The chancellor () was a semi-formally designated office position for a number of high-level officials at one time during the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdom ...

of China. This list also includes chancellors of the short-lived Wu Zhou dynasty, which is typically treated as an interregnum of the Tang dynasty by historians.

Origins

Ouyang Xiu, the author of the '' New Book of Tang'', asserts that the Tang dynasty inherited its bureaucracy from its dynastic predecessor, the Sui dynasty, under which the founder Emperor Wen of Sui divided his government into five main bureaus: * ''Shàngshūshěng'' (尚書省) – The

Department of State Affairs The Shangshu Sheng (), sometimes translated as the Department of State Affairs or the Imperial Secretariat, was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure. It was the primary executive institution of ...

* ''Ménxiàshěng'' (門下省) – The Chancellery * ''Nèishǐshěng'' (內史省) – The Legislative Bureau (note different tone than the eunuch bureau below) * ''Mìshūshěng'' (秘書省) – The

Palace Library The Palace Library (; in Vietnam: 秘書所, ''Bí thư sở'') was a central government agency in monarchical China, Korea, and Vietnam generally in charge of maintaining and archiving the collection of the monarch's documents. China The off ...

* ''Nèishìshěng'' (內侍省) – The

Eunuch A eunuch ( ) is a male who has been castrated. Throughout history, castration often served a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 2nd millenni ...

bureau (note different tone than the legislative bureau above), later changed by Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang of Sui to ''Diànnèishěng'' (殿內省) Under Emperor Wen, the executive bureau was regarded as the most important, and he had his most honored officials such as

Gao Jiong Gāo Jiǒng () (died August 27, 607), courtesy name Zhaoxuan (昭玄), alternative name Min (敏))) known during the Northern Zhou period by the Xianbei name Dugu Jiong (独孤颎/獨孤熲), was a Chinese military general and politician of the C ...

Yang Su Yang Su (楊素; died August 31, 606), courtesy name Chudao (處道), formally Duke Jingwu of Chu (楚景武公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Sui dynasty whose authority eventually became nearly as supreme as the emperor' ...

, and Su Wei lead it at various points. Its heads were generally regarded as chancellors (as it always had two heads, known as the ''Shàngshūpúshè'' (尚書僕射)). Ouyang asserts, however, that the heads of the examination and legislative bureaus were also considered chancellors.'' New Book of Tang'', vol. 61.

Organization

Early history

The Tang dynasty founder Emperor Gaozu initially followed the Sui's system of governance, including the five-bureau organization. However, he deviated from his predecessors by creating a single head for the executive bureau, known as the ''Shàngshūlǐng'' (尚書令) and appointed the office to his second son and future emperor Lǐ Shìmín (李世民). After Li Shimin became emperor in 626, the office was left vacant because none of his officials dared to occupy it. Thus from the year 626 the executive bureau was headed by its two vice-directors, the ''Shàngshūpúshè''. Around this time, probably by Emperor Taizong's orders, the institution of multiple chancellors was formalized, with the heads of the executive, examination, and legislative (which was renamed the ''Zhōngshūshěng'' (中書省)) bureaus regarded as the chancellors. As there were often, but not always, more than one head for the examination and legislative bureaus, there were not necessarily only four chancellors. Emperor Taizong's reign also began to designate certain high-level officials, even though they were not heads of one of the bureaus, as chancellors, with titles such as ''Cānyù'' Cháozhèng (參豫朝政, literally "participator in the administration's governance"). Yet later in 643, he revised the designation and formalized it as the ''Tóngzhōngshūménxiàsānpǐn'' (同中書門下三品, literally meaning "equivalent to the officials with the third rank from the ''Zhōngshū'' and the ''Ménxià''") — because the heads of the legislative bureau, the ''Zhōngshūlǐng'' (中書令), and the examination bureau, the ''Shìzhōng'' (侍中), were of the third rank. These officials were rendered as "chancellors de facto'" ''Shízhìzǎixiàng'' (實質宰相) by the Chinese historian Bo Yang in his modern Chinese edition of the ''

Zizhi Tongjian ''Zizhi Tongjian'' () is a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography, published in 1084 AD during the Northern Song (960–1127), Northern Song dynasty in the form of a chronicle recording Chinese history from 403 BC to 959&n ...

''.

Name changes

Throughout Tang history, the names of the examination and legislative bureaus were changed multiple times, and so the designation of ''Tóngzhōngshū Ménxià Sānpǐn'' was frequently changed in response thereof. For example, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, when the legislative bureau was briefly known as the ''Zǐwéishěng'' (紫微省) and the examination bureau the ''Huángménshěng'' (黃門省), the chancellors de facto were known as the ''Tóng Zǐwéi Huángmén Sānpǐn''.'' New Book of Tang'', vol. 62. A lesser designation, with the same powers, was created in 682 during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, and was initially known as the ''Tóng'' ''Zhōngshū Ménxià Píngzhāngshì'' (同中書門下平章事, literally "equivalent to the participators from the ''Zhōngshū'' and the ''Ménxià''"), rendered by Bo as "chancellors de facto second grade." Later in Tang history, after the

Anshi Rebellion The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general off ...

, while the chancellor-de facto designation was not officially abolished, it was no longer in use, as the last chancellor to be designated as such was Li Lin, in 757–758, and the chancellor-de facto-of-second-grade designation became very common'' New Book of Tang'', vol. 63. and was used for the rest of Tang history. Furthermore, after 705,''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 208. the heads of the executive bureau were no longer considered chancellors unless they received the chancellor-de facto designation of either kind.''Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''

'', vol. 45. Throughout the early dynasty until the second reign of Emperor Ruizong in 710, variations of the ''Canyu Chaozheng'' also continued appearing, including ''Canzhi Jiwu'' (參知機務, literally "participator in important matters"), ''Canzhang Jimi'' (參掌機密, literally "participator in national secret matters"), ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事, literally "participator in governance matters"), ''Canmou Zhengshi'' (參謀政事, similarly in meaning to ''Canzhi Zhengshi'') also appeared, which Bo rendered as "chancellors de facto of the third class."

Function

The chancellors periodically met together at the ''Zhengshi Tang'' (政事堂, literally "the Hall of State Matters"), originally physically located within the examination bureau. In 683, when

Pei Yan Pei Yan (裴炎) (died November 30, 684), courtesy name Zilong (子隆), was a Chinese politician during the Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong That dominated by Empress Wu, as well Later alone regency by his ...

, then the head of the examination bureau, became the head of the legislative bureau, the ''Zhengshi Tang'' was moved from the examination bureau to the legislative bureau. Later, during Emperor Xuanzong's reign, when Zhang Shuo became chancellor, he changed the name to ''Zhongshu Menxia'' (中書門下), apparently employing a

double entendre A double entendre (plural double entendres) is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to have a double meaning, of which one is typically obvious, whereas the other often conveys a message that would be too socially ...

, as when the terms were put together, they meant, "within the doors of the ''Zhongshu''."'' New Book of Tang'', vol. 46. Zhang also reorganized the Hall by creating five offices under the chancellors—in charge of civil service, state secrets, military matters, governance, and criminal law, respectively. Later in the dynasty—starting during the reign of Emperor Suzong — the chancellors begin to rotate off-days so that at least one would always be on duty; when submissions were to be made to the emperor, they were signed in the names of all chancellors, whether on duty or not. The name of their meeting place also changed back to ''Zhengshi Tang''.''

'', vol. 225.

List of Tang chancellors

''This list also includes the chancellors during the Wu Zhou dynasty of

Wu Zetian Wu Zetian (17 February 624 – 16 December 705), personal name Wu Zhao, was the ''de facto'' ruler of the Tang dynasty from 665 to 705, ruling first through others and then (from 690) in her own right. From 665 to 690, she was first empres ...

, even though the propriety of considering it as part of the Tang dynasty is disputed. The list does not include people who served as regional governors who were given the titles as honorific titles. The chancellors under the pretenders Li Yun and

Li Yu, Prince of De Li Yu (李裕) (died March 17, 905), né Li You (李祐) (name changed 897), briefly Li Zhen (李縝) (from 900 to 901), formally the Prince of De (德王), was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. He was the oldest son of the ...

are listed, but not the chancellors under the pretender Li Chenghong because, while Li Chenghong was described to have multiple chancellors, only two (Yu Kefeng (于可封) and Huo Huan (霍環)) was named in historical accounts, and Yu and Huo's actual titles were not given in those accounts.''

Heads of the Executive Bureau

The executive bureau had these changes in name: * ''Shangshu Sheng'' (尚書省) (618–662) * ''Zhong Tai'' (中臺) (662–670) * ''Shangshu Sheng'' (670–684) * ''Wenchang Tai'' (文昌臺) (684) * ''Wenchang Dusheng'' (文昌都省) (684–685) * ''Wenchang Dutai'' (文昌都臺) (685–703) * ''Zhong Tai'' (703–705) * ''Shangshu Sheng'' (705–907) Correspondingly, the heads of the executive bureau, considered chancellors from 618 to 705, had these titles during those periods: * ''Shangshu Ling'' (尚書令) (618–626) * ''Shangshu Puye'' (尚書僕射) (618–662) * ''Kuangzheng'' (匡政) (662–670) * ''Shangshu Puye'' (670–684) * ''Wenchang Xiang'' (文昌相) (684–705) * ''Shangshu Puye'' (705–713) * ''Cheng Xiang'' (丞相) (713–742) * ''Shangshu Puye'' (742–907) The men who held the office included (including the ''Shangshu Puye'' during Emperor Gaozu's reign, even though at that time the office was for the deputy heads of the ''Shangshu Sheng''): *

Li Shimin Emperor Taizong of Tang (28January 59810July 649), previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty ...

(as ''Shangshu Ling'' 618–626) * Pei Ji (618–629) *

Xiao Yu Xiao Yu (575 – 19 July 648), courtesy name Shiwen, posthumously known as Duke Zhenbian of Song, was an imperial prince of the Western Liang dynasty who later became an official under the Sui and Tang dynasties. He served as a chancellor dur ...

(623–626, 627) *

Feng Deyi Feng Lun (; 568–627), courtesy name Deyi (), better known as Feng Deyi, formally Duke Miao of Mi, was a Chinese official of the Sui and Tang dynasties who served as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Gaozu of Tang and Emperor Taizong ...

(626–627) *

Zhangsun Wuji Zhangsun Wuji (; died 659), courtesy name Fuji (輔機), formally the Duke of Zhao, was a Chinese politician who served as a chancellor in the early Tang dynasty. He was Empress Zhangsun's brother, which made him a brother-in-law of Emperor Tai ...

(627–628) * Fang Xuanling (629–643, 643–648) *

Du Ruhui Du Ruhui (585–630), courtesy name Keming, posthumously known as Duke Cheng of Lai, was a Chinese official who served as a chancellor under Emperor Taizong in the early Tang dynasty. He and his colleague, Fang Xuanling, were often described a ...

(629) * Li Jing (630–634) * Wen Yanbo (636–637) *

Gao Shilian Gao Jian (576 – February 14, 647), courtesy name Shilian, better known as Gao Shilian, formally Duke Wenxian of Shen (申文獻公), was a Chinese politician of the Tang dynasty. He was the uncle of Empress Zhangsun, Emperor Taizong's wife, an ...

(638–643) *

Li Shiji Li Shiji (594?The ''Old Book of Tang'' indicated that Li Shiji was 75 at the time of his death, while the ''New Book of Tang'' indicated that Li Shiji was 85 at the time of his death. Compare ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 67 with ''New Book of Tang ...

(649–650) *

Zhang Xingcheng Zhang Xingcheng (587 – October 10, 653), courtesy name Deli, posthumously known as Duke Ding of Beiping, was a Chinese official who served as a chancellor during the reigns of the emperors Taizong and Gaozong in the Tang dynasty. Background ...

(651–653) *

Yu Zhining Yu Zhining (于志寧) (588–665), courtesy name Zhongmi (仲謐), formally Duke Ding of Yan (燕定公), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, during the reigns of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong. He had served on the staff of E ...

(651–659) *

Chu Suiliang Chu Suiliang (596–658), courtesy name Dengshan, formally the Duke of Henan, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, and politician who served as a chancellor during the reigns of the emperors Taizong and Gaozong in the Tang dynasty. He became i ...

(653–655) *

Liu Rengui Liu Rengui (劉仁軌) (602 – March 2, 685), courtesy name Zhengze (正則), formally Duke Wenxian of Lecheng (樂城文獻公), was a Chinese military general and politician during the Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of ...

(675–681, 683–685) * Dai Zhide (675–679) *

Su Liangsi Su Liangsi () (606 – February 24, 690), noble title Duke of Wen (溫國公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as Chancellor of the Tang dynasty, chancellor during the reign of Wu Zetian. Background Su Liangsi was born in 606 ...

(686–690) * Wei Daijia (686–689) *

Wu Chengsi Wu Chengsi ( Chinese: 武承嗣; Pinyin: Wǔ Chéngsì) (died July 22, 698), formally Prince Xuan of Wei (魏宣王), was a nephew of the Chinese sovereign Wu Zetian and an imperial prince of the Wu Zhou dynasty. He participated in her planning in ...

(690–692) *

Cen Changqian Cen Changqian (; died November 7, 691), briefly known as Wu Changqian (武長倩) during the reign of Wu Zetian, formally the Duke of Deng (鄧公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Tang dynasty, Tang and Zhou dynasty (690–70 ...

(690–691) * Doulu Qinwang (697–698, 699–700, 705–706Somewhat inconsistent with accounts about ''Shangshu Puye'' not being a chancellor post after 705, Doulu, Tang, and Wei were still referred in the table of chancellors while holding those posts during Emperor Zhongzong's second reign. See ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61.) *

Wang Jishan Wang Jishan (王及善) (618 – August 28, 699), formally Duke Zhen of Xing (邢貞公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during Wu Zetian's ...

(699) After 705, the heads of the executive bureau were no longer considered chancellors unless they received the chancellor-de facto designation. *

Tang Xiujing Tang Xiujing (唐休璟; 627–712), formal name Tang Xuan () but went by the courtesy name of Xiujing, formally Duke Zhong of Song (), was an official and general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancel ...

(705–706) *

Wei Yuanzhong Wei Yuanzhong (魏元忠) (died 707), né Wei Zhenzai (魏真宰), formally Duke Zhen of Qi (齊貞公), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian and her son Em ...

(706–707) *

Li Chengqi Li Chengqi () (679 – January 5, 742), known as Wu Chengqi () during the reign of his grandmother Wu Zetian and as Li Xian () after 716, formally Emperor Rang (, literally, "the emperor who yielded"), was an imperial prince of the Tang Dynasty ...

(710) * Li Kuo (763–764) (as ''Shangshu Ling'') *

Guo Ziyi Guo Ziyi (Kuo Tzu-i; Traditional Chinese: 郭子儀, Simplified Chinese: 郭子仪, Hanyu Pinyin: Guō Zǐyí, Wade-Giles: Kuo1 Tzu3-i2) (697 – July 9, 781), posthumously Prince Zhōngwǔ of Fényáng (), was a Chinese military general and po ...

(764) (as ''Shangshu Ling'') *

Li Maozhen Li Maozhen (; 856 – May 17, 924), born Song Wentong (), courtesy name Zhengchen (), formally Prince Zhongjing of Qin (), was the only ruler of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Qi (901–924). He had become a powerful w ...

(901–903) (as ''Shangshu Ling'')

Heads of the Legislative Bureau

The leiglsative bureau had these changes in name:''

'', vol. 188. * ''Neishi Sheng'' (內史省) (618–620) * ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (中書省) (620–662) * ''Xi Tai'' (西臺) (662–671) * ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (671–684) * ''Feng Ge'' (鳳閣) (684–705) * ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (705–713) * ''Ziwei Sheng'' (紫微省) (713–717) * ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (717–907) Correspondingly, the heads of the legislative bureau had these titles during those periods: * ''Neishi Ling'' (內史令) (618–620) * ''Zhongshu Ling'' (中書令) (620–662) * ''You Xiang'' (右相) (662–671) * ''Zhongshu Ling'' (671–684) * ''Neishi'' (內史) (684–705) * ''Zhongshu Ling'' (705–713) * ''Ziwei Ling'' (紫微令) (713–717) * ''Zhongshu Ling'' (717–742) * ''You Xiang'' (742–757) * ''Zhongshu Ling'' (757–907) The men who held the office included: *

(618–623) *

Dou Wei Dou Wei is a Chinese musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Music Dou Wei is a multi-instrumentalist and produces music across many genres. He first came to prominence as a member of the hard rock group Black Panther (Hei Bao, 黑豹). In ...

(618) *

(620–626) *

Yang Gongren Yang Guan (died 639), courtesy name Gongren, better known as Yang Gongren, formally Duke Xiao of Guan, was a Chinese military general and politician during the Sui and Tang dynasties, at one point serving as a Tang chancellor. Background It ...

(623–626) *

(625–626) * Fang Xuanling (626–629) *

Yuwen Shiji Yuwen Shiji (died 642), courtesy name Renren, formally Duke Zong of Ying, was a Chinese monarch and politician of the Sui and Tang dynasties, serving as a chancellor, as ''Shizhong'' (侍中) (625–626) and ''Zhongshu Ling'' (中書令) (626� ...

(626–627) * Li Jing (628–630) * Wen Yanbo (630–636) *

Yang Shidao Yang Shidao (died 647), courtesy name Jingyou, posthumously known as Duke Yi of Ande, was a Chinese politician who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong in the Tang dynasty. Background It is not known when Yang Shidao was ...

(639–643, 645) *

Cen Wenben Cen Wenben (595 – May 10, 645), courtesy name Jingren, posthumously known as Viscount Xian of Jiangling, was a Chinese official who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong in the Tang dynasty. He was an assistant editor of t ...

(644–645) *

Ma Zhou Ma Zhou (601–648), courtesy name Binwang, formally the Duke of Gaotang (), was a Chinese politician who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong in the Tang dynasty. He was initially a commoner and a guest of the general Chan ...

(644–648) *

(648–649) *

(648–650) *

Gao Jifu Gao Feng (596 – January 16, 654), courtesy name Jifu, better known as Gao Jifu, posthumously known as Duke Xian of Tiao, was a Chinese official who served as a chancellor during the reigns of the emperors Taizong and Gaozong in the Tang dynast ...

(649–651) * Liu Shi (652–654) * Lai Ji (655–657) *

Cui Dunli Cui Dunli (崔敦禮) (596 – August 29, 656 ), né Cui Yuanli (崔元禮), courtesy name Anshang (安上), formally Duke Zhao of Gu'an (固安昭公), was an official, general, and diplomat of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor du ...

(655–656) *

Li Yifu Li Yifu (; 614–666) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician who served as a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of the Emperor Gaozong. He became particularly powerful because of his support for the Emperor Gaozong's second ...

(657–658, 663) * Du Zhenglun (657–658) *

Xu Jingzong Xu Jingzong (592 – September 20, 672), courtesy name Yanzu, posthumously known as Duke Gong of Gaoyang, was a Chinese cartographer, historian, and politician who served as a chancellor in the Tang dynasty. Allied with Emperor Gaozong's power ...

(658–662) *

Liu Xiangdao Liu Xiangdao (劉祥道) (596–666), courtesy name Tongshou (同壽), formally Duke Xuan of Guangping (廣平宣公), was a Chinese politicians of the medieval Chinese Tang Dynasty who served briefly as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaoz ...

(664) * Lu Dunxin (665–666) *

(666–670) *

Yan Liben Yan may refer to: Chinese states * Yan (state) (11th century – 222 BC), a major state in northern China during the Zhou dynasty * Yan (Han dynasty kingdom), first appearing in 206 BC * Yan (Three Kingdoms kingdom), officially claimed indep ...

(668–673) *

Hao Chujun Hao Chujun (; 607–681), formally Duke of Zengshan (甑山公), was an official and general of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He was known for his honesty and willingness to advise Emperor Ga ...

(675–679) *

Li Jingxuan Li Jingxuan (李敬玄) (615–682), formally Duke Wenxian of Zhao (趙文憲公), was a Chinese military general of Tang China, serving as Chancellor of the Tang dynasty during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He was famed for his efficient organiza ...

(676–680) *

Xue Yuanchao Xue Yuanchao (; 622–683), formal name Xue Zhen (薛振) but went by the courtesy name of Yuanchao, formally Baron of Fenyin (汾陰男), was a Chinese politician of the Chinese Tang Dynasty who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor ...

(681–683) *

Cui Zhiwen Cui Zhiwen (崔知溫) (627 – April 27, 683), courtesy name Liren (禮仁), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. Background Cui Zhiwen was born in 627, during the reign of ...

(681–683) *

(683–684) *

Qian Weidao Qian Weidao (騫味道) (died January 11, 689) was a Chinese politician who served twice briefly a chancellor of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the first reign of Emperor Ruizong. Little is known about Qian Weidao's career before his f ...

(684–685) *

Pei Judao Pei Judao (裴居道) (died July 22, 690) was a general and official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the first reign of Emperor Ruizong. Background It is not known when Pei Judao was born, but it is known his family ...

(685–687)The table of chancellors in the ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61, recorded that Pei became ''Neishi'' in 685 and became ''Nayan'' in 686, but then again recorded in 687 that he became ''Nayan''. According to the chronicles of

's reign in the ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 6,, he became ''Neishi'' in 685 and ''Nayan'' in 687. According to the chronicles of

's reign in the ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 4 , he became ''Neishi'' in 686 and ''Nayan'' in 687. *

(686–690) * Xing Wenwei (690) * Doulu Qinwang (693–694) *

Li Zhaode Li Zhaode (李昭德) (died April 28, 697) was a Chinese politician in Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty and at one point served as chancellor. He was known for his abilities and strong will, which eventually led to a conflict with Wu Zetian's secret police ...

(694) *

(697–699) *

Wu Sansi Wu Sansi (died August 7, 707), known posthumously as Prince Xuan of Liang (), was a Chinese prince and politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties. Wu Sansi served as a chancellor and imperial prince during the reign of his aunt, Empress Wu Zetian ...

(698The table of chancellors in the '' New Book of Tang'' had several entries with regard to chancellor movements during Wu Zetian's reign that were considered errant entries (as they were immediately duplicated within other subsequent entries) by both its commentators and

Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the monumental history book ''Zizhi Tongjian''. Sima was ...

, the lead editor of the ''

'', and accordingly, those entries are not considered here. Further, it gave no date for the end of Lu Yuanfang's second stint as chancellor, but the ''Zizhi Tongjian'' did. See ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61.–700) *

Di Renjie Di Renjie (630 – November 11, 700), courtesy name Huaiying (懷英), formally Duke Wenhui of Liang (梁文惠公), was a Chinese politician of Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties, twice serving as chancellor during the reign of Wu Zetian. He was one of ...

(700) * Li Jiao (704, 706–709) *

Yang Zaisi Yang Zaisi (楊再思) (died 709), formally Duke Gong of Zheng (鄭恭公), was a Chinese politician serving several times as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian and her son Emperor Zhongzong. Yang was criticized by traditional historians fo ...

(704–705, 705–709) *

Cui Xuanwei Cui Xuanwei (崔玄暐; 638–706), né Cui Ye (崔曄), formally Prince Wenxian of Boling (博陵文獻王), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian and her ...

(705) *

Yuan Shuji Yuan Shuji (袁恕己) (died 706), formally Prince Zhenlie of Nanyang (南陽貞烈王), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong. He was a key ...

(705) *

Wei Anshi Wei Anshi (; 651–714), formally Duke Wenzhen of Xun (), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as a chancellor several times, during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ru ...

(705–706, 711) *

(705–706) *

Zong Chuke Zong Chuke (宗楚客) (died July 24, 710), courtesy name Shu'ao (叔敖), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her son Emperor Zhongzong, and he ...

(709–710) *

Xiao Zhizhong Xiao Zhizhong (; died July 29, 713?The chronicles of Emperor Xuanzong's reign in the '' Old Book of Tang'' indicated that Xiao, along with Cen Xi, were arrested and beheaded on the same day that Emperor Xuanzong carried out the suppression of Pri ...

(709–710, 710, 713) * Zhong Shaojing (710) *

Wei Sili Wei Sili (韋嗣立; 654–719), courtesy name Yan'gou (延構), formally Duke Xiao of Xiaoyao (逍遙孝公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her ...

(710) *

Yao Chong Yao Chong (; 650 – September 28, 721), né Yao Yuanchong (姚元崇), known 700s–713 by the courtesy name of Yuanzhi (元之), formally Duke Wenxian of Liang (梁文獻公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Wu Zhou ...

(710–711, 713–716) *

Cui Shi Cui Shi (崔湜; 671–713), courtesy name Chenglan (澄瀾), was a Chinese writer and politician. He served as an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian's sons ...

(712–713) * Zhang Shuo (713, 723–726) *

Zhang Jiazhen Zhang Jiazhen (張嘉貞; 666 – September 19, 729), formally Marquess Gongsu of Hedong (河東恭肅侯), was a Chinese military general and politician. He was an official serving under Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty and served as a chancellor of Tan ...

(720–723) *

Xiao Song Xiao Song (; died 749), formally the Duke of Xu (), was a Chinese historian, military general, and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Emperor Xua ...

(729–733) *

Zhang Jiuling Zhang Jiuling () (678 or 673–740), courtesy name Zishou (), nickname Bowu (), formally Count Wenxian of Shixing (), was a prominent minister, noted poet and scholar of the Tang dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. ...

(733–736) *

Li Linfu Li Linfu () (died January 3, 753), nickname Genu (), formally the Duke of Jin (), was a Chinese historian, musician, and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor for 18 years (734–752), during the reign of Emperor Xuanzon ...

(736–752) *

Yang Guozhong Yang Guozhong () (died July 15, 756Volume 218 of ''Zizhi Tongjian'' recorded that Yang was killed on the ''bingshen'' day of the 6th month of the 1st year of the Zhide era of Tang Suzong's reign. This date corresponds to 15 Jul 756 on the Gregori ...

(752–756) * Cui Yuan (757–758) *

Li Fuguo Li Fuguo ( 李輔國; 704 – November 12, 762According to Tang Daizong's biography in the '' Old Book of Tang'', Li was killed at night on the ''dingmao'' day in the 10th month of the 1st year of the Baoying era of Tang Suzong's/Daizong's reign ...

(762) *

Li Huaiguang Li Huaiguang (; 729 – September 19, 785) was a leading general of Mohe extraction of Tang China. He was credited with saving Emperor Dezong in the face of an attack by the rebel Zhu Ci in 783 but, dissatisfied with the lack of trust that Empero ...

(783–784) * Li Sheng (784–793) * Hun Jian (796–799) * Han Hong (819–822) *

Pei Du Pei Du () (765 – April 21, 839), courtesy name Zhongli (), formally Duke Wenzhong of Jin (), was a Chinese politician. He served a government official of the during Tang dynasty, as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong, Emperor Xia ...

(839) *

Bai Minzhong Bai Minzhong (白敏中) (792–861), courtesy name Yonghui (用誨), formally Duke Chou of Taiyuan (太原醜公), was a Chinese politician of the Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xuānzong and Emperor Xuānzong's ...

(860–861) *

Wei Zhaodu Wei Zhaodu (韋昭度) (died June 4, 895Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 260.), courtesy name Zhengji (正紀), formally the Duke of Qi (岐公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serv ...

(888)

Heads of the Examination Bureau

The examination bureau had these changes in name: * ''Menxia Sheng'' (門下省) (618–662) * ''Dong Tai'' (東臺) (662–671) * ''Menxia Sheng'' (671–684) * ''Luan Tai'' (鸞臺) (684–705) * ''Menxia Sheng'' (705–713) * ''Huangmen Sheng'' (黃門省) (713–720) * ''Menxia Sheng'' (720–907) Correspondingly, the heads of the examination bureau had these titles during those periods: * ''Nayan'' (納言) (618–620) * ''Shizhong'' (侍中) (620–662) * ''Zuo Xiang'' (左相) (662–671) * ''Shizhong'' (671–684) * ''Nayan'' (684–705) * ''Shizhong'' (705–713) * ''Huangmen Jian'' (黃門監) (713–720) * ''Shizhong'' (720–742) * ''Zuo Xiang'' (742–757) * ''Shizhong'' (757–907) The men who held the office included: *

Liu Wenjing Liu Wenjing (568–619), courtesy name Zhaoren, formally the Duke of Lu, was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty. He initially served as an official of the Sui dynasty and was one of the driving forces in persuading the general Li Yuan t ...

(618) * Dou Kang (618) * Chen Shuda (618–626) * Pei Ju (624–625) *

(625–626) * Li Yuanji (625–626) *

(626–627) *

(628–629) * Wang Gui (Tang chancellor), Wang Gui (628–633) * Wei Zheng (632–636) *

(636–639) * Liu Ji (Tang chancellor), Liu Ji (644–645) *

(645–648) *

(650–651) *

(651–654) * Yuwen Jie (652–653) *

(653–655) * Han Yuan (655–657) *

(657–658) * Xin Maojiang (658–659) * Xu Yushi (659–662) * Dou Dexuan (664–666) * Jiang Ke (668–672) * Zhang Wenguan (675–678) *

(679–681) *

(681–683) * Liu Jingxian (683–684) * Wang Dezhen (684–685) *

(685–686) * Wei Siqian (686–687) *

(687–690) * Wei Xuantong (687–689) * Zhang Guangfu (689) *

(689–690) * Wu Youning (690–691, 691–692) * Shi Wuzi (690–691) * Zong Qinke (690) * Ouyang Tong (691) * Yao Shu (694–697) * Lou Shide (697–699) *

(698–700) * Li Jiao (703–704) *

(704–705, 709–710) * Jing Hui (705) * Huan Yanfan (705) *

(705) *

(705–707) * Su Gui (706–707) * Wei Juyuan (707–709) * Ji Chuna (707–710) *

(709) * Li Rizhi (711) * Dou Huaizhen (711) * Liu Youqiu (711–712, 713) * Cen Xi (712–713) * Wei Zhigu (713–714) * Lu Huaishen (714–716) * Song Jing (716–720) * Yuan Qianyao (720–729) * Pei Guangting (730–733) * Pei Yaoqing (734–736) * Niu Xianke (738–742) * Li Shizhi (742–746) * Chen Xilie (747–754) * Wei Jiansu (756–757) * Miao Jinqing (757, 757–763) * Wang Jin (Tang dynasty), Wang Jin (764) * Hun Jian (784–796) * Ma Sui (785–795) * Wang Duo (881–882) * Zhu Mei (886) * Zheng Congdang (886–887) *

(887–888) * Xu Yanruo (896–900) * Cui Yin (903–904)

Chancellors de facto

Prior to formalization

* Du Yan (627–628) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政)) * Wei Zheng (629–632 (as ''Canyu Chaozheng''), 636–642 (as ''Canyi Deshi'' (參議得失))) *

(630 (as ''Canyi Chaozheng'' (參議朝政)), 635–636 (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'')) * Dai Zhou (630–633) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng) * Hou Junji (630–632, 632–643) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'') * Li Jing (634) (as ''Pingzhang Zhengshi'' (平章政事)) * Liu Ji (Tang chancellor), Liu Ji (639–644) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事)) *

(642–644) (as ''Zhuandian Jimi'' (專典機密))

Chancellors de facto of the first grade

The office was created in 643. The titles, as modified from time to time to reflect the names in changes of the legislative and examination bureaus, included: * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (同中書門下三品) (643–662) * ''Tong Dong Xi Tai Sanpin'' (同東西臺三品) (662–672) * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (672–684) * ''Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin'' (同鳳閣鸞臺三品) (684–705) * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (705–713) * ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Sanpin'' (同紫微黃門三品) (713–720) * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin'' (720–738) *

(643–646) *

(643–649, 650–670) *

(643–647) *

(649–659) * Yuwen Jie (651–652) * Liu Shi (651–652) *

(651–653) *

(651–659) *

(652–655) * Han Yuan (652–655) * Lai Ji (652–655) * Du Zhenglun (656–657) *

(656) * Xu Yushi (659) * Ren Yaxiang (659–662) *

(659–662, 662–663) * Lu Chengqing (659–660) *

(662–670) * Shangguan Yi (662–665) * Le Yanwei (665) * Sun Chuyue (665) * Jiang Ke (665–668) * Yang Hongwu (667–668) * Dai Zhide (667–675) * Li Anqi (667) * Zhao Renben (667–670) * Zhang Wenguan (669–678) *

(669–670, 670–676) *

(669–679) *

(672–675, 681–683) * Lai Heng (676–678) *

(676–681) * Li Yiyan (676–683) * Gao Zhizhou (676–679) * Zhang Da'an (677–680) * Wang Dezhen (680) *

(680–681) *

(683–686, 690–691) * Guo Daiju (683–684) * Wei Xuantong (683–687) * Wei Hongmin (684) * Liu Yizhi (684–687) *

(684, 685, 690–692, 697) *

(684–685) * Wei Siqian (685–686) *

(685) * Wei Fangzhi (685–690) * Wei Daijia (685–686) *

(686–690) * Wang Benli (689–690) * Wang Xiaojie (694–696) *

(697, 705) * Doulu Qinwang (697–698, 699–700) * Wu Youning (698–699) *

(701–703, 705) * Su Weidao (702–704) * Li Jiongxiu (702–704) *

(702–704) *

(704, 709–710) * Li Jiao (704, 706–707, 709–710) *

(704–705, 710, 713) * Emperor Ruizong of Tang, Li Dan (705) * Zhang Jianzhi (705) *

(705) *

(705, 709) * Zhu Qinming (705–706) *

(705, 711) * Li Huaiyuan (705–706, 706) *

(705, 709–710) * Wei Juyuan (705, 706–707, 709–710) *

(707–709) * Ji Chuna (707) *

(707–709) * Zhang Renyuan (708–710) * Wei Wen (709–710) * Su Gui (709–710) * Zhang Xi (Tang dynasty), Zhang Xi (710) * Pei Tan (8th-century Tang chancellor), Pei Tan (710) * Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Li Longji (710) * Song Jing (710–711) * Wei Zhigu (711–712) *

(711–712, 712–713) * Lu Xiangxian (712–713) * Dou Huaizhen (712, 712–713) * Cen Xi (712) * Liu Youqiu (712, 713) * Guo Yuanzhen (713) * Xue Na (714) * Zhang Shuo (721–723) * Wang Jun (Tang chancellor), Wang Jun (723) *

(734–736) * Niu Xianke (736–738) * Li Lin (757–758)

Chancellors de facto of the second grade

The office was created in 682. The titles, as modified from time to time to reflect the names in changes of the legislative and examination bureaus, included: * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (同中書門下平章事) (682–684) * ''Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi'' (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事) (684–705) * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (705–713) * ''Tong Ziwei Huangmen Pingzhangshi'' (同紫微黃門平章事) (713–720) * ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (720–907) It was often referred to in brief as ''Tong Pingzhangshi'' (同平章事). * Guo Daiju (682–683) *

(682–683) * Guo Zhengyi (682–683) * Wei Xuantong (682–683) * Liu Jingxian (682–683) * Li Jingchen (684) * Shen Junliang (684–685) * Cui Cha (684–685) * Wei Fangzhi (684–685) * Zhang Guangfu (687–689) *

(688) * Wang Benli (688–689) * Fan Lübing (689–690) * Xing Wenwei (689–690) * Fu Youyi (690–691) * Le Sihui (691) * Ren Zhigu (691–692) * Ge Fuyuan (691) * Pei Xingben (691–692) *

(691–692, 697–698) * Yang Zhirou (692) * Li Youdao (692) * Yuan Zhihong (692) * Cui Shenji (692) * Cui Yuanzong (692–694) *

(692–694) * Yao Shu (692) * Li Yuansu (692, 694–696) * Wang Xuan (Second Zhou), Wang Xuan (692) * Lou Shide (693–696, 697) * Wei Juyuan (693–694) * Lu Yuanfang (693–694, 699–700) * Su Weidao (694–694, 698–704) * Wei Shifang (694) *

(694–699) * Du Jingjian (694, 697–698) * Zhou Yunyuan (694–695) * Sun Yuanheng (696–696) * Wang Fangqing (696–698) * Li Daoguang (696–698) *

(697–698, 704) * Doulu Qinwang (697–698, 705–709) *

(698–704) * Li Jiao (698–700, 703) * Ji Xu (699–700) *

(699–701) *

(699) * Zhang Xi (Tang dynasty), Zhang Xi (700–701) *

(700–704) * Li Huaiyuan (701) * Gu Cong (701–702) * Li Jiongxiu (701–702) * Zhu Jingze (703–704) *

(703–705) *

(704–705) * Zhang Jianzhi (704–705) * Fang Rong (704–705) * Wei Chengqing (704–705) *

(705) * Yu Weiqian (706–707) *

(709, 710) * Zhao Yanzhao (709–710) * Zheng Yin (Early Tang), Zheng Yin (709) * Cen Xi (710) * Zhang Jiafu (710) * Guo Yuanzhen (711) * Zhang Shuo (711) * Dou Huaizhen (711) * Lu Xiangxian (711–712) * Lu Huaishen (713–715) * Yuan Qianyao (716, 720) * Su Ting (716–720) *

(720) * Li Yuanhong (Tang chancellor), Li Yuanhong (726–729) * Du Xian (Tang dynasty), Du Xian (726–729) *

(728–729) * Pei Guangting (729–730) * Yuwen Rong (729) *

(733) * Han Xiu (733) * Chen Xilie (746–747) * Wei Jiansu (754–757) * Cui Yuan (756–757) * Fang Guan (756–757) * Pei Mian (756–757, 769) * Cui Huan (756–757) * Li Lin (756–757) * Zhang Gao (757–758) * Miao Jinqing (757) * Wang Yu (chancellor), Wang Yu (758–759) * Lü Yin (759, 759–760) * Li Xian (chancellor), Li Xian (759, 763–764) * Li Kui (chancellor), Li Kui (759–761) * Diwu Qi (759) * Xiao Hua (Tang dynasty), Xiao Hua (761–762) * Pei Zunqing (761–763) * Yuan Zai (762–777) * Liu Yan (Tang dynasty), Liu Yan (763–764) * Wang Jin (Tang dynasty), Wang Jin (764–777) * Du Hongjian (764–769) * Yang Wan (777) * Chang Gun (777–779) * Li Zhongchen (779–784) * Cui Youfu (779–780) * Qiao Lin (779) * Yang Yan (Tang dynasty), Yang Yan (779–781) * Lu Qi (Tang dynasty), Lu Qi (781–783) * Zhang Yi (Tang dynasty), Zhang Yi (781–782) * Guan Bo (782–784) * Xiao Fu (783–784) * Liu Congyi (783–785) * Jiang Gongfu (783–784) * Lu Han (Tang dynasty), Lu Han (784–786) * Li Mian (784–786) * Zhang Yanshang (785, 787) * Liu Zi (786–787) * Cui Zao (786) * Qi Ying (786–787) * Han Huang (786–787) * Liu Hun (787) * Li Mi (chancellor), Li Mi (787–789) * Dou Can (789–792) * Dong Jin (789–793) * Zhao Jing (Tang dynasty), Zhao Jing (792–796) * Lu Zhi (Tang dynasty), Lu Zhi (792–794) * Jia Dan (793–805) * Lu Mai (793–797) * Cui Sun (796–803) * Zhao Zongru (796–798) * Zheng Yuqing (798–800, 805–806) * Qi Kang (official), Qi Kang (800–803) * Du You (803–812) * Gao Ying (803–805) * Zheng Xunyu (803–805) * Wei Zhiyi (805) * Du Huangchang (805–807) * Yuan Zi (805) * Zheng Yin (Middle Tang), Zheng Yin (805–809) * Wu Yuanheng (807, 813–815) * Li Jifu (807–808, 811–814) * Yu Di (808–813) * Pei Ji (Late Tang), Pei Ji (808–810) * Li Fan (Tang dynasty), Li Fan (809–811) * Quan Deyu (810–813) * Li Jiang (born 764), Li Jiang (811–814) * Zhang Hongjing (814–816) * Wei Guanzhi (814–816) *

(815–819, 822, 826–830) * Li Fengji (816–817, 822–826) * Wang Ya (816–818, 833–835) * Cui Qun (817–819) * Li Yong (chancellor), Li Yong (817–818) * Li Yijian (818) * Huangfu Bo (818–820) * Cheng Yi (Tang dynasty), Cheng Yi (818–819) * Linghu Chu (819–820) * Xiao Mian (820–821) * Duan Wenchang (820–821) * Cui Zhi (820–822) * Du Yuanying (821–823) * Wang Bo (chancellor), Wang Bo (821–822, 827–830) * Yuan Zhen (822) * Niu Sengru (823–825, 830–832) * Li Cheng (Tang dynasty), Li Cheng (824–826) * Dou Yizhi (824–828) * Wei Chuhou (826–828) * Lu Sui (828–835) * Li Zongmin (829–833, 834–835) * Song Shenxi (830–831) * Li Deyu (833–834, 840–846) * Jia Su (835) * Li Guyan (835, 836–837) * Shu Yuanyu (835) * Li Zhongyan, Li Xun (835) * Zheng Tan (835–839) * Li Shi (Tang dynasty), Li Shi (835–838) * Chen Yixing (837–839, 841–842) * Yang Sifu (838–840) * Li Jue (Tang dynasty), Li Jue (838–840) * Cui Dan (839–841) * Cui Gong (840–843) * Li Shen (842–844) * Li Rangyi (842–846) * Cui Xuan (843–845, 849–855) * Du Cong (844–845, 861–863) * Li Hui (Tang dynasty) (845–846) * Zheng Su (845–846) *

(846–851) * Lu Shang (846–847) * Cui Yuanshi (847–848) * Wei Cong (847–848) * Ma Zhi (848–849) * Zhou Chi (848–849) * Wei Fu (849–850) * Cui Guicong (850–851) * Linghu Tao (850–859) * Wei Mo (851–857) * Pei Xiu (Tang dynasty), Pei Xiu (852–856) * Zheng Lang (856–857) * Cui Shenyou (856–858) * Xiao Ye (857–859) * Liu Zhuan (858) * Xiahou Zi (858–860, 862–864) * Jiang Shen (858–862) * Du Shenquan (859–863) * Bi Xian (860–863) * Yang Shou (863–866) * Cao Que (863–870) * Xiao Zhi (Tang dynasty), Xiao Zhi (864–865) * Lu Yan (864–871) * Gao Qu (865) * Xu Shang (865–869) * Yu Cong (867–872) * Liu Zhan (869–870, 874) * Wei Baoheng (870–873) * Wang Duo (870–873, 877–879) * Liu Ye (Tang dynasty), Liu Ye (871–874) * Zhao Yin (872–874) * Xiao Fang (873–875) * Pei Tan (9th-century Tang chancellor), Pei Tan (874) * Cui Yanzhao (874–877) * Zheng Tian (874–878, 882–883) * Lu Xi (874–878, 879–880) * Li Wei (Tang dynasty), Li Wei (875–878) * Doulu Zhuan (878–880) * Cui Hang (878–880) * Zheng Congdang (878–880, 883–886) * Wang Hui (Tang dynasty), Wang Hui (880–881) * Pei Che (880–881, 883–887) * Xiao Gou (881–887) * Zheng Changtu (886Zheng Changtu is not listed in the official list of Tang chancellors in the ''New Book of Tang'' because he served under the pretender Li Yun.) *

(881–887, 893–895) * Kong Wei (886–891, 895) * Du Rangneng (886–893) * Zhang Jun (Tang chancellor), Zhang Jun (887–891) * Liu Chongwang (889–892) * Cui Zhaowei (891–895) * Xu Yanruo (891–893, 894–900) * Zheng Yanchang (892–894) * Cui Yin (893–895, 895–896, 896–899, 900–901, 903–904) * Zheng Qi (894) * Li Xi (Tang dynasty), Li Xi (894, 895) * Lu Xisheng (895) * Wang Tuan (895–896, 896–900) * Sun Wo (895–897) * Lu Yi (Tang dynasty), Lu Yi (896, 899–903) * Zhu Pu (896–897) * Cui Yuan (died 905), Cui Yuan (896–900, 904–905) * Pei Zhi (900–903) * Wang Pu (Tang dynasty), Wang Pu (901–903) * Pei Shu (901, 903–905) * Wei Yifan (902, 902) * Su Jian (902–903) * Dugu Sun (903–905) * Liu Can (Tang dynasty), Liu Can (904–905) * Zhang Wenwei (905–907) * Yang She (905–907)

Chancellors de facto of the third grade

The office recurred as variations of the pre-formalization titles, even after formalization of the chancellors de facto offices of the first and second grades, but did not regularly recur after 713. Liu Youqiu, who held the title as ''Zhi Junguo Zhongshi'', was the last person to hold any variation of the title as chancellor as a regular title, although

would hold the title of ''Pingzhang Junguo Zhongshi'' (平章軍國重事) briefly in 830. Toward the end of the dynasty, Li Zhirou was briefly put temporarily in charge of the Office of the Chancellors in 895 with the designation ''Quanzhi Zhongshu Shi'' (權知中書事) and therefore could be regarded as a chancellor as well (and was listed in the table of chancellors in the ''New Book of Tang''); similarly, Lu Guangqi went through two similar titles. * Zhang Liang (Tang dynasty), Zhang Liang (643–646) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'' (參豫朝政)) *

(644–647, 648) (as ''Canyu Chaozheng'') *

(645)Xu Jingzong, Gao Jifu, and Zhang Xingcheng were referred to as ''de facto'' chancellors by the ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 61, but this appeared to be a temporary measure during the Goguryeo campaign with Emperor Taizong out of Tang territory and Li Zhi in charge temporarily. Xu, Gao, Zhang (each of whom would be later made chancellor) were not again referred to as chancellors until they were made chancellors after Emperor Taizong's death, even though they were not explicitly removed. (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'' (同掌機務)) *

(645) (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'') *

(645) (as ''Tongzhang Jiwu'') * Cui Renshi (648) (as ''Canzhi Jiwu'' (參知機務)) *

(655–657) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'' (參知政事)) * Lu Chengqing (659) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'') * Le Yanwei (665) (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhengshi'' (知軍國政事)) * Sun Chuyue (665) (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhengshi'') *

(665–666) (as ''Zhi Zhengshi'' (知政事)) * Zhang Wenguan (667–669) (as ''Canzhi Zhengshi'') * Emperor Ruizong of Tang, Li Dan (710) (as ''Canmou Zhengshi'' (參謀政事)) * Liu Youqiu (710–711 (as ''Canyu Jiwu'' (參豫機務)), 713 (as ''Zhi Junguo Zhongshi'' (知軍國重事))) * Zhong Shaojing (710) (as ''Canyu Jiwu'') * Xue Ji (710) (as ''Canyu Jiwu'') * Cui Riyong (710) (as ''Canyu Jiwu'') * Dou Huaizhen (712) (as ''Junguo Zhongshi Yigong Pingzhang'' (軍國重事宜共平章)) *

(830) (as ''Pingzhang Junguo Zhongshi'') * Li Zhirou (895) as ''Quanzhi Zhongshu Shi'' (權知中書事) * Lu Guangqi (901 (as ''Quanju Dang Zhongshu Shi'' (權句當中書事)), 901–902 (as ''Canzhi Jiwu''))

References

Generally

* ''Old Book of Tang'', vols
42
* '' New Book of Tang'', vols
46
6

https://web.archive.org/web/20120518034021/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form01.htm]
62
* '' Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''

'', vol. 45, pp. 217–269. * Bo Yang, ''Outlines of the History of the Chinese'' (中國人史綱), vol. 2, pp. 499–503.

Specifically

{{Tang dynasty topics Tang dynasty chancellors, *

Origins

Organization

Early history

Name changes

Function

List of Tang chancellors

Heads of the Executive Bureau

Heads of the Legislative Bureau

Heads of the Examination Bureau

Chancellors de facto

Prior to formalization

Chancellors de facto of the first grade

Chancellors de facto of the second grade

Chancellors de facto of the third grade

See also

References

Generally

Specifically