chibcha, Arqu ...

.Paris et al., 2000, pp.20–26 The contact with the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...

and La Guajira Terranes is formed by the regional

Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault The Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (BSMF, BSF) or Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault System ( es, (Sistema de) Falla(s) de Bucaramanga-Santa Marta) is a major oblique transpressional sinistral strike-slip fault (wrench fault) in the departments of Mag ...

.Paris et al., 2000, p.10 The northeastern boundary is formed by the regional Oca Fault, bounding the La Guajira Terrane.Paris et al., 2000, p.9 The terrane is emplaced over the Río Negro-Juruena Province of the

Amazonian Craton The Amazonian Craton is a geologic province located in South America. It occupies a large portion of the central, north and eastern part of the continent and represents one of Earth's largest cratonic regions. The Guiana Shield and Central Brazi ...

along the megaregional Eastern Frontal Fault System.Paris et al., 2000, pp.36-46Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209 Geological_Map_of_Colombia

Geological Terranes Map of Colombia. Terrane abbreviation is in parenthesis in the legend, followed by a hyphen and age notation. K1: Early Cretaceous, T: Triassic, P: Permian, D: Devonian, C1: Mississippian, MP: Mesoproterozoic, NP: Neoproterozoic, and PP: Paleoproterozoic.

Reinterpretation

A study performed by Mora Bohórquez et al. in 2017 showed no basement variation between the San Lucas basement underlying the

Lower Magdalena Valley Lower may refer to: *Lower (surname) *Lower Township, New Jersey *Lower Receiver (firearms) *Lower Wick Lower Wick is a small hamlet located in the county of Gloucestershire, England. It is situated about five miles south west of Dursley, eig ...

(VIM) and the SNSM basement to the east of the Santa Marta Fault. The authors redefined the contacts between the different terranes, using the names Calima Terrane for the coastal portion of the

Caribbean Terrane The Caribbean Terrane ( es, Terreno del Caribe, ''TC'') is one of the geological provinces (terranes) of Colombia. The terrane, dating to the Late Cretaceous, is situated on the North Andes Plate and borders the La Guajira, Chibcha and underlyin ...

( San Jacinto and Sinú foldbelts) and Tahamí-Panzenú Terrane for the

.Mora Bohórquez et al., 2017, p.20

Subdivision

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta desde el espacio

Some authors consider the Garzón Complex a separate terrane; the Andaquí Terrane.Cordani et al., 2003, p.9Restrepo et al., 2009, p.50Guiral Vega et al., 2015, p.42

Complexes

; SNSM - Early Eocene * Santa Marta Batholith *

San Lorenzo San Lorenzo is the Italian and Spanish name for Lawrence of Rome, Saint Lawrence, the 3rd-century Christian martyr, and may refer to: Places Argentina * San Lorenzo, Santa Fe * San Lorenzo Department, Chaco * Monte San Lorenzo, a mountain on t ...

* Socorro * Bolívar *

Aracataca Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as "''Cataca''") is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, in Colombia's Caribbean Region. Aracataca is a river town founded in 1885. The town stands beside the river of the same name ...

* Los Clavos * Central Batholith * Río Sevilla * Latal *

* San Pedro de la Sierra * Río Oríhueca * Golero * Los Tábanos * Atánquez * Nueva Lucha * La Piña * La Caja de Ahorros *

La Paila LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on Figure 8 ( ...

* Buritacá ;SNSM Paleozoic * Los Indios-Corual -

Lopingian The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic. The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms l ...

* Chundúa - Carboniferous (~ Moscovian) to

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleoz ...

(

Guadalupian The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0. ...

) *

Los Mangos LOS, or Los, or LoS may refer to: Science and technology * Length of stay, the duration of a single episode of hospitalisation * Level of service, a measure used by traffic engineers * Level of significance, a measure of statistical significance ...

basement A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are completely or partly below the ground floor. It generally is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, ...

* Dibuya -

Mesoproterozoic The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred from . The Mesoproterozoic was the first era of Earth's history for which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era (the Paleoproterozoic), ...

(1000 Ma)Cordani et al., 2003, p.4 ;Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (La Guajira Terrane) * Tanganga (

Taganga Taganga is a traditional fishing village and corregimiento of Santa Marta, located on the Caribbean coast of Colombia at about 10 minutes or north of Santa Marta. Both Santa Marta and Taganga were founded by Rodrigo de Bastidas on July 29, 1525, ...

) * Rodadero * Gaira ( Gaira) * Ciénaga ; Perijá * Palmarito -

Cisuralian The Cisuralian is the first Series (stratigraphy), series/Epoch (geology), epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian (geology), Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the w ...

* Manaure - Moscovian-

Gzhelian The Gzhelian ( ) is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from to Ma. It follows the Kasim ...

Pastor Chacón et al., 2013, p.17 * Río Cachirí * La VirgenPlancha 42, 2015, p.24 or Guaca -

Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozo ...

(

Ludlow Ludlow () is a market town in Shropshire, England. The town is significant in the history of the Welsh Marches and in relation to Wales. It is located south of Shrewsbury and north of Hereford, on the A49 road which bypasses the town. The t ...

) * Perjiá Series -

Pastor Chacón et al., 2013, p.7 ;

Santander Santander may refer to: Places * Santander, Spain, a port city and capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain * Santander Department, a department of Colombia * Santander State, former state of Colombia * Santander de Quilichao, a m ...

- Neoproterozoic-Ordovician *

Tiburón Tiburon (Spanish ''Tiburón'', "shark") may refer to: Places ;United States * Tiburon, California * Tiburón Golf Club Naples, Florida * Tiburon Peninsula (California), a peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area of California ;Mexico * Tiburón Is ...

Diamante A diamanté (also spelled diamante) is a glittering ornament, such as an artificial jewel (e.g. a rhinestone) or a sequin. Diamante may also refer to: Places Argentina * Diamante, Entre Ríos, a ''municipio'' in Diamante Department * Diamante ...

Artinskian In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Artinskian likely lasted between and million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of the ...

* Río Chitagá -

Givetian The Givetian is one of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian Period. It lasted from million years ago to million years ago. It was preceded by the Eifelian Stage and followed by the Frasnian Stage. It is named after the town of Givet in Fra ...

* San Pedro (formerly 'Silgará Formation')Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42 * Chicamocha (idem) * Pescadero * La Corcova * Bucamanga -

Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43 ; Floresta - Cambro-Ordovician * ChuscalesManosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84 * Otengá * Santa Rosita * Buntia * Chuscales Phyllite *

Busbanzá Busbanzá () is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá. Busbanzá is part of the Tundama Province, a subregion of Boyacá. Busbanzá is located at from Sogamoso. It borders Betéitiva in the north, in the east and south ...

* Neoproterozoic 'Nickerian

;

Quetame Quetame is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Eastern Province, Cundinamarca, Eastern Province, part of the Departments of Colombia, department of Cundinamarca Department, Cundinamarca. The urban centre of Quetame is located at from the ca ...

Renzoni, 1968 *

Farallones The Farallon Islands, or Farallones (from the Spanish ''farallón'' meaning "pillar" or "sea cliff"), are a group of islands and sea stacks in the Gulf of the Farallones, off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States. The islands ...

Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ...

Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, whe ...

Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53 ** Guatiquía - Carboniferous (~

) to

(

) ** Clarín-Guacavia - Carboniferous (~ Moscovian to

Kasimovian The Kasimovian is a geochronology, geochronologic age (geology), age or chronostratigraphy, chronostratigraphic stage (stratigraphy), stage in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timescale. It is the third stage in the Penn ...

) **

Gutiérrez Gutiérrez (, , ) is a Spanish surname meaning "son of Gutier / Gutierre". ''Gutierre'' is a form of ''Gualtierre'', Spanish form of Walter. Gutiérrez is the Spanish form of the English surnames Walters, Watkins, and Watson, and has Germanic ety ...

Eifelian The Eifelian is the first of two faunal stages in the Middle Devonian Epoch. It lasted from 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago to 387.7 ± 0.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Emsian Stage and followed by the Givetian Stage. North American s ...

* Puente Quetame, La Balsa -

(

) * Quetame Group - Cambro-

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start ...

* Neoproterozoic ''unnamed'' basement * Sombrerillo Quartzmonzodiorite * Sombrerillo Porphyrics *

Altamira Altamira may refer to: People * Altamira (surname) Places *Cave of Altamira, a cave in Cantabria, Spain famous for its paintings and carving *Altamira, Pará, a city in the Brazilian state of Pará * Altamira, Huila, a town and municipality in ...

* Mazamorras ;

La Macarena "Macarena" is a dance song by Spanish pop duo Los del Río, about a woman of the same name. The song uses a type of clave rhythm. Originally appearing on the 1993 album '' A mí me gusta'', a subsequent remix by Miami-based producers The Bay ...

- Mesoproterozoic * AriaríToro Toro et al., 2014, p.22 ; San Lucas - Cambrian * La Cocha-Río Tellez * Norosí * Bolívar *

Segovia Segovia ( , , ) is a city in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Segovia. Segovia is in the Inner Plateau (''Meseta central''), near the northern slopes of th ...

* Icarco *

La Magdalena Magdalena may refer to: * Magdalena (given name), a given name derived from Mary Magdalene (including a list of people with the name) Entertainment * Magdalena (comics), an American comic book superheroine * ''Magdalena'' (film), a 1920 Czechos ...

* San Lucas * Puente Linda * El Morro *

La Miel La Miel is a corregimiento in Las Tablas District, Los Santos Province, Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern pa ...

* Norcasía * El Hatillo ;Southwestern Chibcha * El Bosque * Santa Isabel * Samaná Igneous Complex ** Samaná Alaskite *

San Diego San Diego ( , ; ) is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is the List of United States cities by population, eigh ...

Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...

* Anchique *

Dolores Dolores, Spanish for "pain; grief", most commonly refers to: * Our Lady of Sorrows or La Virgen María de los Dolores * Dolores (given name) Dolores may also refer to: Film * ''Dolores'' (2017 film), an American documentary by Peter Bratt * ' ...

Andaquí Terrane

; Garzón - Neoproterozoic * Garzón ** Garzón Granite ** Garzón Group ** Florencia Migmatite ** Florencia Stock ** El Recreo **

El Astillero El Astillero (English: "The Shipyard") is a town and municipality in the province and autonomous community of Cantabria, northern Spain. It is near the provincial capital of Santander, and it is known for its shipyard, and for hosting of Spanish na ...

** Las Minas Monzodiorite ** Las Minas Migmatite **

Ibagué Ibagué () (referred to as San Bonifacio de Ibagué del Valle de las Lanzas during the Spanish period) is the capital of Tolima, one of the 32 departments that make up the Republic of Colombia. The city is located in the center of the country, ...

** Teruel Batholith ** Teruel Quartzmonzodiorite ** San Cayetano **

Tierradentro Tierra abajo (meaning "Underground" in Spanish for their well-known tombs) is one of the ancient Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia. It started to flourish around 200 BC in the mountains of southwest Colombia, and continued into the 17th century. T ...

Algeciras Algeciras ( , ) is a municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. Located in the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula, near the Strait of Gibraltar, it is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar ( es, Bahía de Algeci ...

** Caño Veinte **

La Plata La Plata () is the capital city of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. According to the , it has a population of 654,324 and its metropolitan area, the Greater La Plata, has 787,294 inhabitants. It is located 9 kilometers (6 miles) inland from th ...

** Guapotón ** Mariquita ** Aleluya **

Cajamarca Cajamarca (), also known by the Quechua name, ''Kashamarka'', is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of Peru ...

Volcanoes

* Paipa-Iza volcanic complex (Pliocene)Monsalve et al., 2011Vesga & Jaramillo, 2009 *

Nevado del Huila Nevado del Huila (, ) at , is the highest volcano in Colombia, located at the tripoint of the departments of Huila, Tolima and Cauca. It is visible from the city of Cali. The andesitic volcano is located on top of the Ibagué Batholith.Planch ...

Puracé Puracé is an andesitic stratovolcano located in the Puracé National Natural Park in the Cauca Department, Colombia. It is part of the North Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcano is located at the intersection of the Coconuc ...

Ranges

Central Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

Eastern Eastern may refer to: Transportation *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai *Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 *Eastern Air Li ...

El Cocuy El Cocuy () is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the sub-region of the Gutiérrez Province. The national natural park El Cocuy National Park is nearby. Born in El Cocuy * Santos Gutiérrez José S ...

** Cerros Orientales * Perijá *

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (English: ''Snow-Covered Mountain Range of Saint Martha'') is an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia, separate from the Andes range that runs through the north of the country. Reaching an elevation of ...

* San Lucas *

Basins

* Catatumbo * Cesar-Ranchería * Eastern Cordillera **

Altiplano Cundiboyacense The Altiplano Cundiboyacense () is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Alti ...

***

Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...

*** Chicamocha * Middle Magdalena (VMM) * Upper Magdalena (VSM)

Faults

''bounding faults in bold'' * Bucaramanga-Santa Marta (BSF) * Eastern Frontal (EFS) ** Afiladores **

** Garzón-Pitalito ** Guaicáramo ** Guayuriba **

Mocoa Mocoa () (Kamsá: Shatjok) is a municipality and capital city of the department of Putumayo in Colombia. The city is located in the northwest of the Putumayo department Putumayo () is a department of Southern Colombia. It is in the south-w ...

** San Pedro-Cumaral ** Servitá-Santa María **

Sibundoy Sibundoy (Camsá: Tabanok "village") is a town and municipality in the Putumayo Department of the Republic of Colombia. The town existed well before the Spanish came in 1534. The Inca, under Huayna Cápac, conquered the local people in 1492 and ...

** Suazá **

Yopal Yopal () is a municipality and capital city of the department of Casanare in Colombia. History During the period of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the land on which Yopal stands was occupied by the indigenous Achagua people. The ...

Boconó Boconó is a city in the Venezuelan Andean state of Trujillo. Founded in 1560, this city is the shire town of the Boconó Municipality and, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, the municipality has a population of 79,710.

* Oca * Otú NorteParis et al., 2000a, p.29 *

La Palestina LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on Figure 8 ( ...

(LPF)Paris et al., 2000a, p.30 *

Romeral Romeral is a Chilean town and commune in Curicó Province, Maule Region. The commune spans and area of . Demographics According to the 2002 census of Population and Housing by the National Statistics Institute, the Romeral commune had 12,707 in ...

(RFS) * Bagre Norte * Bituima-La Salina *

Paris et al., 2000a, p.47 * Caño Tomás * Chitagá-PamplonaParis et al., 2000a, pp.38-39 *

Cimitarra Cimitarra is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. References Municipalities of Santander Department {{Santander-geo-stub ...

Paris et al., 2000a, pp.30-31 * CucuanaParis et al., 2000a, p.49 * La Dina *

Honda is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles, and power equipment, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, reaching a product ...

Paris et al., 2000a, p.50 * IrlandaParis et al., 2000a, p.57 *

* SuárezParis et al., 2000a, p.34 * TarraParis et al., 2000a, p.12 *

Usme Usme is the 5th locality of the Capital District of Bogotá, capital city of Colombia. Usme is located in the south of Bogotá, bordering to the north the localities of San Cristóbal, Rafael Uribe Uribe and Tunjuelito, to the west the locali ...

Paris et al., 2000a, p.48 * Vianí

Gallery

File:NorthAndesPlate.png, North Andes Plate File:Mapa de Amenaza Sísmica de Colombia.png, Seismic activity map File:Chibchan languages distribution.png, Map of Chibcha-speaking peoples File:Mapa del Territorio Muisca.svg, Extent of the

File:Paleoglobe NO 1260 mya.gif, Paleogeography of the Mesoproterozoic

References

Bibliography

Terranes

* * * *

Chibcha Terrane

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Reports

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Maps

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Tectonism in Colombia, state=expanded Terranes Geology of Colombia Neoproterozoic South America Precambrian South America Mesoproterozoic geology

Terranes In geology, a terrane (; in full, a tectonostratigraphic terrane) is a crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate (or broken off from it) and accreted or " sutured" to crust lying on another plate. The crustal block or fragment preserves its own ...

Geology of the Andes Muysccubun