Cheng Yi (1033–1107), also known by various other names and
romanizations, was a Chinese classicist, essayist, philosopher, and politician of the
Song Dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
.
[Tang, Yuyan]
"Cheng Yi"
''Encyclopedia of China
The ''Encyclopedia of China'' () is the first large-entry modern encyclopedia in the Chinese language. The compilation began in 1978. Published by the Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, the encyclopedia was issued one volume at a time, begin ...
'' (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed. He worked with his older brother
Cheng Hao. Like his brother, he was a student of
Zhou Dunyi, a friend of
Shao Yong
Shao Yong (; 1011–1077), courtesy name Yaofu (堯夫), named Shào Kāngjié (邵康節) was a
Chinese cosmologist, historian, philosopher, and poet who greatly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism across China during the Song dynast ...
, and a nephew of
Zhang Zai. The five of them along with
Sima Guang
Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the monumental history book ''Zizhi Tongjian''. Sima was ...
are called the Six Great Masters by his follower
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi (; ; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), formerly romanized Chu Hsi, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He con ...
. He became a prominent figure in
neo-Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) ...
, and the philosophy of Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi is referred to as the
Cheng–Zhu school
The Cheng–Zhu school (), is one of the major philosophical schools of Neo-Confucianism, based on the ideas of the Neo-Confucian philosophers Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and Zhu Xi. It is also referred to as the Rationalistic School.
Metaphysics
Zh ...
or the Rationalistic School.
Life
Cheng was born in
Luoyang
Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyan ...
,
Henan
Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is a ...
in 1033. Cheng entered the national university in 1056, and received the "presented scholar" degree in 1059. He lived and taught in Luoyang, and declined numerous appointments to high offices. He campaigned against the reformist policies of
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi ; ; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086), courtesy name Jiefu (), was a Chinese economist, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. He served as chancellor and attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms ...
, and after the reformers were dismissed from office, he was appointed expositor-in-waiting in 1086 to begin lecturing the emperor on
Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a Religious Confucianism, religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, ...
.
He was more aggressive and obstinate than his brother, and made several enemies, including
Su Shi, the leader of the
Sichuan
Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of t ...
group. In 1097, his enemies were able to ban his teachings, confiscate his properties, and banish him. He was pardoned three years later, but was blacklisted and again his work was banned in 1103. He was finally pardoned in 1106, one year before his death.
[James D. Sellman, "Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi," in ''Great Thinkers of the Eastern World'', Ian McGreal, ed., New York: Harper Collins, 1995, p. 111-115.]
In 1452 the title ''Wujing Boshi'' (
五經博士) was bestowed upon the descendants of Cheng Yi and other Confucian sages such as
Mencius
Mencius ( ); born Mèng Kē (); or Mèngzǐ (; 372–289 BC) was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who has often been described as the "second Sage", that is, second to Confucius himself. He is part of Confucius' fourth generation of discip ...
,
Zengzi,
Zhou Dunyi, and
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi (; ; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), formerly romanized Chu Hsi, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He con ...
.
A well known
chengyu
''Chengyu'' () are a type of traditional Chinese idiomatic expression, most of which consist of four characters. ''Chengyu'' were widely used in Classical Chinese and are still common in vernacular Chinese writing and in the spoken language ...
程門立雪 refers to an incident when two men (Yang Shi and
You Zuo) requesting to be taken on as his disciples stood in the snow for hours at his door and became renowned examples of the
Confucian
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or ...
virtues of devotion to learning and respect for one's master.
Cheng Yi is widely believed to be responsible for the rise of the cult of
widow chastity.
He argued that it would be improper for a man to marry a widow since she had lost her integrity. On the question of widows who had become impoverished due to the death of their husbands, Cheng stated: "To starve to death is a small matter, but to lose one's chastity is a great matter." (餓死事小,失節事大).
The practice of widow chastity that became common in the Ming and Qing dynasty would lead to hardship and loneliness for many widows,
as well as a dramatic increase in suicides by widows during the Ming era.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheng, Yi
1033 births
1107 deaths
11th-century antiquarians
11th-century Chinese philosophers
Chinese Confucianists
Educators from Hubei
Neo-Confucian scholars
Philosophers from Hubei
Politicians from Wuhan
Recipients of Chinese royal pardons
Song dynasty classicists
Song dynasty essayists
Song dynasty philosophers
Song dynasty politicians from Hubei
Writers from Wuhan