Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by Catholic religious order, religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually, parishes and dioceses would be organized worldwide, often after an intermediate phase as an apostolic prefecture or apostolic vicariate. Catholic mission has predominantly been carried out by the Latin Church in practice. In the Roman Curia, missionary work is organised by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

History

New Testament times

The New Testament missionary outreach of the Christian church from the time of Paul of Tarsus, St Paul was extensive throughout the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages Christian monasteries and missionaries such as Saint Patrick and Adalbert of Prague propagated learning and religion beyond the boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In the seventh century Gregory the Great sent missionaries, including Augustine of Canterbury, into England. The Hiberno-Scottish mission began in 563. In the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, Franciscans such as William of Rubruck, John of Montecorvino, and Giovanni ed' Magnolia were sent as missionaries to the Near and Far East. Their travels took them as far as China in an attempt to convert the advancing Mongols, especially the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire. (''See also Catholic Church in China.'')

Age of Discovery

During the Age of Discovery, the Roman Catholic Church established a number of Mission (station), missions in the Americas and other colonies through the Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominican Order, Dominicans in order to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other indigenous people. At the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans were moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa. These are some of the most well-known missions in history. In the empires ruled by both Portugal and Spain, religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the Treaty of Tordesillas, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade, and colonization. The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England. Theoretically, it was repudiated by Grotius's ''Mare Liberum''. Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The Holy See, Vatican founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the Iberian Peninsula, Iberian kingdoms. While missions in areas ruled by Spanish and Portuguese, and to a lesser extent, the French, are associated with cultural imperialism and oppression, and often operated under the sponsorship and consent of colonial governments, those in other portions of the world (notably Matteo Ricci's Jesuit mission to China, and the work of other Jesuit missionaries in the Nagasaki region in Japan) were focused on the conversion of individuals within existing social and political structures, and often operated without the consent of local government.

India

Early missionaries

John of Monte Corvino was a Franciscan sent to China to become prelate of Peking in around 1307. He traveled from Persia and moved down by sea to India in 1291, to the Madras region or "Country of St. Thomas". There he preached for thirteen months and baptized about one hundred people. From there Monte Corvino wrote home, in December 1291 (or 1292), giving one of the earliest noteworthy accounts of the Coromandel coast furnished by any Western European. Traveling by sea from Mailapur, he reached China in 1294, appearing in the capital "Cambaliech" (now Beijing). Friar Odoric of Pordenone arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at Pandarani (20 m. north of Calicut) at Cranganore and at Kulam or Quilon, proceeding thence, apparently, to Ceylon and to the shrine of St Thomas at Maylapur near Madras. He writes that he had found the place where Thomas was buried. The French Dominican missionary Father Jordanus Catalani followed in 1321–22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on the west coast of India, that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329 ''Mirabilia'' describing the marvels of the East: he furnished the best account of Indian regions and the Christians, the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flori given by any European in the Middle Ages – superior even to Marco Polo’s. In 1347, Giovanni de Marignolli visited the shrine of St Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been Java. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. Another prominent Indian traveler was Joseph, priest over Cranganore. He journeyed to Babylon in 1490 and then sailed to Europe and visited Portugal, Rome, and Venice before returning to India. He helped to write a book about his travels entitled ''The Travels of Joseph the Indian'' which was widely disseminated across Europe.

Arrival of the Portuguese

The introduction of Catholicism in India begins from the first decade of 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese missionaries there. In the 16th century, the proselytization of Asia was linked to the Portugal#Religion, Portuguese colonial policy. With the Papal bull ''Romanus Pontifex'' written on 8 January 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to Afonso V of Portugal, King Afonso V of Portugal, the patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith (see "Padroado") in Asia was given to the Portuguese, who were rewarded with the right of conquest. The missionaries of the different orders (Franciscans, Dominican Order, Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians, Augustinians, etc.) flocked out with the conquerors, and began at once to build churches along the coastal districts wherever the Portuguese power made itself felt. The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the neo-apostles who reached Kappad near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with Vasco da Gama,Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world
on BBC news. which represented less than 2% of the total populationMegan Galbrait
Catholic Church of India Responds with Leadership
Field note on Glocal Health Council website. and was the largest Christian church within India. He was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations. The lucrative spice trade attracted the Portuguese crown. During the second expedition under Captain Pedro Álvares Cabral, the Portuguese fleet consisted of 13 ships and 18 priests anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the Kingdom of Cochin, Raja of Cochin who allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus missionaries established a Portuguese mission in 1500. Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy, got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two church edifices – Santa Cruz Basilica (1505) and St. Francis Church, Kochi, St. Francis Church (1506) using stones and mortar which were unheard of at that time, as local prejudices were against such a structure except for a royal palace or a temple. In the beginning of the 16th century, the whole of the East was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Lisbon. On 12 June 1514, Cochin and Goa became two prominent mission stations under the newly created Diocese of Funchal in Madeira, in the Atlantic. In 1534 Pope Paul III by the Bull Quequem Reputamus raised Funchal to an archdiocese with Archdiocese of Goa, Goa as its suffragan, placing the whole of India under the diocese of Goa. This created an episcopal see – suffragan to Diocese of Funchal, Funchal, with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the Cape of Good Hope to China. After four decades of prosperous trading, the missionaries started the proselytization around 1540 and the newly founded Society of Jesus arrived in Goa. The Portuguese colonial government supported the mission and the baptized Christians were given incentives like rice donations and good positions in their colonies. Hence, these Christians were dubbed Rice Christians, and might have continued in their old religious practices. At the same time many New Christians from Portugal migrated to India as a result of the Portuguese Inquisition, inquisition in Portugal. Many of them were suspected of being Crypto-Jews, converted Jews who were secretly practicing their old religion, and were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief. Saint Francis Xavier, in a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, requested the Goan Inquisition,Paul Axelrod, Michelle A. Fuerc
Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa
Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1996), pp. 387–421 which is considered a blot on the history of Roman Catholic Christianity in India, both by Christians and non-Christians alike. In 1557 Diocese of Goa, Goa was made an independent archbishopric, with suffragan sees at Diocese of Cochin, Cochin and Diocese of Malacca, Malacca. The whole of the East was under the jurisdiction of Archdiocese of Goa, Goa and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world: from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to Burma, China, and Japan in East Asia. In 1576 the suffragan See of Macao (China) was added, and in 1588 that of Funai in Japan. In 1597 the death of the last metropolitan bishop, Archdeacon Abraham of the Saint Thomas Christians, an ancient body formerly part of the Church of the EastFrykenberg, p. 93. gave the then Archbishop of Goa Aleixo de Menezes, Menezes an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. He was able to secure the submission of Archdeacon George, the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. Menezes convened the Synod of Diamper between 20 and 26 June 1599,Synod of Diamper
on Synod of Diamper Church website. which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. Following the Synod, Menezes consecrated Jesuit Francis Ros as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Angamalé for the Saint Thomas Christians – another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa – and Latinisation of St Thomas Christians started. Most eventually accepted the Catholic faith but some switched to West Syrian rite. The Saint Thomas Christians were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope. Resentment of these measures led to some part of the community to join the Archdeacon Mar Thoma I, Thomas in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese or to accept Communion with Rome, in the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653. The Diocese of Angamaly was transferred to Diocese of Craganore in 1605, and in 1606 a sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras. The suffragan sees added later to Goa were the prelacy of Mozambique in 1612 and Peking and Nanking in China in 1690. Missionary work progressed on a large scale and with great success along the western coasts, chiefly at Chaul, Bombay, Salsette, Bassein, Damao, and Diu, as well as on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore as far as Bengal. In the southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous. It extended to the Krishna River, with a number of outlying stations beyond it. The mission of Cochin on the Malabar Coast was also one of the most fruitful. Several missions were also established in the interior northwards, e.g., that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624. Still, even with these efforts, the greater part even of the coast line was by no means fully worked, and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically untouched. With the decline of Portuguese power other colonial powers – the Dutch and British and Christian organisations – gained influence.

Japan

Portuguese shipping arrived in Japan in 1543 and Catholic missionary activities in Japan began in earnest around 1549, performed in the main by Portugal, Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits until Spain, Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders such as the Franciscans and Dominican Order, Dominicans gained access to Japan. Of the 95 Jesuits who worked in Japan up to 1600, 57 were Portuguese, 20 were Spaniards and 18 Italian. Jesuit Fathers Francis Xavier, Francisco Xavier, Cosme de Torres, and John Fernandes were the first to arrive at Kagoshima with hopes of bringing Christianity and Catholicism to Japan. Spain and Portugal disputed the attribution of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits under Alessandro Valignano took the lead in proselytizing in Japan over the objection of the Spaniards. This fait accompli was approved in Pope Gregory XIII's papal bull of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese diocese of Macau. In 1588 the diocese of Funai (Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Nagasaki) was founded under Portuguese protection. In rivalry with the Jesuits, Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders entered Japan via Manila. While criticizing Jesuit activities, they actively lobbied the Pope. Their campaigns resulted in Pope Clement VIII's decree of 1600 which allowed Spanish friars to enter Japan via the Portuguese Indies, and Pope Paul V's decree of 1608 which abolished the restrictions on the route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their patron.

China

The history of the Jesuit China missions, missions of the Society of Jesus or Jesuits in Ming Empire, Ming and Qing Empire, Qing China stands as one of the notable events in the early history of relations between China and the Western world, as well as a prominent example of relations between two cultures and belief systems in the pre-modern age. The missionary efforts and other work of the Jesuits in 16th, 17th, and 18th century played a significant role in introducing European scientific revolution, science and Western world, culture to China. Their work laid much of the foundation for much of Christianity in China, Christian culture in Chinese society today. Members of the Jesuit delegation to China were perhaps the most influential Christian missionaries in that country between the earliest period of the religion up until the 19th century, when significant numbers of Catholicism in China, Catholic and Protestant missions in China, Protestant missions developed. Paradigma XV Provinciarum et CLV Urbium Capitalium Sinensis Imperij

Paradigma XV Provinciarum et CLV Urbium Capitalium Sinensis Imperij

Despite Church of the East in China, earlier evangelization under the Tang and Christianity among the Mongols, Yuan, by the 16th century there is no reliable evidence for any practicing Christians remaining in China. The Portuguese people, Portuguese Portuguese exploration, explorer Jorge Álvares reached Guangdong in 1513, establishing direct maritime connection between China and Europe; within six years of the Jesuit's 1540 founding, two Chinese boys were enrolled in their Saint Paul's College, Goa, college in Portuguese Goa, Goa, Portuguese India, India. One of them, known by his baptismal name Antonio, travelled with the Jesuit founder Francis Xavier, StFrancis Xavier when he tried to begin missionary work in China in the early 1550s. Unable to receive permission to enter the country, however, Xavier died on Shangchuan Island off the coast of Guangdong in 1552. With the Portuguese Empire, Portuguese establishing an enclave on Zhongshan Island's Portuguese Macao, Macau Peninsula, Jesuits established a base nearby on Ilha Verde, Green Island (now the Macao, SAR's "Ilha Verde" neighborhood). Alessandro Valignano, the new regional manager ("visitor") of the order, came to Macau in 1578–1579 and established St. Paul's College, Macau, St. Paul's College to begin training future missionaries in the Chinese language, language and Chinese culture, culture of the Chinese. He requested assistance from the orders' members in Goa in bringing over suitably talented linguists to staff the college and begin the mission in earnest. In 1582, Jesuits once again initiated mission work inside China, introducing scientific revolution, Western science, History of mathematics#Renaissance, mathematics, History of astronomy#Renaissance period, astronomy, and History of cartography#Early modern cartography, cartography. Missionaries such as Matteo Ricci and Johann Adam Schall von Bell wrote Chinese catechisms and made influential converts like Xu Guangqi, establishing Christian settlements throughout the country and becoming close to the imperial court, particularly its Ministry of Rites, which oversaw official Chinese astronomy, astronomy and Chinese astrology, astrology. "Jesuits were accepted in late Ming court circles as foreign scholar-bureaucrat, literati, regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography." By 1610, more than two thousand Chinese from all levels of society had converted. Clark has summarized as follows:

"When all is said and done, one must recognize gladly that the Jesuits made a shining contribution to mission outreach and policy in China. They made no fatal compromises, and where they skirted this in their guarded accommodation to the Chinese reverence for ancestors, their major thrust was both Christian and wise. They succeeded in rendering Christianity at least respectable and even credible to the sophisticated Chinese, no mean accomplishment."

This influence worked in both directions: Ricci and others including Michele Ruggieri, Philippe Couplet, and Francois Noel (missionary), François Noël undertook a century-long effort in translating the Confucian canon, Chinese classics into Latin and spreading knowledge of Chinese culture and history of China, history in Europe, influencing its developing Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. The introduction of the Franciscan Order, Franciscans and other orders of missionaries, however, led to a long-running Chinese rites controversy, controversy over Chinese customs and names for God. The Jesuits, the secularized scholar-bureaucrat, mandarins, and eventually the Kangxi Emperor himself maintained that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucianism, Confucius were respectful but nonreligious rituals compatible with Christian theology, Christian doctrine; other orders pointed to the beliefs of the common people of China to show that it was impermissible idolatry and that the common Chinese names for God confused the Creator with His creation. Acting on the complaint of the Charles Maigrot, Bishop of Fujian,. finally ended the dispute with Cum Deus Optimus, a decisive ban in 1704; his Papal legate#Legatus a latere, legate Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon issued Latae sententiae, summary and automatic excommunication of any Christian permitting Confucian rituals as soon as word reached him in 1707. By that time, however, Tournon and Bishop Maigrot had displayed such extreme ignorance in questioning before the throne that the Kangxi Emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's Tianzhu Shiyi, Chinese catechism.. Tournon's policies, confirmed by Clement's 1715 papal bull, bull ''Ex Illa Die...'', led to the swift collapse of all of the missions across China, with the last Jesuits—Fourth vow, obliged to maintain allegiance to the papal rulings—finally being expelled after 1721. Although Catholic mission work began again following the opening up of the country after the First Opium War in the 1830s, it was not until 1939 that the church revisited its stance on Chinese customs. Pope Pius XII's initial move towards greater leniency was subsequently confirmed and expanded by Vatican II.

Maya

There are records of Franciscan activity on the Americas as early as 1519. Throughout the early 16th century the mission movement spread from the Caribbean to Mexico, Central America, parts of South America, and the Southwest United States. The goal of the Franciscan missions was to spread the Christian faith to the people of the New World through "word and example". Spreading Christianity to the newly discovered continent was a top priority, but only one piece of the Spanish colonization system. The influence of the Franciscans, considering that missionaries are sometimes seen as tools of imperialism, enabled other objectives to be reached, such as the extension of Spanish language, culture, and political control to the New World. A goal was to change the agricultural or nomadic Indian into a model of the Spanish people and society. Basically, the aim was for urbanization. The missions achieved this by “offering gifts and persuasion…and safety from enemies.” This protection also offered security for the Spanish military operation, since there would be theoretically less warring if the natives were pacified. Thus the missionaries assisted with another aim of the colonizers.

California

Between 1769 and 1823, Spain, Spanish members of the Franciscan Order established and operated 21 missions in California to convert the Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans. This was the first major effort by Europeans to colonize the Pacific Coast region and gave Spain a valuable toehold on this frontier. The settlers introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, and Industrial sector, industry but Spanish occupation also brought negative consequences to the native populations. Today the missions are among the state's oldest structures and most-visited historic monuments; many of them also remain in operation as Catholic churches.

New Mexico

The missions in New Mexico were established by Franciscan friars to convert the local Pueblo, Navajo people, Navajo, and Apaches. The first permanent settlement was Mission San Gabriel in 1598 near what is now known as the Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico, San Juan Pueblo.

Contemporary missions

Catholic missionary work has undergone profound change since the Second Vatican Council. It has prioritized Social Justice, social justice issues and striven to avoid the dangers of cultural imperialism or economic exploitation that had often accompanied religious conversion. Christian missionaries recognize that working for justice is a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel and usually observe the principles of inculturation in their missionary work. Before Vatican II "baptism of desire" and salvation outside the Catholic Church were allowed very little scope. With the Council's emphasis on individual conscience, baptism is seen not only as the ordinary means of salvation but as a vocation call for Christians to spread the Gospel, good news of God's love to all peoples by their practice of true charity, that is universal and inclusive of all God's children. The Church on mission through its various religious and lay associations is today much more involved in an option for the poor and integral human development than in proselytizing. In 2016 Pope Francis formed a Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, Department for Promoting Integral Human Development in the Roman Curia to oversee numerous Catholic outreach programs fostered directly by the Vatican Curia, Vatican. Not that such missions are new; Caritas Internationalis is a confederation of Catholic Church, Catholic Humanitarian aid, relief, International development, development, and social service organisations that date back since just after Pope Leo XIII's social encyclical ''Rerum novarum'' in 1893. And today Jesuit missions, as in Africa and India, are more involved in educating and further assisting the Loyola Academy, Chennai, poorest rural populations, such as the Dalits and Adivasi in India, than in direct conversion efforts. This is true also in China where proselytizing was forbidden but many Christians assisted with language studies. The present practice in Asia and Africa is detailed in the articles on hundreds of educational institutions and development centres that the Jesuits administer. Much the same can be said of other Catholic lay and religious groups and their contemporary missions.