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Chagatai Khan ( Mongolian: ''; Čaɣatay''; mn, Цагадай, translit=Tsagadai; chg, , ''Čaġatāy''; ug, چاغاتاي خان, ''Chaghatay-Xan''; zh, 察合台, ''Chágětái''; fa, , ''Joghatây''; 22 December 1183 – 1 July 1242) was the second son of Genghis Khan and Börte. He inherited most of what are now five
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...
n states after the death of his father. He was also appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the execution of the Yassa, the written code of law created by Genghis Khan.


Under Genghis Khan

Very little is known about Chagatai's earlier life. He was the second son of Genghis Khan and Börte. Chagatai was considered hot-headed and somewhat temperamental by his relatives, because of his attitude of non-acceptance of Jochi as a full-brother. He was the most vocal about this issue among his relations. He was assigned 4 mingghans (led by Qarachar of
Barlas The Barlas ( mn, Barulās, script=Latn;Grupper, S. M. ‘A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins.’ Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97 Chagatay/ ...
, Kököchü of Baarin, Müge of Jalairs and Idiqudai Noyan) and an appanage around Altai Mountains in 1206 by his father. He joined the invasion of Jin Empire in 1211 with Jochi and Ögedei, capturing several cities and invading Shaanxi and
Henan Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is a ...
in 1213, also plundering Yanggu. Later Chagatai appeared at campaign against Khwarazmian Empire with his father and brothers, capturing Otrar in 1218, Samarkand in 1220, Urgench in March-April 1221. The Urgench campaign was noticeably harder because Chagatai and Jochi failed to co-operate. After this incident Ögedei was appointed commander of the besieging forces and Chagatai was given task of maintaining communication between Mongol forces with building bridges and restoring roads. He returned to his father's side during his siege of
Talaqan Taloqan (Persian, also transcribed Taleqan or Taluqan) is the capital of Takhar Province, in northeastern Afghanistan. It is located in the Taluqan District. The population was estimated as 196,400 in 2006. In 2021, the Taliban gained contro ...
. Chagatai was greatly affected when his son Mutukan was killed during the siege of Bamiyan in 1221. He was present at the battle where Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu was defeated near the Indus River. He later commanded the rear guard during conquest of Western Xia.


During reign of Ögedei and Töregene

Chagatai succeeded Genghis Khan in his domains in what came to be known as Chagatai Khanate in 1227 with its capital in Almaliq city, in the valley of the Upper Ili, near the site of the present Kulja, and consequently in the extreme east of his dominion. According to Edward Ross, "his reason for fixing it in that remote position, instead of at Bukhara or Samarkand, was probably one of necessity. His Mongol tribesmen and followers—the mainstay of his power—were passionately fond of the life of the steppes." As the eldest surviving son and head of the house, he was present at the enthronement ceremony of Ögedei on 13 September 1229 and supported his reign. Ögedei in his turn sent Güyük as Chagatai's ward. Although Rashidaddin claimed that Chagatai died shortly before Ögedei, Juvayni told of further activities of Chagatai, such as strong support to regency of Töregene. However, he soon died.


Administration

His known viziers include Vajir, Baha al-Din Marghinani and Habash Amid. Vajir was described as Turkish, Uyghur and Khitan by different authors. He was employed by Qushuq Noyan from Jalayir tribe to court of Chagatai. Having written a book about history of Mongol Empire, he was regarded highly by Chagatai. He even let him to execute one of his daughters-in-law in charges of adultery. After Chagatai's death, Vajir was executed for treason alongside Chagatai's physician Majd al-Din, since his widow Yesülün charged them with poisoning of Chagatai. Habash Amid was a
Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
Khwarazmian from Otrar and a secretary originally. He was assigned to Chagatai in 1218 and survived the purge thanks to his support for
Qara Hülegü Qara Hülegü (died 1252) was head of the ''ulus'' of the Chagatai Khanate (1242 - 1246, 1252). He was the son of Mö'etüken (killed during the 1221 siege of Bamiyan), favored son of Chagatai Khan. He was nominated by Chagatai Khan, as well ...
. Baha al-Din Marghinani also survived Chagatai, being a friend of his son
Yesü Möngke Yesü Möngke (, died 1252) was head of the ''ulus'' of the Chagatai Khanate (1246 or 1247-1252). Biography He was the fifth son of Chagatai Khan and Yesülün Khatun. In or around 1246, he was appointed as khan of the Chagatai Khanate by his ...
although he was purged later.


Family

Chagatai had two principal wives along other wives and concubines: * Yesülün Khatun — daughter of Qata Noyan of Khongirads (cousin of Börte) *# Mutukan — killed during siege of Bamyan in 1221 *## Baiju *##
Büri Büri ( -, , , d.1252) was a son of Mutukan and a grandson of Chagatai Khan. Life Under Ögedei According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Büri's mother was a wife of Chagatai Khan's slave. She was a beauty and Mutukan was attracted by her while ...
(d. 1252) — a commander in Mongol invasion of Europe *## Yesünto'a *##
Qara Hülegü Qara Hülegü (died 1252) was head of the ''ulus'' of the Chagatai Khanate (1242 - 1246, 1252). He was the son of Mö'etüken (killed during the 1221 siege of Bamiyan), favored son of Chagatai Khan. He was nominated by Chagatai Khan, as well ...
(b. before 1221) — khan (1242-1246; 1252) *# Belgeshi (c.1209 - c.1222) — died shortly after Mutukan *#
Yesü Möngke Yesü Möngke (, died 1252) was head of the ''ulus'' of the Chagatai Khanate (1246 or 1247-1252). Biography He was the fifth son of Chagatai Khan and Yesülün Khatun. In or around 1246, he was appointed as khan of the Chagatai Khanate by his ...
— khan (1246–1252) * Tögen Khatun — sister of Yesülün Khatun * Sevinch Khatun — daughter of
Buraq Hajib Buraq Hajib, also spelt Baraq Hajib (died 1234), Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. . was a Khitan who founded the Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty in the southern Persian province of Kirman t ...
*
Ebuskun Ebuskun served as regent for the Central Asian Mongol Empire from 1242 until 1246 during the minority of her son Qara Hülëgü. She was the spouse of Mütügen, eldest son of Jagatai and grandson of Jenghiz Khan. She became a widow in 1221. Wh ...
— only attested in Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat's ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'', probably same as Yesülün * Children by concubines *# Mochi Yebe — eldest son, wasn't given high regard by Chagatai, son-in-law of
Batu Khan Batu Khan ( – 1255),, ''Bat haan'', tt-Cyrl, Бату хан; ; russian: хан Баты́й was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus a grandson of Genghis K ...
, controlled territory on the left bank of the
Dnieper } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine an ...
*#* TekuderIlkhanate commander in Georgia *#* Ahmad — a commander under Baraq *#* Tekshi — he had a son called Tabudughar and grandson: Toghan, Hoqolqu, Qoriqtai and Qutluq-Temür. *#* Nom-Quli *#* Bük-Buqa *#* Temüder *#* Qotan *#* Cheche *#* Chichektü — had sons: Shadban and Qushman *#* Ishal — had sons: Qan Buqa and Uladai *#* Toghan — had sons: Qoriqtai, Bük-Buqa, Nom-Quli *# Sarban *## Qushiqi — Commander in Mongol conquest of Song China *##
Negübei Negübei was a khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1271–1272?). He was the son of Sarban. In 1271 Negübei was appointed by Kaidu as head of the Chagatai Khanate. A year after his enthronement, however, he rebelled against his master, possibly i ...
— khan (1271-1272) *# Baidar — A commander in Mongol invasion of Europe *## Alghu — khan (1260-1265) *# Baiju *## Mochi (c.1279) — commander of Qara'unas *### Abdullah (c.1279-1298) — commander of Qara'unas


Legacy

According to Rashidaddin, he was a just and competent ruler. Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani also considered him to be dignified and open hearted. Muslims viewed Chagatai Khan with negativity and hostility because Chagatai Khan strictly enforced Mongol Yasa law against Islamic Shariah law banning Halal animal slaughter and Islamic prayer ritual ablution as well as the Islamic legal system. The Chagatai language takes its name from him, as well as people surnamed
Chughtai The Chughtai Moghols or Chughtai Mughals ( chg, Çağatay Moghul, ur, ) are descendants and followers of Chaghtai Khan (the second son of Genghis Khan and the founder of Chaghtai Khanate) in South Asia (modern-day Pakistan). They migrated to th ...
, city of
Joghatai Joghatai ( fa, جغتائ, also Romanized as Joghatāy and Jaghatāi) is a city and capital of Joghatai County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. It is named after Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan ''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡ ...
in
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
and Ciğatay village in Azerbaijan.


Ancestry


References


Sources

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Chagatai Khan 1183 births 1242 deaths Chagatai khans 13th-century monarchs in Asia Founding monarchs Sons of emperors