Celtiberian Language

Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in the Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labeled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in Latin). In the northwest was another Celtic language, Gallaecian (also known as Northwestern Hispano-Celtic), that was closely related to Celtiberian.

Overview

Enough is preserved to show that the Celtiberian language could be Q-Celtic (like Goidelic), and not P-Celtic like Gaulish or Brittonic.

Celtiberian and Gaulish are grouped together as Continental Celtic languages, but this grouping is paraphyletic: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from Insular Celtic.

Celtiberian has a fully inflected relative pronoun ''ios'' (as does, for instance, Ancient Greek), not preserved in other Celtic languages, and the particles -kue 'and' < *''kʷe'' (cf. Latin ''-que'', Attic Greek ''te''), nekue 'nor' < *''ne-kʷe'' (cf. Latin ''neque''), ekue 'also, as well' < *''h₂et(i)-kʷe'' (cf. Lat. ''atque'', Gaulish ''ate'', OIr. ''aith'' 'again'), ''ve'' "or" (cf. Latin enclitic ''-ve'' and Attic Greek ''ē'' < Proto-Greek ''*ē-we''). As in Welsh, there is an ''s''- subjunctive, ''gabiseti'' "he shall take" (Old Irish ''gabid''), ''robiseti'', ''auseti''. Compare Umbrian ''ferest'' "he/she/it shall make" or Ancient Greek ''deiksēi'' (aorist subj.) / ''deiksei'' (future ind.) "(that) he/she/it shall show".

Phonology

Celtiberian was a Celtic language that shows the characteristic sound changes of Celtic languages such as:

PIE Consonants

* PIE *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ > b, d, g: Loss of Proto-Indo-European voiced aspiration.
**Celtiberian and Gaulish placename element -brigā 'hill, town, akro-polis' < *''bʰr̥ǵʰ-eh₂'';
**nebintor 'they are watered' < *''nebʰ-i-nt-or'';
**dinbituz 'he must build' < *''dʰingʰ-bī-tōd'', ambi-dingounei 'to build around > to enclose' < *''h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-o-mn-ei'' (cf. Latin ''fingō'' 'to build, shape' < *''dʰingʰ-o'', Old Irish ''cunutgim'' 'erect, build up' < *''kom-ups-dʰingʰ-o''), ambi-diseti '(that someone) builds around > enclose' < *''h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti''.
**gortika 'mandatory, required' < *''gʰor-ti-ka'' (cfr. Latin ''ex-horto'' 'exhort' < *''ex-gʰor-to'');
**duatir 'daughter' < *''dʰugh₂tēr'', duateros 'grandson, son of the daughter' (Common Celtic ''duxtir'');
**bezom 'mine' < *''bʰedʰ-yo'' 'that is pierced'.
* PIE *kʷ: Celtiberian preserved the PIE voiceless labiovelar ''kʷ'' (hence Q-Celtic), a development also observed in Archaic Irish and Latin. On the contrary Brythonic or P-Celtic (as well as some dialects of Ancient Greek and some Italic branches like P-Italic) changed ''kʷ'' to ''p''. -kue 'and' < *''kʷe'', Latin ''-que'', Osco-Umbrian ''-pe'' 'and', ''neip'' 'and not, neither' < *''ne-kʷe''.
* PIE *ḱw > ku: ekuo ''horse'' (in ethnic name ''ekualakos'') < *''h₁eḱw-ālo'' (cf. Middle Welsh ''ebawl'' 'foal' < *''epālo'', Latin ''equus'' 'horse', OIr. ''ech'' 'horse' < *eko´- < *''h₁eḱwo-'', OBret. ''eb'' < *''epo-'' < *''h₁eḱwo-'');
**kū 'dog' < *''kuu'' < *''kwōn'', in Virokū, 'hound-man, male hound/wolf, werewolf' (cfr. Old Irish ''Ferchú'' < *Virokū, Old Welsh ''Gurcí'' < *Virokū 'idem.'.
* PIE *gʷ > b: bindis 'legal agent' < *''gʷiHm-diks'' (cfr. Latin ''vindex'' 'defender');
**bovitos 'cow passage' < *''gʷow-(e)ito'' (cfr. OIr ''bòthar'' 'cow passage' < *gʷow-(e)itro), and boustom 'cowshed' < *''gʷow-sto''.
* PIE *gʷʰ > gu: guezonto < *''gʷʰedʰ-y-ont'' 'imploring, pleading'. Common Celtic *''guedyo'' 'ask, plead, pray', OIr. ''guidid'', W. ''gweddi''.
* PIE *p > *φ > ∅: Loss of PIE *', e.g. ' (Celtiberian, Old Irish and Old Breton) vs. Latin ' and Sanskrit '. ozas sues acc. pl. fem. 'six feet, unit of measure' (< *''φodians'' < *''pod-y-ans'' *''sweks'');
**aila 'stone building' < *''pl̥-ya'' (cfr. OIr. ''ail'' 'boulder');
**vamos 'higher' < *''uφamos'' < *''up-m̥os'';
**vrantiom 'remainder, rest' < *''uper-n̥tiyo'' (cfr. Latin ''(s)uperans'').
**Toponym Litania now Ledaña 'broad place' < *''pl̥th₂-ny-a''.

Consonant clusters

* PIE *mn > un: as in Lepontic, Brittonic and Gaulish, but not Old Irish and seemingly not Galatian. Kouneso 'neighbour' < *''kom-ness-o'' < *''Kom-nedʰ-to'' (cf. OIr. ''comnessam'' 'neighbour' < *''Kom-nedʰ-t-m̥o'').
* PIE *pn > un: Klounia < *''kleun-y-a'' < *''kleup-ni'' 'meadow' (Cfr. OIr. ''clúain'' 'meadow' < *''klouni''). However, in Latin *''pn'' > mn: ''damnum'' 'damage' < *''dHp-no''.
* PIE *nm > lm: Only in Celtiberian. melmu < *''men-mōn'' 'intelligence', Melmanzos 'gifted with mind' < *''men-mn̥-tyo'' (Cfr. OIr. ''menme'' 'mind' < *''men-mn̥''. Also occurs in modern Spanish: ''alma'' 'soul' < *''anma'' < Lat. ''anima'', Asturian ''galmu'' 'step' < Celtic *''kang-mu''.
* PIE *ps > *ss / s: usabituz 'he must excavate (lit. up/over-dig)' < *''ups-ad-bʰiH-tōd'', Useizu * < *''useziu'' < *''ups-ed-yō'' 'highest'. The ethnic name ''contestani'' in Latin (''contesikum'' in native language), recall the proper name Komteso 'warm-hearted, friendly' (< *''kom-tep-so'', cf. OIr. ''tess'' 'warm' > *''tep-so''). In Latin epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: Usseiticum 'of the Usseitici' < *''Usseito'' < *''upse-tyo''. However, in Gaulish and Brittonic *ps > *x (cf. Gaulish ''Uxama'', MW. ''uchel'', 'one six').
* PIE *pt > *tt / t: setantu 'seventh' (< *''septm_o-to''). However, in Gaulish and Insular Celtic *pt > x: ''sextameto'' 'seventh', Old Irish ''sechtmad'' (< *''septm_o-e-to'').
* PIE *gs > *ks > *ss / s: sues 'six' < *''sweks'';
**Desobriga 'south/right city' (Celts oriented looking east) < *''dekso-*bʰr̥ǵʰa''; **Nertobris 'strength town' < *''h₂ner-to-*bʰr̥ǵʰs'';
**es- 'out of, not' < *''eks'' < *''h₁eǵʰs'' (cf. Lat. ''ex-'', Common Celtic ''exs-'', OIr. ''ess-''). In Latin epigraphy that sound its transcript with geminated: Suessatium < *''sweks''- 'the sixth city' (cfr. Latin ''Sextantium'')
**Dessicae < *''deks-ika''. However, in Gaulish *ks > *x: ''Dexivates''.
* PIE *gt > *kt > *tt / t: ditas 'constructions, buildings' < *''dʰigʰ-tas'' (= Latin ''fictas'');
**loutu 'load' < *''louttu'' < *''louktu'' < *''leugʰ-tu'';
**litom 'it is permitted', ne-litom 'it is not permitted' (< *''l(e)ik-to'', cf. Latin ''licitum'' < *''lik-e-to''). But Common Celtic *kt > *xt: ''luxtu'' < *''louktu'' < *''leugʰ-tu'', OIr. ''lucht''.
**Celtiberian Retugenos 'right born, lawful' < *''h₃reg-tō-genos'', Gaulish ''Rextugenos''. In Latin epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: Britto 'noble' < *''brikto'' < *''bʰr̥ǵʰ-to''.
**Bruttius 'fruitful' < *''bruktio'' < *''bʰruHǵ-t-y-o'' (cfr. Latin ''Fructuosus'' 'profitable').
* PIE *st > *st: against Gaulish, Irish and Welsh (where the change was *st > ss) preservation of the PIE cluster *st. Gustunos 'excellent' < *gustu 'excellence' < *''gus-tu''. Old Irish ''gussu'' 'excellence' (cfr. ''Fergus'' < *''viro-gussu''), Gaulish ''gussu'' ( Lezoux Plate, line 7).

Vowels

* PIE *e, *h₁e > e: Togoitei eni 'in Togotis' < *''h₁en-i'' (cf. Lat. ''in'', OIr. ''in'' 'into, in'), somei eni touzei 'inside of this territory', es- 'out of, not' < *''eks'' < *''h₁eǵʰs'' (cf. Lat. ''ex-'', Common Celtic ''exs-'', OIr. ''ess-''), esankios 'not enclosed, open' lit. 'unfenced' < *''h₁eǵʰs-*h₂enk-yos'', treba 'settlement, town', Kontrebia 'conventus, capital' < *''kom-treb-ya'' (cf. OIr. ''treb'', W. ''tref'' 'settlement'), ekuo ''horse'' < *''h₁ekw-os'', ekualo 'horseman'.
* PIE *h₂e > a: ankios 'fenced, enclosed' < *''h₂enk-yos'', Ablu 'strong' < *''h₂ep-lō'' 'strength', augu 'valid, firm' < *''h₂ewg-u'', adj. 'strong, firm, valid'.
* PIE *o, *Ho > o: olzui (dat.sing.) 'for the last' (< *''olzo'' 'last' < *''h₂ol-tyo'', cf. Lat. ''ultimus'' < *''h₂ol-t-m̥o''. OIr. ''ollam'' 'master poet' < *''oltamo'' < *''h₂ol-t-m̥''), okris 'mountain' (< *''h₂ok-r-i'', cf. Lat. ''ocris'' 'mountain', OIr. ''ochair'' 'edge' < *''h₂ok-r-i''), monima 'memory' (< *''monī-mā'' < *''mon-eye-mā'').
* PIE *eh₁ > ē > ī?. This Celtic reflex isn't well attested in Celtiberian. e.g. IE ''^*h₃rg^'-s'' meaning "king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian ''-reiKis'', Gaulish ''-rix'', British ''rix'', Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton ''ri'' meaning "king". In any case, the maintenance of PIE ē = ē is well attested in dekez 'he did' < *''deked'' < *''dʰeh₁k-et'', identical to Latin ''fecit''.
* PIE *eh₂ > ā: dāunei 'to burn' < *''deh₂u-nei'' (Old Irish ''dóud, dód'' 'burn' < *''deh₂u-to-''), silabur sāzom 'enough money, a considerable amount of money' (< *''sātio'' < *''she₂t-yo'', Common Celtic ''sāti'' 'sufficiency', OIr. ''sáith''), kār 'friendship' (< *''keh₂r'', cf. Lat. ''cārus'' 'dear' < *''keh₂r-os'', Irish ''cara'' 'friend', W. ''caru'' 'love' < *''kh₂r-os'').
* PIE *eh₃, *oH > a/u: Celtic ' in final syllables and ' in non-final syllables, e.g. IE ''^*dh₃-td'' to Celtiberian datuz meaning 'he must give'. dama 'sentence' < *''dʰoh₁m-eh₂'' 'put, dispose' (cfr. Old Irish ''dán'' 'gift, skill, poem', Germanic dōma < *''dʰoh₁m-o'' 'verdict, sentence').
* PIE *Hw- > w-: uta 'conj. and, prep. besides' (< *''h₂w-ta'', 'or, and', cfr, Umb. ''ute'' 'or', Lat. ''aut'' 'or' (< *''h₂ew-ti'').

Syllabic resonants and laryngeals

* PIE *n̥ > an / *m̥ > am: arganto 'silver' < *''h₂r̥gn̥to'' (cf. OIr. ''argat'' and Latin ''argentum''). kamanom 'path, way' *''kanmano'' < *''kn̥gs-mn̥-o'' (cf. OIr. ''céimm'', OW. ''cemmein'' 'step'), decameta 'tithe' < *''dekm̥-et-a'' (cf. Gaulish ''decametos'' 'tenth', Old Irish ''dechmad'' 'tenth'), dekam 'ten' (cf. Lat. ''decem'', Common Celtic ''dekam'', OIr. ''deich'' < *''dekm̥''), novantutas 'the nine tribes', novan 'nine' < *''h₁newn̥'' (cf. Lat. ''novem'', Common Celtic ''novan'', OW. ''nauou'' < *''h₁newn̥''), ās 'we, us' (< *''ans'' < *''n̥s'', Old Irish ''sinni'' < *''sisni'', *''snisni'' 'we, us', cf. German ''uns'' < *''n̥s''), trikanta < *''tri-kn̥g-ta'', lit. 'three horns, three boundaries' > 'civil parish, shire' (modern Spanish Tres Cantos.
* Like Common Celtic and Italic (SCHRIJVER 1991: 415, McCONE 1996: 51 and SCHUMACHER 2004: 135), PIE *CHC > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): datuz < *''dh₃-tōd'', dakot 'they put' < *''dʰh₁k-ont'', matus 'propitious days' < *''mh₂-tu'' (Latin ''mānus'' 'good' < *''meh₂-no'', Old Irish ''maith'' 'good' < *''mh₂-ti'').
* PIE *CCH > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): Magilo 'prince' (< *''mgh₂-i-lo'', cf. OIr. ''mál'' 'prince' < *''mgh₂-lo'').
* PIE *r̥R > arR and *l̥R > alR (R = resonant): arznā 'part, share' < ''*φarsna'' < *''parsna'' < *''pr̥s-nh₂''. Common Celtic ''*φrasna'' < *''prasna'' < *''pr̥s-nh₂'', cf. Old Irish ''ernáil'' 'part, share'.
* PIE *r̥P > riP and *l̥P > liP (P = plosive): briganti PiRiKanTi < *''bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥ti''. silabur konsklitom 'silver coined' < *''kom-skl̥-to'' 'to cut'.
* PIE *Cr̥HV > CarV and *Cl̥HV > CalV: sailo 'dung, slurry' *''salyo'' < *''sl̥H-yo'' (cf. Lat. ''saliva'' < *''sl̥H-iwa'', OIr. ''sal'' 'dirt' < *''sl̥H-a''), aila 'stone building' < *''pl̥-ya'' (cf. OIr. ''ail'' 'boulder'), are- 'first, before' (Old Irish ''ar'' 'for', Gaulish ''are'' 'in front of', < *''pr̥h₂i''. Lat. ''prae-'' 'before' < *''preh₂i'').
* Like Common Celtic (JOSEPH 1982: 51 and ZAIR 2012: 37), PIE *HR̥C > aRC (H = any laringeal, R̥ any syllabic resonant, C = any consonant): arganto 'silver' < *''h₂r̥gn̥to'', not **''riganto''.

Exclusive developments

* Affrication of the PIE groups -*dy-, -*dʰy-. -*ty- > z/th (/θ/) located between vowels and of -*d, -*dʰ > z/th (/θ/) at the end of the word: adiza 'duty' < *''adittia'' < *''h₂ed-d(e)ik-t-ya''; Useizu 'highest' < *''ups-ed-yō''; touzu 'territory' < *''teut-yō''; rouzu 'red' < *''reudʰy-ō''; olzo 'last' < *''h₂ol-tyo''; ozas 'feet' < *''pod-y-ans''; datuz < *''dh₃-tōd''; louzu 'free' (in: LOUZOKUM, MLH IV, K.1.1.) < *''h₁leudʰy-ō'' (cf. Oscan ''loufir'' 'free man', Russian ''ljúdi'' 'men, people'.

Morphology

Noun cases

* ''arznā'' 'part, share' < *parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂. Common Celtic ''*φrasna'' < *prasna
* ''veizos'' 'witness' < *weidʰ-yo < *weidʰ- 'perceive,see' / ''vamos'' 'higher' < *up-m̥os
* ''gentis'' 'son, descendance' < *gen-ti. Common Celtic *genos 'family'
* ''loutu'' 'load' < *louttu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu. Common Celtic ''luxtu'' < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu (oir. ''lucht'').
* ''duater'' 'daughter' < *dʰugh₂tēr. Common Celtic ''duxtir''.

There is also a potential Vocative case, however this is very poorly attested, with only an ambiguous -e ending for o-stem nouns being cited in literature.

Demonstrative pronouns

Sample texts

* First Botorrita plaque side A, Botorrita, Saragossa. (K.01.01.A).

Image:Botorrita 1.jpg, First Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza).
Image:Zaragoza - Museo - Grafito 01.jpg, Another Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza).

: soz augu arestalo damai
: ''all this (is) valid by order of the competent authority''
: 'all this' ''soz'' (< *sod) 'final, valid' ''augo'' (< *h₂eug-os 'strong, valid', cf. Latin ''augustus'' 'solemn').
: 'of the competent authority' ''arestalos'' (< *pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo 'competent authority' < *pr̥Hi-sto 'what is first, authority', gen. sing.)
: 'by order' ''damai'' (< *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'stablishing, dispose', instrumental fem. sing.).
:(Translation: Prosper 2006)

: saum dekametinas datuz somei eni touzei iste ankios iste es-ankios
:''of these, he will give the tax inside of this territory, so be fenced as be unfenced''

: 'of these' (''saum'' < *sa-ōm) 'the tithes, the tax' (''dekametinas'')
: 'he will pay, will give' (''datuz'') 'inside, in' (''eni'' < *h₁en-i)
: 'of this' (''somei'' loc. sing. < *so-sm-ei 'from this')
: 'territory' (''touzei'' loc. sing. < *''touzom'' 'territory' < *tewt-yo)
: 'so (be) fenced' ''iste ankios'' 'as (be) unfenced' ''iste es-ankios''
:(Transcription Jordán 2004)

:togoitei ios vramtiom-ve auzeti aratim-ve dekametam datuz

:''In Togotis, he who draws water either for the green or for the farmland, the tithe (of their yield) he shall give''
:(Translation: De Bernardo 2007)

* Great inscription from Peñalba de Villastar, Teruel. (K.03.03).
:eni Orosei
:uta Tigino tiatunei
:erecaias to Luguei
:araianom komeimu
:eni Orosei Ekuoisui-kue
:okris olokas togias sistat Luguei tiaso
:togias

:eni Orosei uta Tigino tiatunei erecaias to Luguei araianom comeimu eni Orosei Ekuoisui-kue okris olokas togias sistat Luguei
:''in Orosis and the surroundings of Tigino river, we dedicate the fields to Lugus. In Orosis and Equeiso the hills, the vegetable gardens and the houses are dedicated to Lugus''

:'in' ''eni'' (< *h₁en-i) 'Orosis' ''Orosei'' (loc. sing. *oros-ei)
:'and' ''uta''(conj. cop.) 'of Tigino (river)' (gen. sing. *tigin-o) 'in the surroundings' (loc. sing. *tiatoun-ei < *to-yh₂eto-mn-ei)
:'the furrows > the land cultivated' ''erekaiās'' < *perka-i-ans acc. pl. fem.) 'to Lugus' ''to Luguei''
: araianom (may be a verbal complement: properly, totally, *pare-yanom, cfr. welsh ''iawn'') 'we dedicate' ''komeimu'' (< *komeimuz < *kom-ei-mos-i, present 3 p.pl.)
:'in' ''eni'' 'Orosis' (''Orosei'' loc. sing.) 'in Ekuoisu' (''Ekuoisui'' loc. sing.) '-and' (''-kue'' <*-kʷe)
: 'the hills' (''okris'' < *h₂ok-r-eyes. nom. pl.) 'the vegetable gardens' (''olokas'' < *olkās < *polk-eh₂-s, nom. pl.) '(and) the roofs > houses' (''togias'' < tog-ya-s, nom. pl.)
:'are they (dedicated)' ''sistat'' (< *sistant < *si-sth₂-nti, 3 p.pl.) 'to Lug' (''Lugue-i'' dat.)
:(Transcription: Meid 1994, Translation: Prosper 2002Prósper, Blanca M. 2002: «La gran inscripción rupestre celtibérica de Peñalba de
Villastar. Una nueva interpretación», Palaeohispanica 2, pp. 213-226.)

* Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo, Teruel.
:kelaunikui
:derkininei : es
:kenim : dures : lau
:ni : olzui : obakai
:eskenim : dures
:useizunos : gorzo
:nei : lutorikum : ei
:subos : adizai : ekue : kar
:tinokum : ekue : lankikum
:ekue : tirtokum : silabur
:sazom : ibos : esatui

:Lutorikum eisubos adizai ekue Kartinokum ekue Lankikum ekue Tirtokum silabur sazom ibos esatui (datuz)
: ''for those of the Lutorici included in the duty, and also of the Cartinoci, of the Lancici and of the Tritoci, must give enough money to settle the debt with them.''

: 'for those included ' (''eisubos'' < *h₁epi-s-o-bʰos)
: 'of the Lutorici' (''lutorikum'' gen. masc. pl.)
: 'and also' (''ekue'' <*h₂et(i)kʷe) 'of the Cartinoci' (''kartinokum'')
: 'and also' (''ekue'') 'of the Lancici' (''lankikum'') 'and also' (''ekue'') 'of the Tritoci' (''tirtokum'')
: 'in the assignment, in the duty' (''adizai'' loc. fem. sing. < *adittia < *ad-dik-tia. Cfr. Latin ''addictio'' 'assignment'),
: 'money' (''silabur'') 'enough' (''sazom'' < *sātio < *seh₂t-yo)
: 'to settle the debt' (''esatui'' < *essato < *eks-h₂eg-to. Cfr. Latin ''ex-igo'' 'demand, require' and ''exactum'' 'identical, equivalent')
: 'for them' (''ibus'' < *i-bʰos, dat.3 p.pl.)
: 'must give' (''datuz'' < *dh₃-tōd).

:(Transcription and Translation: Prosper 2015)

Image:Zaragoza - Museo - Bronce epigráfico.jpg, Cortono plaque. Unknown origin.
Image:Bronce luzaga.jpg, Luzaga plaque ( Guadalajara).
Image:Tésera hospitalidad (Uxama).jpg, Uxama tessera (Osma, Soria).

Image:Tessera Celtiberian (unknown).jpg, Fröhner tessera. Unknown origin.

See also

* Celtiberian script
*Botorrita plaque
*Gallaecian language
*Gaulish
*Lepontic language
*Iberian scripts
*Continental Celtic languages
*Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
*Lusitanian language

References

Sources

* Alberro, Manuel. The celticisation of the Iberian Peninsula, a process that could have had parallels in other European regions. In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 35, 2003. pp. 7–24. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2003.2149 www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2149
* Anderson, James M. "Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula" . In: ''Revue des Études Anciennes''. Tome 87, 1985, n°3-4. pp. 319–326. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1985.4212 ww.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1985_num_87_3_4212* Hoz, Javier de. "Lepontic, Celtiberian, Gaulish and the archaeological evidence". In: ''Etudes Celtiques''. vol. 29, 1992. Actes du IXe congrès international d'études celtiques. Paris, 7-12 juillet 1991. Deuxième partie : Linguistique, littératures. pp. 223–240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1992.2006
* Hoz, Javier de. (1996). ''The Botorrita first text. Its epigraphical background''; in: ''Die größeren altkeltischen Sprachdenkmäler.'' Akten des Kolloquiums Innsbruck 29. April - 3. Mai 1993, ed. W. Meid and P. Anreiter, 124–145, Innsbruck.
* Jordán Cólera, Carlos: (2004). ''Celtibérico''

University of Zaragoza, Spain.
* Joseph, Lionel S. (1982): ''The Treatment of *CRH- and the Origin of CaRa- in Celtic''. Ériu n. 33 (31-57). Dublín. RIA.
* Lorrio, Alberto J. "Les Celtibères: archéologie et culture". In: ''Etudes Celtiques''. vol. 33, 1997. pp. 7–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1997.2109
* Luján, Eugenio R. "Celtic and Celtiberian in the Iberian peninsula". In: E. Blasco et al. (eds.). ''Iberia e Sardegna''. Le Monnier Universitá. 2013. pp. 97–112.
* Luján, Eugenio R.; Lorrio, Alberto J. "Un puñal celtibérico con inscripción procedente de Almaraz (Cáceres, España)". In: ''Etudes Celtiques'', vol. 43, 2017. pp. 113–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2017.1096
* McCone, Kim.(1996): ''Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change'' Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics 1. Maynooth. St. Patrick's College.
* Meid, Wolfgang. (1994). ''Celtiberian Inscriptions'', Archaeolingua, edd. S. Bökönyi and W. Meid, Series Minor, 5, 12–13. Budapest.
* Schrijver, Peter (1991): ''The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin''. Amsterdam. Ed. Rodopi.
* Schumacher, Stefan (2004): ''Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon''. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft vol. 110. Universität Innsbruck.
* Untermann, Jürgen. (1997): ''Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften'', Wiesbaden.
* Velaza, Javier (1999): ''Balance actual de la onomástica personal celtibérica'', ''Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana'', pp. 663–683.
* Villar, Francisco (1995): ''Estudios de celtibérico y de toponimia prerromana'', Salamanca.
* Zair, Nicholas. (2012): ''The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic''. Leiden. Ed. Brill.

Further reading

;General studies:
* Beltrán Lloris, Francisco; Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "Celtibérico". In: ''Palaeohispanica: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua'' n. 20 (2020): pp. 631–688. DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395
* Blažek, Václav.
Celtiberian
. In: ''Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity''. N, Řada klasická = Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2007, vol. 56, iss. N. 12, pp. 25. .
* Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007). "Celtiberian". ''e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies''. Vol. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula. Article 17. pp. 749–850. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17
* Stifter, David (2006). "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II". In: ''Palaeohispanica: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua'', 6. pp. 237–245. .

;Specific themes
* Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de. "Celtic ‘son’, ‘daughter’, other descendants, and ''*sunus'' in Early Celtic". In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'' 118, 2013 (2013): 259–298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259
* Fernández, Esteban Ngomo. “A propósito de matrubos y los términos de parentesco en celtibérico”. In: ''Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico''. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. nº. 4 (2019): 5-15.
* Fernández, Esteban Ngomo. "El color rojo en celtibérico: del IE ''*H1roudh-'' al celtibérico ''routaikina''". In: ''Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico''. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. nº. 6 (junio, 2020): 5-19.
* Simón Cornago, Ignacio; Jordán Cólera, Carlos Benjamín. "The Celtiberian S. A New Sign in (Paleo)Hispanic Epigraphy". In: ''Tyche'' 33 (2018). pp. 183–205.

External links

Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)Celtic, Celtiberian - 2nd - 1st c. B.C. Examples of writing

{{DEFAULTSORT:Celtiberian Language
Continental Celtic languages
Paleohispanic languages
Extinct languages of Spain