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The CharlieCard is a contactless smart card used for
fare A fare is the fee paid by a passenger for use of a public transport system: rail, bus, taxi, etc. In the case of air transport, the term airfare is often used. Fare structure is the system set up to determine how much is to be paid by various pa ...
payment for transportation in the Boston area. It is the primary payment method for the
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (abbreviated MBTA and known colloquially as "the T") is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. The MBTA transit network in ...
(MBTA) and several regional
public transport Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public unlike private transport, typi ...
systems in the U.S. state of
Massachusetts Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ;"title="Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət">Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət'' En ...
. The card was introduced on December 4, 2006, to enhance the technology of the transit system and eliminate the burden of carrying and collecting tokens. It replaces the metal token, the last one of which was sold at Government Center station on December 6, 2006. It is named after a fictional character in the
folk Folk or Folks may refer to: Sociology *Nation *People * Folklore ** Folk art ** Folk dance ** Folk hero ** Folk music *** Folk metal *** Folk punk *** Folk rock ** Folk religion * Folk taxonomy Arts, entertainment, and media * Folk Plus or Fo ...
song " M.T.A.", often called "Charlie on the MTA", which concerns a man forever trapped on the Boston subway system – then known as the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) – because he cannot pay the 5-cent surcharge required to leave the train. In 2022, the original CharlieCard system will be replaced during the "Automated Fare Collection 2.0" project, a system similar to the London
Oyster Card The Oyster card is a payment method for public transport in London (and certain areas around it) in England, United Kingdom. A standard Oyster card is a blue credit-card-sized stored-value contactless smart card. It is promoted by Transport ...
. The new system will allow payments with contactless cards and smartphones, as well as new CharlieCards.


History

The CharlieCard is named after the lead character in the 1948 protest
folk music Folk music is a music genre that includes traditional folk music and the contemporary genre that evolved from the former during the 20th-century folk revival. Some types of folk music may be called world music. Traditional folk music has b ...
song, " M.T.A.". The song was written to protest a fare increase in the form of an extra five cent
exit fare An exit fare is a method of collecting ridership fees, or fares, from a transportation system, where the fee (or part of the fee) is collected from passengers upon reaching their destination. Examples Exit fares were used on the subway lines of ...
for longer rides and was later made popular by the
Kingston Trio The Kingston Trio is an American folk and pop music group that helped launch the folk revival of the late 1950s to the late 1960s. The group started as a San Francisco Bay Area nightclub act with an original lineup of Dave Guard, Bob Shane, ...
in 1959. One of the rejected names for the farecard system was "The Fare Cod", a pun on both the way locals might pronounce "Card" and the
fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...
that was once integral to the Massachusetts economy, and also a reference to other transit cards named for ocean animals, such as London's
Oyster Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not ...
and Hong Kong's Octopus. Another rejected name was T Go card with the T being the symbol for the MBTA. CharlieCards work on the MBTA's subway and bus services, most of which were converted in 2006. Token sales ended on December 6, 2006. The final fare-controlled station to be converted was Fields Corner station on December 22, 2006. They were originally expected to be usable on MBTA commuter rail and
ferry boat A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water tax ...
services by December 2008, with testing on the Commuter Rail originally planned for summer 2008. However, testing had been pushed back to 2009, and full implementation had not been expected until 2011. By 2012, the MBTA had abandoned plans to accept CharlieCards on the commuter rail system. On June 22, 2020, a pilot program started accepting CharlieCards on the
Fairmount Line The Fairmount Line or Dorchester Branch is a line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Except for a short portion in Milton, it lies entirely within Boston, running southwest from South Station through the neighborh ...
, by validation at fare vending machines and obtaining
proof of payment Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF) is an honor-based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carry a ticket, p ...
. Physical fare media are not used on The RIDE; passengers maintain an account by web site, phone, mail, or in-person visits. CharlieCards were gradually introduced to Massachustts Regional Transit Authorities: MetroWest Regional Transit Authority (October 2010),
Brockton Area Transit Authority Brockton Area Transit Authority, branded as Brockton Area Transit (BAT), is a public, non-profit organization in Massachusetts, charged with providing public transportation to the Brockton area, consisting of the city of Brockton and the adjoini ...
(March 2011), Lowell Regional Transit Authority (November 2011),
Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority The Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority (MVRTA) is a public, non-profit organization in Massachusetts, United States, charged with providing public transportation to an area consisting of the cities and towns of Amesbury, Andover, Boxfo ...
(branded "Tap and Ride Card"; February 2012),
Montachusett Regional Transit Authority The Montachusett Regional Transit Authority (MART) is a public, nonprofit organization established under Chapter 161B of the Massachusetts General Laws to provide public transportation to the Montachusett Region. MART is one of Massachusetts' 15 ...
(March 2012), Worcester Regional Transit Authority (April 2012), Cape Ann Transportation Authority, Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority (November 2012), Southeastern Regional Transit Authority (January 2013), and Berkshire Regional Transit Authority (January 2014).


Technology

The CharlieCard can store a cash balance and daily, weekly and monthly passes that allow unlimited rides during the set period of time. Passengers use the plastic CharlieCard by tapping it against a target on a gate or a vehicle
farebox A fare is the fee paid by a passenger for use of a public transport system: rail, bus, taxi, etc. In the case of air transport, the term airfare is often used. Fare structure is the system set up to determine how much is to be paid by various pa ...
. When tapped, the gate or farebox either debits the cost of the passenger's ride, verifies that the card has a valid transfer or that the card has a pass that is valid for travel at the given time and location. Transit riders can add value or a monthly pass to their cards at machines located at MBTA stations and vehicles, MBTA ticket offices, and retail sales terminals at select outlets. Beginning in 2009, CharlieCards could be registered and have passes or money added to them online. The original CharlieCards show no expiration date, but expired three to five years after they were first activated. CharlieCards distributed later had expiration dates printed on them and are valid for ten years, with the exception of Student CharlieCards which expire at the end of the school year they are issued. Prior to 2021, if a user needed to replace an expired CharlieCard, they had to go to the Downtown Crossing pass sales office during business hours or mail the card to MBTA. Passes and stored value left on an expired card can be moved to the replacement card. In 2021, MBTA announced plans to upgrade fare vending machines to be able to dispense CharlieCards. They also announced plans to have the new machines dispense “tappable” paper CharlieTickets, which can be scanned on future fare card readers that were under testing in 2021. Additionally, the new fare readers would allow riders to pay using a smartphone or contactless credit card.


Smartphone technology

In 2012, MBTA announced plans to introduce tickets that could be purchased and scanned on smartphones.


Effect on transit employees

After a shift to CharlieCards, some token collectors were retrained as ''Customer Service Agents'' (CSAs). In March 2017, the MBTA announced they were planning on privatizing their customer service positions to increase efficiency. The MBTA hired a company called 'Block By Block" and named "Transit Ambassadors". In August 2017, the new Transit Ambassador program was rolled out. As of December 2020, there were 200 Transit Ambassadors working in the MBTA system.


Card types


CharlieTicket

Automated fare collection equipment is also compatible with the MBTA's CharlieTicket, a paper card with a
magnetic stripe The term digital card can refer to a physical item, such as a memory card on a camera, or, increasingly since 2017, to the digital content hosted as a virtual card or cloud card, as a digital virtual representation of a physical card. They share ...
that operates as a
stored-value card A stored-value card (SVC) is a payment card with a monetary value stored on the card itself, not in an external account maintained by a financial institution. This means no network access is required by the payment collection terminals as funds ...
or time-period (monthly, weekly, or daily) pass. The MBTA first implemented the stored-value CharlieTicket on the Silver Line in February 2005. Tickets are inserted into a slot in the gate or farebox, the fare is deducted, and the ticket is returned to the rider. Upgraded fare gates and fare vending machined were deployed throughout the system starting in 2020 to allow the magstripe CharlieTickets to be discontinued on March 31, 2022. Part of the AFC 2.0 project, the new machines use a tappable version of the paper CharlieTicket.


Bike CharlieCard

On September 18, 2008, two 150-bike parking cages were made available at the
Alewife station Alewife station is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) intermodal transit station in the North Cambridge neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is the northwest terminal of the rapid transit Red Line (part of the MBTA subw ...
, next to the MBTA parking garage. Since then, a number of MBTA stations have been provided with secure, monitored bicycle parking cages. Previously, access to these cages required a free special Bike CharlieCard. However, as of the spring of 2013, any CharlieCard can be registered for bike cage access.


Purchase options

When the MBTA transitioned to CharlieCards, they gave cards to riders for free. The cards gives a discount to CharlieCard users that began with the fare increase that took effect on January 1, 2007, and continued giving discounts with later fare increases. The MBTA continues providing the cards free of charge at pass offices, stations throughout the system and local retailers. Certain types of CharlieCards have reduced fares, including those for senior citizens, disabled citizens and students. CharlieCards can be reloaded, and CharlieTickets can be purchased at Fare Vending Machines (FVMs) in transit stations, and elsewhere in the system, including buses. The fareboxes on buses and light rail trains accept CharlieCards, CharlieTickets and cash. In 2020, MBTA announced plans to phase out cash payments by 2025. The bulk of the MBTA's vehicles and stations were transitioned to the CharlieCard-compatible system throughout 2006, with
Fields Corner Fields Corner is a historic commercial district in Dorchester, the largest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ; ...
the last to be converted on December 22, 2006. Fare Vending Machines are available at stations throughout the system, at
Logan International Airport General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport , also known as Boston Logan International Airport and commonly as Boston Logan, Logan Airport or simply Logan, is an international airport that is located mostly in East Boston and partial ...
, and inside
Fenway Park Fenway Park is a baseball stadium located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, near Kenmore Square. Since 1912, it has been the home of the Boston Red Sox, the city's American League baseball team, and since 1953, its only Major League Bas ...
, and at stations on the
Green Line D branch The Green Line D branch (also referred to as the Highland branch or Riverside Line) is a light rail line in Newton, Brookline, and Boston, Massachusetts, operating as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line. ...
. Proof-of-Payment Validation machines are installed at select stops on the other Green Line branches.


Future


Automated Fare Collection 2.0

In November 2017, the MBTA Fiscal and Management Control Board approved a $723 million contract that would replace the original CharlieCard and CharlieTicket with a new system ("AFC 2.0", for Automated Fare Collection) by 2021, that would allow fare gates to be compatible with
contactless payment Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC, e.g. Samsung ...
systems that have since been built into many
credit card A credit card is a payment card issued to users (cardholders) to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder's accrued debt (i.e., promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts plus the o ...
s and
smartphone A smartphone is a portable computer device that combines mobile telephone and computing functions into one unit. They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems, whic ...
s. To speed boarding, payment readers would be installed at all doors of Green Line trolleys and buses (to allow a
proof-of-payment Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF) is an honor-based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carry a ticket, p ...
system) and cash-on-board payments would no longer be allowed, requiring customers to load cash onto cards at vending machines or retailers. It would also be extended to the Commuter Rail, where passengers would tap on and off. Public meetings on the new system were held in 2017 and 2018, but then stopped in 2019 until a revised plan was announced in December 2019. The new plan, costing over $900 million, would roll out more gradually from 2020 to 2024. It would lower CharlieTicket fares to match CharlieCard fares when the paper CharlieTickets start using contactless payments instead of magnetic stripe readers. CharlieCards would no longer be free, but would allow for one trip on a negative balance, and there would be 1,000 additional points of sale for fare media. On December 16, 2020, the MBTA announced that in Winter 2020–2021, the AFC 2.0 system would roll out in a closed pilot program at Forest Hills and Ruggles stations, and on the 28 and 39 bus routes. This new system uses a contactless CharlieCard that has a simplified design.


Criticism


Green Line inefficiency

The Green Line is heavily travelled. To manage the volume, in 2002, selected stops on the Green Line the MBTA implemented a pilot system known as Show-N-Go, which allowed riders to flash their monthly passes and enter through the rear doors of a train, reducing congestion at the front door. This system worked when monthly passes were on paper tickets, as each month's pass differed from the previous month, but became easier to evade when MBTA riders began storing monthly passes on CharlieCards, as passes held this way were harder to verify visually. The MBTA installed a
proof-of-payment Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF) is an honor-based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carry a ticket, p ...
system at certain Green Line stations to reduce the rate of lost fares. Machines were installed that deducted the fare from riders' cards and gave them a receipt as proof of payment. Additionally, MBTA inspectors with handheld validators were stationed at the busiest stops to deduct money from and verify monthly passes on CharlieCards, also allowing riders to enter through any door. All passengers were required to go to the front of the train and make payment (or show their receipt) to trolley drivers. In July 2012, the MBTA reverted to a "front door only" boarding policy on surface stations outside of peak hours to combat fare evasion. This policy also required passengers getting off the streetcar to walk all the way to the front of the car to exit. In 2016, the policy changed to an all-door boarding during busy hours and front-door-only boarding during off-peak hours. The "Fare Transformation" project is currently in the process of converting all surface trolley and bus lines to all-door boarding using a
proof of payment Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF) is an honor-based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carry a ticket, p ...
system. The first POP segment opened in March 2022, with the inauguration of service to Union Square station on the
Green Line Extension The Green Line Extension (GLX) was a construction project to extend the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail system northwest into Somerville and Medford, two inner suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. The p ...
.


Security concerns

Security flaws in the CharlieCard technology were studied and reported in a presentation by Henryk Plötz and Karsten Nohl at the
Chaos Communication Congress The Chaos Communication Congress is an annual conference organized by the Chaos Computer Club. The congress features a variety of lectures and workshops on technical and political issues related to security, cryptography, privacy and online ...
in December 2007, which described a partial reverse-engineering of the algorithm used in the MIFARE Classic chip. The
MIFARE MIFARE is the NXP Semiconductors-owned trademark of a series of integrated circuit (IC) chips used in contactless smart cards and proximity cards. The brand name covers proprietary solutions based upon various levels of the ISO/IEC 14443 Type ...
Classic smartcard from NXP Semiconductors, owned by
Philips Koninklijke Philips N.V. (), commonly shortened to Philips, is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, it has been mostly headquartered in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarters i ...
, was reported as compromised in March 2008 by a group of researchers led by Karsten Nohl, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Computer Science,
University of Virginia The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, the university is ranked among the top academic institutions in the United States, with highly selective ad ...
. In addition, the security used on the mag-stripe CharlieTickets was broken by a team of
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
students. They were scheduled to give a talk about their findings at
DEFCON The defense readiness condition (DEFCON) is an alert state used by the United States Armed Forces. (DEFCON is not mentioned in the 2010 and newer document) The DEFCON system was developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and unified and spec ...
16 in August 2008, but were stopped after a federal lawsuit was filed against them by the MBTA, which resulted in a restraining order being issued. However, their presentation had already been published by DEFCON before the complaint was filed. On August 19, the court ruled the students could give their presentation. Other MIT students leveraged the technology behind Charlie Cards in 2013, with the development of Sesame Ring, a wearable ring embedded with an RFID tag that would save riders time in passing through MBTA station faregates. The students formed a company called Ring Theory and funded development of the product using a Kickstarter campaign. The Sesame Ring can be ordered online, or purchased in the MBTA Gift Store in Cambridge. The product was developed with full cooperation from the MBTA. In 2022, it was revealed that the NFC chip in some Android smartphones could interact with CharlieCards, including duplicating data from one card to a blank card. The MBTA indicated that its software systems detected a small number of such duplicated cards – about ten per month – which were then deactivated.


See also

*
List of public transport smart cards The following tables list smart cards used for public transport and other electronic purse applications. File:SingapourMetroCard.jpg, Singapore EZ-Link add value machine File:SL-Access card.jpg, Access card that is used for public transport in ...
*
Gemalto Gemalto was an international digital security company providing software applications, secure personal devices such as smart cards and tokens, and managed services. It was formed in June 2006 by the merger of two companies, Axalto and Gemplus ...
*
Giesecke+Devrient Giesecke may refer to: People: * Heinz-Eberhard Giesecke (1913–1991), German historian *Karl Ludwig Giesecke FRSE (1761–1833), German actor, librettist, polar explorer and mineralogist * Markus Giesecke (born 1979), German futsal player from Re ...


References


Further reading

* Brelinsky, Ian; Myhre, Brian; Novosad, Jennifer; Suarez, Chris
"Privacy, SmartCards and the MBTA: A Policy Analysis of the MBTA’s New Automated Fare Collection System"
MIT 6.805 class project paper, December 10, 2004, Massachusetts Institute of Technology


External links


History of the song "M.T.A", for whom the ''CharlieCard'' is named
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charliecard Contactless smart cards Fare collection systems in the United States Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority