Chantal Lavigne died in July 2011 in

Sherbrooke Sherbrooke ( ; ) is a city in southern Quebec, Canada. It is at the confluence of the Saint-François and Magog rivers in the heart of the Estrie administrative region. Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional count ...

, Québec (Canada) from

hyperthermia Hyperthermia, also known simply as overheating, is a condition in which an individual's body temperature is elevated beyond normal due to failed thermoregulation. The person's body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. When extreme ...

and multiple organ dysfunction following an

esoteric Western esotericism, also known as esotericism, esoterism, and sometimes the Western mystery tradition, is a term scholars use to categorise a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within Western society. These ideas a ...

sweating ritual, which was invented and led by Gabrielle Fréchette, a

new age New Age is a range of spiritual or religious practices and beliefs which rapidly grew in Western society during the early 1970s. Its highly eclectic and unsystematic structure makes a precise definition difficult. Although many scholars conside ...

workshop leader. Her death was the object of worldwide media coverage. The criminal trial ended in the incarceration of the three individuals found responsible for Lavigne's death: Gabrielle Fréchette, Ginette Duclos and Gérald Fontaine.

The New Age group

Interested in spirituality,

organic farming Organic farming, also known as ecological farming or biological farming,Labelling, article 30 o''Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and re ...

and

alternative medicine Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or evidence from clinical trials. Complementary medicine (CM), complementary and alt ...

, Lavigne started to regularly attend workshops with a group focused on

New Age New Age is a range of spiritual or religious practices and beliefs which rapidly grew in Western society during the early 1970s. Its highly eclectic and unsystematic structure makes a precise definition difficult. Although many scholars conside ...

beliefs in 2007. Beginning with

reiki is a Japanese form of energy healing, a type of alternative medicine. Reiki practitioners use a technique called ''palm healing'' or ''hands-on healing'' through which a " universal energy" is said to be transferred through the palms of the ...

and other forms of energy healing, she spent four years participating with the same group in workshops exploring different disciplines associated with the New Age movement. The group was led by Gabrielle Fréchette, who was allegedly

channeling Channeling, or channelling, may refer to: Science * Channelling (physics), the process that constrains the path of a charged particle in a crystalline solid * Metabolite or substrate channeling in biochemistry and cell physiology Other * Legal c ...

the spirit of the mythical character

Melchizedek In the Bible, Melchizedek (, hbo, , malkī-ṣeḏeq, "king of righteousness" or "my king is righteousness"), also transliterated Melchisedech or Malki Tzedek, was the king of Salem and priest of (often translated as "most high God"). He is f ...

to act as a guide for the group. Until 2007, Fréchette was offering a large number of workshops that heavily leaned into esoterism, as well as private consultations, in her own personal growth consultancy in

Sainte-Hélène-de-Chester, Quebec Sainte-Hélène-de-Chester is a municipality located in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada. It was formerly a township municipality The following is a list of the types of local and supralocal territorial units in Quebec, includi ...

, before declaring bankruptcy. She thereafter rented locations to continue the same activities, with some members of the group eventually becoming trainers themselves. Offering costly training sessions allowing students to eventually become trainers is a common business model among personal growth groups, according to experts. Lavigne quickly started to participate in a wide range of group activities, including overseas trips. Fréchette encouraged her to persevere by telling her she was once a

shaman Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritu ...

herself in a past life. Despite questioning the group leader's methods on occasion, Lavigne increased the number of workshops she attended. In 2009, while Lavigne was taking a year off work after the birth of her second child, the frequency of the workshops increased as contact with her family and friends decreased, with some events lasting weeks. Her family would later learn that Fréchette told her it was her destiny to endure tragic events unless she completed her esoteric training, a prophecy she also made about other members of the group to convince them to register for more workshops. In hindsight, several members of the group say Fréchette was manipulative in various ways. Having graduated in administration, Lavigne was recognized as a reliable and responsible secretary, with an eye for financial matters. Lavigne nevertheless piled up $40,000 in credit card debt for training sessions on various topics, which allowed her in turn to practice reiki and lead others in various ceremonies.. In July 2011, Lavigne cancelled a camping week-end with her spouse and children to attend a workshop of several days with the group. She had told her husband she believed something tragic would happen unless she went.

Lavigne's death

The sweating ritual took place on July 29, 2011. It concluded a multi-day workshop called "''Mourir en conscience''" ("dying in consciousness") held in a rented farmhouse in Durham-Sud. Fréchette compared this experience to the

sweat lodge A sweat lodge is a low profile hut, typically dome-shaped or oblong, and made with natural materials. The structure is the ''lodge'', and the ceremony performed within the structure may be called by some cultures a purification ceremony or simply ...

s used by North American Indigenous Peoples, but what happened during the workshop had nothing in common with that ceremony, which is centered around prayer and held sacred to the tribes who practice it. On a hot summer day, indoors and upstairs in the rented farmhouse, the participants in Fréchette's workshop were asked to lie down on the floor. They were covered in a film of dirt brought in from outside. Then, despite the heat, they were each covered with blankets and a plastic tarp, and their heads placed inside a cardboard box. Fréchette, with her assistants Ginette Duclos and Gérald Fontaine, then led them in breathing exercises to provoke a state of

hyperventilation Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more carbon dioxide than the body can produce. This leads to hypocapnia, a reduced concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood. ...

. Fréchette claims this exercise is taught by the "French shaman" Patrick Dacquay, but Dacquay denies having trained Fréchette and his own workshops differ in several important aspects. Along with eight other participants, Lavigne spent between five and nine hours in that position, without water or food, before Fréchette decided to end the experience. Three of them stopped during that period, including one experiencing serious physical discomfort. Fréchette, who has no medical training, called emergency services; first for a participant who seemed to be experiencing

hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar, is a fall in blood sugar to levels below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Whipple's triad is used to properly identify hypoglycemic episodes. It is defined as blood glucose belo ...

, and then again when she realized Lavigne appeared to be unconscious. Paramedics remarked how hot and humid the second floor of the building was when they went upstairs. They saw sleeping bags, blankets, tarps strewn about with dirt, cardboard boxes, vomit and feces. Having difficulties obtaining critical information from Fréchette about what happened, one of the respondents called the police. At that point, Lavigne's blood oxygen was very low and she was breathing rapidly. Her pupils were not responding to light stimulation. She was first transported to ''Hôpital Sainte-Croix'' in

Drummondville Drummondville is a city in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, located east of Montreal on the Saint-François River. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 79,258. The mayor of Drummondville is Stéphanie Lacoste. Drummondville is ...

, where an emergency physician determined she was suffering from severe

dehydration In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes. It occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake, usually due to exercise, disease, or high environmental temperature. Mil ...

and

shock Shock may refer to: Common uses Collective noun *Shock, a historic commercial term for a group of 60, see English numerals#Special names * Stook, or shock of grain, stacked sheaves Healthcare * Shock (circulatory), circulatory medical emergen ...

. Her organs had been deprived of oxygen for a significant amount of time. The medical team proceeded with

fluid replacement Fluid replacement or fluid resuscitation is the medical practice of replenishing bodily fluid lost through sweating, bleeding, fluid shifts or other pathologic processes. Fluids can be replaced with oral rehydration therapy (drinking), intravenous ...

through her

bone marrow Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic ce ...

, a last-resort treatment for severely dehydrated patients. Lavigne was eventually transferred to the larger ''Hôpital Fleurimont'' in

, where she died some time later. The coroner's report concluded that Lavigne died from

and multiple organ dysfunction. Aged 35, she had no prior medical condition.

The trial

Gabrielle Fréchette, Ginette Duclos and Gérald Fontaine were arrested by the provincial police a full year later, on July 26, 2012, and retained their freedom during the trial. The trial started on October 14, 2014. It was attended by several members of Lavigne's family and led to widespread media coverage. The accused pleaded not guilty to charges of

criminal negligence In criminal law, criminal negligence is a surrogate state of mind required to constitute a ''conventional'' (as opposed to ''strictly liable'') offense. It is not, strictly speaking, a (Law Latin for "guilty mind") because it refers to an ob ...

causing death and declined to have a jury trial. Their lawyer argued that Lavigne's death was accidental, given the precautions taken by the accused, and that participants were free to retire from the ritual at any point. This being the first time a Canadian court of justice had to examine a case of this type, relevant jurisprudence was scarce. In Canada, as in many jurisdictions, the courts examine the events and the role played by each person, mostly leaving aside the religious or spiritual motivations that may motivate the actions of the accused. Accordingly, the issues raised during the trial had more to do with the precautions Fréchette took (or failed to take), as provider of a service, to ensure the safety of the participants. To obtain a conviction, the Attorney had to show the accused were hosting an activity that was "inherently dangerous, without taking all necessary precautions." The emergency physician who treated both victims testified that in his opinion, all participants were in danger, given the nature and duration of the ritual. The trial ended on December 8, 2014, with Justice Hélène Fabi finding all three of the accused guilty of criminal negligence having caused the death of Lavigne, as well as criminal negligence causing bodily harm in the case of Théberge. The judge commented that the accused showed "a wild and reckless lack of concern with regard to the life and safety of the victims." In August 2015, before the sentencing hearing, Fréchette changed lawyers, provoking a delay in the proceedings. She also indicated she gradually stopped offering personal growth workshops. On January 29, 2016, the judge announced she was imposing the sentence asked by the attorney, namely three years imprisonment for Fréchette, and two years for the other co-defendants. The judge acknowledged the severity of the sentence: "The Court believes this is the only way to dissuade these persons from undertaking such activities, and to prevent their proliferation. We must send a clear message." Their incarceration was suspended after three days, as the

Quebec Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal of Quebec (sometimes referred to as Quebec Court of Appeal or QCA) (in French: ''la Cour d'appel du Québec'') is the highest judicial court in Quebec, Canada. It hears cases in Quebec City and Montreal. History The Court wa ...

accepted to hear the case. This second ruling, rendered in 2017, confirmed the first one. With the end of judicial proceedings, Fréchette, Duclos and Fontaine returned to prison on November 17. All three, without prior convictions, were freed after six months. Fréchette was forbidden to host esoteric activities during her probation period.

External links

Dérives
an eight-episode podcast on the tragedy by

Olivier Bernard Olivier Bernard (born 14 October 1979) is a French former footballer. He announced his retirement after leaving Newcastle United on 16 May 2007. He is currently the owner and CEO of Durham City. Early life Bernard was born in the 12th arrond ...

and Radio-Canada.

References

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The New Age group

Lavigne's death

The trial

See also

External links

References