Cedrus

''Cedrus'', common English name cedar, is a genus of coniferous

tree

s in the plant family

Pinaceae

(subfamily Abietoideae). They are

native

to the mountains of the western

Himalayas

and the

Mediterranean region

, occurring at altitudes of 1,500–3,200 m in the Himalayas and 1,000–2,200 m in the Mediterranean.Farjon, A. (1990). ''Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera''. Koeltz Scientific Books .

Description

''Cedrus'' trees can grow up to 30–40 m (occasionally 60 m) tall with spicy-resinous scented

wood

, thick ridged or square-cracked bark, and broad, level branches. The shoots are dimorphic and are made up of long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The

leaves

are

evergreen

and needle-like, 8–60 mm long, arranged in an open spiral phyllotaxis on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters of 15–45 together on short shoots; they vary from bright grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from desiccation. The seed cones are barrel-shaped, 6–12 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, green maturing grey-brown, and, as in

''Abies''

, disintegrate at maturity to release the winged

seed

s. The seeds are 10–15 mm long, with a 20–30 mm wing; as in ''Abies'', the seeds have two or three resin blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting

resin

, thought to be a defence against

squirrel

predation. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. The

pollen

cones are slender ovoid, 3–8 cm long, produced in late summer, and shedding pollen in autumn.Frankis, M. & Lauria, F. (1994). The maturation and dispersal of cedar cones and seeds. ''International Dendrology Society Yearbook'' 1993: 43–46.

Taxonomy

Cedars share a very similar cone structure with the

fir

s (''Abies'') and were traditionally thought to be most closely related to them, but molecular evidence supports a basal position in the family.Liston A., D.S. Gernandt, T.F. Vining, C.S. Campbell, D. Piñero. 2003. "Molecular Phylogeny of Pinaceae and Pinus". In Mill, R. R. (ed.): ''Proceedings of the 4th Conifer Congress. Acta Hort'' 615: pp. 107-114.Wang, X.-Q., Tank, D. C. and Sang, T. (2000): "Phylogeny and Divergence Times in Pinaceae: Evidence from Three Genomes". ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 17:773-781. Availabl
online

Taxa

The five taxa of ''Cedrus'' are assigned according to taxonomic opinion to between one and four species:Farjon, A. (2008). ''A Natural History of Conifers''. Timber Press . The oldest known fossil of ''Cedrus'' is ''Cedrus penzhinaensis'' known from fossil wood found in Early

Cretaceous

(Albian) sediments of

Kamchatka

, Russia.

Ecology

Cedars are adapted to mountainous climates; in the Mediterranean, they receive winter precipitation, mainly as snow, and summer drought, while in the western Himalaya, they receive primarily summer monsoon rainfall and occasional winter snowfall . While some naturalized ''Cedrus'' species grow in the Americas, none are native.

Cedars are used as food plants by the larvae of some

Lepidoptera

species including pine processionary and turnip moth (recorded on deodar cedar).

Use

Cedars are very popular

ornamental tree

s, and are often cultivated in temperate

climate

s where winter temperatures do not fall below circa −25 °C. The Turkish cedar is slightly hardier, to −30 °C or just below. Extensive mortality of planted specimens can occur in severe winters when temperatures fall lower.Ødum, S. (1985). "Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981/82 and 1984/85 winters". Hørsholm Arboretum, Denmark. Locales with successful longaeval cultivation include the Mediterranean region, western Europe north to the

British Isles

, southern

Australia

and

New Zealand

, and southern and western

North America

.

Cedar wood and cedarwood oil are natural repellents to moths, hence cedar is a popular lining for cedar chests and closets in which woolens are stored. This specific use of cedar is mentioned in ''The Iliad'', Book 24, referring to the cedar-roofed or lined storage chamber where Priam went to fetch treasures to be used as ransom. The ancients made cedarwood oil from Lebanon cedar, a true cedar of the genus ''Cedrus'', However, the species used for modern cedar chests and closets in North America is ''

Juniperus virginiana

'', and cedarwood oil is now typically derived from various

junipers

and

cypresses

(of the family ''

Cupressaceae

''). Cedar is also commonly used to make

shoe trees

because it can absorb moisture and deodorize.

Many species of cedar are suitable for training as

bonsai

. They work well for many styles, including formal and informal upright, slanting, and cascading.

Nomenclature

Some authorities consider ''Cedrus'' the only "true cedars" and discourage use of the name for other genera without an additional qualifier, such as "white-cedar".Kelsey, H. P., & Dayton, W. A. (1942). ''Standardized Plant Names'', second edition. American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, the name "cedar" has been applied (since about 1700) to other trees, such as Thuja plicata, commonly called "western red cedar", and ''

Juniperus virginiana

'', commonly called "red cedar" or "eastern redcedar". In some cases, the botanical name alludes to this usage, such as the genus ''

Calocedrus

'', meaning "beautiful cedar" (also known as "incense cedar"). Several species of genera ''

Calocedrus

'', ''

Thuja

'', and ''Chamaecyparis'' in the Pacific Northwest having similarly aromatic wood are referred to as "false cedars" .

Etymology

Both the Latin word ''cedrus'' and the generic name ''cedrus'' are derived from Greek κέδρος ''kédros''. Ancient Greek and Latin used the same word, ''kédros'' and ''cedrus'', respectively, for different species of plants now classified in the genera ''Cedrus'' and ''Juniperus'' (

juniper

). Species of both genera are native to the area where Greek language and culture originated, though as the word ''kédros'' does not seem to be derived from any of the languages of the

Middle East

, it has been suggested the word may originally have applied to Greek species of juniper and was later adopted for species now classified in the genus ''Cedrus'' because of the similarity of their aromatic woods.Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World. The name was similarly applied to

citron

and the word

citrus

is derived from the same root.Andrews, A. C. 1961. Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region. ''Agricultural History'' 35: 35–46. However, as a loan word in English, cedar had become fixed to its

biblical

sense of ''Cedrus'' by the time of its first recorded usage in AD 1000.''Oxford English Dictionary''.

See also

* List of plants known as cedar
*

Cedars of God

in the Kadisha Valley of

Bsharri

,

Lebanon

References

External links

Cedar of Meudon
A tree in Meudon near Paris, France that has fascinated people through time

{{Authority control

Conifer genera
Ornamental trees
Plants used in bonsai
Wood