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The Capreolinae, Odocoileinae, or the New World deer are a subfamily of deer. Alternatively, they are known as the telemetacarpal deer, due to their bone structure being different from the plesiometacarpal deer subfamily
Cervinae The Cervinae or the Old World deer, are a subfamily of deer. Alternatively, they are known as the plesiometacarpal deer, due to their ankle structure being different from the telemetacarpal deer of the Capreolinae. Classification and species Th ...
. The telemetacarpal deer maintain their distal lateral
metacarpals In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist, which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpal bones ar ...
, while the plesiometacarpal deer maintain only their proximal lateral metacarpals. The Capreolinae are believed to have originated in the Middle Miocene, between 7.7 and 11.5 million years ago, in Central Asia. Although this subfamily is called New World deer in English, it includes reindeer, moose, and roe deer, all of which live in Eurasia in the Old World.


Classification

The following extant genera and species are recognized:Alvarez D. (2007) * Tribe
Capreolini Capreolini is a tribe of deer, containing two extant genera and one extinct genus. Genera *Extant genera **''Capreolus'' **''Hydropotes'' *Extinct genera **†'' Procapreolus''- Found during the Miocene/Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Ple ...
** Genus †'' Procapreolus'' ** Genus ''
Capreolus ''Capreolus'' is a genus of deer, the roe deer. Etymology English ''roe'' is from Old English ''ra'' or ''rá'', from ''raha'', from Proto-Germanic ''*raikhaz'', cognate to Old Norse ''ra'', Old Saxon ''reho'', Middle Dutch and Dutch '' ...
'' *** Western roe deer (''C. capreolus'') *** Eastern roe deer (''C. pygargus'') **Genus ''
Hydropotes The water deer (''Hydropotes inermis'') is a small deer superficially more similar to a musk deer than a true deer. Native to China and Korea, there are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (''Hydropotes inermis inermis'') and the Korean water ...
'' *** Water deer (''H. inermis'') * Tribe Alceini **Genus †''
Cervalces ''Cervalces'' is an extinct deer genus that lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. ''Cervalces gallicus'' is either classified as a species of the related ''Libralces'', or an ancestral species to other members of ''Cervalces''. It liv ...
'' *** †''C. gallicus?'' *** †'' C. carnutorum'' *** †'' C. scotti'' *** †'' C. latifrons'' **Genus ''
Alces The moose (in North America) or elk (in Eurasia) (''Alces alces'') is a member of the New World deer subfamily and is the only species in the genus ''Alces''. It is the largest and heaviest extant species in the deer family. Most adult mal ...
'' *** Moose or Eurasian elk (''A. alces'') * Tribe
Odocoileini Odocoileini is a tribe of deer, containing seven extant genera and several extinct ones. The common character of this tribe is vomerine septum that completely separates the choana. Phylogeny Phylogeny by Gilbert et al. 2006 and Duarte et al. 20 ...
**Genus †'' Pavlodaria'' ** Genus '' Rangifer'' *** Caribou/reindeer (''R. tarandus'') ** Genus ''
Odocoileus ''Odocoileus'' is a genus of medium-sized deer (family Cervidae) containing three species native to the Americas.
'' ***
Mule deer The mule deer (''Odocoileus hemionus'') is a deer indigenous to western North America; it is named for its ears, which are large like those of the mule. Two subspecies of mule deer are grouped into the black-tailed deer. Unlike the related whit ...
(''O. hemionus'') ***
White-tailed deer The white-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus''), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced t ...
(''O. virginianus'') ***
Yucatan brown brocket The Yucatan brown brocket (''Odocoileus pandora'') is a small species of deer native to Central America. Taxonomy It has been previously treated as a disjunct subspecies of the gray brocket (''Mazama gouazoubira)'' or a subspecies of the red b ...
(''O. pandora'') *** †
American mountain deer ''Odocoileus lucasi'' (historically ''Navahoceros fricki''), known commonly as the American mountain deer, is an extinct species of North American deer. Taxonomy Kurten described a species he called ''Navahoceros fricki'' in 1975. However, his ...
(''O. lucasi'') ** Genus ''
Blastocerus The marsh deer (''Blastocerus dichotomus'') is the largest deer species from South America reaching a length of and a shoulder height of . It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Formerly found in much of tropica ...
'' ***
Marsh deer The marsh deer (''Blastocerus dichotomus'') is the largest deer species from South America reaching a length of and a shoulder height of . It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Formerly found in much of tropical ...
(''B. dichotomus'') ** Genus ''
Hippocamelus ''Hippocamelus'' is a genus of Cervidae, the deer family. It comprises two extant Andean and two fossil species. The living members are commonly known as the huemul (from the Mapuche language), and the taruca. Both species have a stocky, thick, ...
'' ***
Taruca The taruca (''Hippocamelus antisensis''), also known as the Peruvian guemal, north Andean deer, north Andean huemul, northern huemul or northern guemal, is a mid sized deer species that inhabits the high regions of the Andes mountains in South Am ...
(''H. antisensis'') ***
South Andean deer The south Andean deer (''Hippocamelus bisulcus''), also known as the southern guemal, south Andean huemul, southern huemul, or Chilean ''huemul'' or '' güemul'' ( , ), is an endangered species of deer native to the mountains of Argentina and Chi ...
or huemul (''H. bisulcus'') ** Genus '' Mazama'' *** Gray brocket (''M. gouazoubira'') *** Northern Venezuelan brocket (''M. cita'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') *** Ecuador brocket (''M. murelia'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') *** Isla San Jose brocket (''M. permira'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') *** Colombian brocket (''M. sanctaemartae'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') *** Brazilian brocket (''M. superciliaris'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') *** Peruvian brocket (''M. tschudii'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') *** Rodon (''M. rondoni'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. gouazoubira'') ***
Amazonian brown brocket The Amazonian brown brocket (''Mazama nemorivaga''), also known as the small brown brocket, is a small species of deer that is almost entirely restricted to South America. Distribution and habitat It is known from Panama (in Isla San José of t ...
(''M. nemorivaga'') ***
Central American red brocket The Central American red brocket (''Mazama temama'') is a species of brocket deer ranging from southern Mexico, through Central America, to northwestern Colombia. Taxonomy In 1792 Robert Kerr originally described it as a unique separate speci ...
(''M. temama'') *** Small red brocket or bororo (''M. bororo'') ***
Dwarf brocket The dwarf brocket (''Mazama chunyi''), or chunyi, is a small species of deer native to the Andean highlands in western Bolivia and southeastern Peru, where it is found in forest and páramo. Its pelage is reddish-brown with dark grey foreparts ...
(''M. chunyi'') ***
Pygmy brocket The pygmy brocket (''Mazama nana'') is a brocket deer species from South America. It is found in southern Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavak ...
(''M. nana'') *** Merida brocket (''M. bricenii'') ***
Little red brocket The little red brocket or swamp brocket (''Mazama rufina''), also known as the Ecuador red brocket, is a small, little-studied deer native to the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru, where found in forest and páramo at altitudes betwe ...
(''M. rufina'') *** American red brocket (''M. americana'') (This species has found to be closer to ''
Odocoileus ''Odocoileus'' is a genus of medium-sized deer (family Cervidae) containing three species native to the Americas.
'' than other brockets.) *** Ecuador red brocket (''Mazama gualea'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. americana'') *** Brazilian red brocket (''M. jucunda'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. americana'') ***
Yucatan brown brocket The Yucatan brown brocket (''Odocoileus pandora'') is a small species of deer native to Central America. Taxonomy It has been previously treated as a disjunct subspecies of the gray brocket (''Mazama gouazoubira)'' or a subspecies of the red b ...
(''M. pandora'') *** Trinidad red brocket (''M. trinitatis'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. americana'') *** Southern red brocket (''Mazama whitelyi'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. americana'') *** Peruvian red brocket (''Mazama zamora'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. americana'') *** Colombian red brocket (''Mazama zetta'', considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of ''M. americana'') ** Genus '' Ozotoceros'' *** Pampas deer (''O. bezoarticus'') ** Genus ''
Pudu The pudus (Mapudungun ''püdü'' or ''püdu'', es, pudú, ) are two species of South American deer from the genus ''Pudu'', and are the world's smallest deer. The chevrotains (mouse-deer; Tragulidae) are smaller, but they are not true deer. Th ...
'' *** Northern pudu (''P. mephistophiles'') *** Southern pudu (''P. pudu'')


Extinct genera

*†''
Agalmaceros ''Agalmaceros'' is an extinct genus of deer of the Cervidae family, that lived in South America during the Pleistocene. The only species currently known is ''A. blicki''. Remains have only been found in Ecuador. It showed a clear affinity to Ande ...
'' *†''
Antifer ''Antifer'' is an extinct genus of large herbivorous deer of the family Cervidae, endemic to South America during the Pleistocene, living from 2.6 Ma to 13,000 years ago and existing for approximately .Bretzia'' *†''
Libralces ''Libralces'' was a genus of Eurasian deer that lived during the Pliocene epoch. Its main claim to fame are its 2+ meter wide antlers, comparable in size to those of ''Megaloceros''. ''Libralces'' fossils have been found from France to Tajikista ...
'' (Considered to be a synonym of ''
Cervalces latifrons ''Cervalces latifrons'', the broad-fronted moose, or the giant moose was a giant species of deer that inhabited the holarctic regions of Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene epoch. It is believed to be the largest species of deer that ever exi ...
'') *†'' Morenelaphus'' *†''
Torontoceros ''Torontoceros'' ("horn of Toronto") was an extinct genus of deer, nicknamed the Toronto subway deer. It lived in the Late Pleistocene (around 12,000 - 11,000 years ago) in Ontario while likely being native elsewhere. The sole species is ''T. hyp ...
'' *†'' Eocoileus''


References

Deer Taxa named by Joshua Brookes Mammal subfamilies {{eventoedungulate-stub