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The
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the
order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
Asterales Asterales () is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of florets, and ten families related to the Asteraceae. While asterids in general are charact ...
, contains nearly 2400
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...
in 84
genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
of
herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition o ...
plants,
shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from tree ...
s, and rarely small
tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
s, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belonging to the genera ''
Campanula ''Campanula'' () is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is Latin for "little bell" ...
'' (bellflower), '' Lobelia'', and ''
Platycodon ''Platycodon grandiflorus'' (from Ancient Greek "wide" and "bell") is a species of herbaceous flowering perennial plant of the family Campanulaceae, and the only member of the genus ''Platycodon''. It is native to East Asia ( China, Kor ...
'' (balloonflower). '' Campanula rapunculus'' (rampion or r. bellflower) and ''
Codonopsis lanceolata ''Codonopsis lanceolata'', also called deodeok or lance asiabell, is a flowering plant native to East Asia ( China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East). It is a variety of bonnet bellflower. Description It is a hardy perennial climber that ...
'' are eaten as vegetables. '' Lobelia inflata'' (indian tobacco), '' L. siphilitica'' and '' L. tupa'' (devil's tobacco) and others have been used as medicinal plants. '' Campanula rapunculoides'' (creeping bellflower) may be a troublesome weed, particularly in gardens, while '' Legousia'' spp. may occur in arable fields. Most current classifications include the segregate family Lobeliaceae in Campanulaceae as subfamily Lobelioideae. A third subfamily, Cyphioideae, includes the genus '' Cyphia'', and sometimes also the genera '' Cyphocarpus'', '' Nemacladus'', '' Parishella'' and '' Pseudonemacladus''. Alternatively, the last three genera are placed in Nemacladoideae, while '' Cyphocarpus'' is placed in its own subfamily, Cyphocarpoideae. This family is almost
cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Food and drink * Cosmopolitan (cocktail), also known as a "Cosmo" History * Rootless cosmopolitan, a Soviet derogatory epithet during Joseph Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign of 1949–1953 Hotels and resorts * Cosmopoli ...
, occurring on all continents except
Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...
. In addition, species of the family are native to many remote oceanic islands and archipelagos.
Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
is particularly rich, with well over 100 endemic species of Hawaiian lobelioids. Continental areas with high diversity are South Africa, California and the northern
Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
. Habitats range from extreme deserts to rainforests and lakes, from the tropics to the high
Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
(''
Campanula uniflora ''Campanula uniflora'', known commonly as arctic bellflower and arctic harebell, is a short and slender rhizomatous perennial in the bellflower family Campanulaceae. It is distributed in arctic North America, including the Rocky Mountains and ...
''), and from sea cliffs to high alpine habitats.


Description

Although most Campanulaceae are
perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...
herbs (sometimes climbing, as in '' Codonopsis''), there is also a large number of annuals e.g. species of '' Legousia''. '' Isotoma hypocrateriformis'' is a
succulent In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meani ...
annual from Australia's dry interior. There are also
biennials A biennial plant is a flowering plant that, generally in a temperate climate, takes two years to complete its biological life cycle. Life cycle In its first year, the biennal plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures ...
, e.g. the commonly cultivated ornamental ''
Campanula medium ''Campanula medium'', common name Canterbury bells, is an annual or biennial flowering plant of the genus ''Campanula'', belonging to the family Campanulaceae. In floriography, it represents gratitude, or faith and constancy. Etymology The spec ...
'' (
Canterbury Canterbury (, ) is a cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury local government district of Kent, England. It lies on the River Stour. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the primate of t ...
bells). Many perennial campanuloids grow in rock-crevices, such as '' Musschia aurea'' (
Madeira ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
) and '' Petromarula pinnata'' (
Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...
). Some lobelioids also grow on rocks, e.g. the peculiar perennial stem succulent '' Brighamia rockii'' in
Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
. Insular and tropical montane species in particular are often more or less woody and may bear the leaves in a dense rosette. When, in addition, the plant is unbranched, the result may be a palm- or treefern-like habit, as in species of the hawaiian genus '' Cyanea'', which comprises the tallest of Campanulaceae, ''C. leptostegia'' (up to 14 m). '' Lysipomia'' are minute cushion plants of the high
Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
, while gigant rosette-forming lobelias (e.g., '' Lobelia deckenii'') are a characteristic component of the vegetation in the alpine zone on the tropical African volcanoes. In the Himalaya ''Campanula modesta'' and ''Cyananthus microphyllus'' reach even higher, probably setting the altitudinal record for the family at 4800 m. Several species are associated with freshwater, such as ''
Lobelia dortmanna ''Lobelia dortmanna'', Dortmann's cardinalflower or water lobelia, is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae. This stoloniferous herbaceous perennial aquatic plant with basal leaf-rosettes and flower stalks grows to ...
'', an isoetid common in
oligotrophic An oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients. They may be contrasted with copiotrophs, which prefer nutritionally rich environments. Oligotrophs are characterized by slow growth, low rates o ...
lakes in the
boreal Boreal may refer to: Climatology and geography *Boreal (age), the first climatic phase of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of northern Europe, during the Holocene epoch *Boreal climate, a climate characterized by long winters and short, cool to mild ...
zone of North America and Europe, and '' Howellia aquatilis'', an elodeid growing in ponds in SW North America. There is usually abundant, white latex, but occasionally the exudate is clear and/or very sparse, as in ''
Jasione ''Jasione'' is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae which are native to Europe. Four species have been found in Turkey and west Mediterranean areas. Species include: * '' Jasione amethystina'' * '' Jasione bulgarica'' * ...
''. Tubers occur in several genera, e.g. '' Cyphia''.
Leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...
are often
alternate Alternative or alternate may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Alternative (''Kamen Rider''), a character in the Japanese TV series ''Kamen Rider Ryuki'' * ''The Alternative'' (film), a 1978 Australian television film * ''The Alternative ...
, more rarely opposite (e. g. '' Codonopsis'') or whorled ('' Ostrowskia''). They are simple (''
Petromarula ''Petromarula'' is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. There is only one known species, ''Petromarula pinnata'', endemic to the island of Crete in the Mediterranean. The name "Petromarula" means "rock lettuce" in Greek, a reference to ...
'' one of very few exceptions) entire (repeatedly divided in spp. of ''Cyanea''), but often with dentate margin.
Stipule In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many speci ...
s are absent. Inflorescences are quite diverse, including both cymose and
racemose A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...
types. In ''Jasione'' they are strongly condensed and resemble asteraceous capitula. In a few species, e. g. '' Cyananthus lobatus'', flowers are solitary.
Flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanis ...
s are
bisexual Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, whic ...
(
dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproducti ...
in '' Dialypetalum'') and
protandrous Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...
. Petals are fused into a corolla with 3 to 8 lobes. It may be bell- or star-shaped in subfamily Campanuloideae, while tubular and bilaterally symmetric in most Lobelioideae. Blue of various shades is the most common petal colour, but purple, red, pink, orange, yellow, white, and green also occur. The corolla may be down to 1 mm wide and long in some species of '' Wahlenbergia''. At the other extreme, it reaches a width of 15 cm in ''Ostrowskia''. Stamens are equal in number to, and alternating with the petals. Anthers may be fused into a tube, as in all species of Lobelioideae and some Campanuloideae (e.g. '' Symphyandra'') Within the family pollen grains are often tricolporate, less commonly triporate,
tricolpate The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots ...
, or pantoporate. Carpel number is usually 2, 3 or 5 (8 in '' Ostrowskia''), and corresponds to the number of stigmatic lobes. The style is in various ways involved in the "presentation" of the pollen, as in several other families of the order Asterales. In Lobelioideae, pollen is, already in the bud stage, released into the tube formed by the
anther The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...
s. During flowering, it is pushed up by the elongating style and "presented" to visiting pollinators at the apex of the tube, a mechanism described as a pollen pump. The style eventually protrudes through the anther tube, and becomes receptive to pollen. In Campanuloideae, the pollen is instead packed between hairs on the style, gradually being released as the hairs invaginate. Subsequently, the stigmatic lobes unfold, and become receptive. Bees and birds (particularly hummingbirds and
hawaiian honeycreeper Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. They are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus ''Carpodacus'', but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great ...
s) are probably the most common pollinators of Campanulaceae. A few confirmed and many probable cases of bat-pollination are known, particularly in the genus '' Burmeistera''. ''Brighamia'' and '' Hippobroma'' have pale or white flowers with a long-tubed corolla, and are pollinated by
hawkmoths The Sphingidae are a family of moths ( Lepidoptera) called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as “hornworms”; it includes about 1,450 species. It is best represented in the tropics, ...
. Pollination by lizards has been reported for '' Musschia aurea'' and '' Nesocodon mauritianus''. The ovary is usually inferior or, in some species, semi-inferior. Very rarely is it completely superior (e.g. ''
Cyananthus ''Cyananthus'' is a genus of flowering plants that consists of about 30 species of annual or mostly perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through t ...
''). In ''Campanumoea javanica'', calyx and corolla diverge from the ovary at different levels. Berries are a common fruit-type in Lobelioideae ('' Burmeistera'', ''
Clermontia The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed t ...
'', ''
Centropogon ''Centropogon'' is a plant genus in the family Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often ...
'', '' Cyanea'' etc.), whilst rare in Campanuloideae (''
Canarina ''Canarina'' is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae. They are herbaceous perennial vines with bell-shaped flowers. The best known species is '' Canarina canariensis'' from the laurel forests of the Canary Islands which is ...
'' being one of few examples). Capsules, with very varying modes of dehiscence, are otherwise the predominating fruit type in the family. Seeds are mostly small (<2 mm) and numerous.


Subfamilies and genera

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website divides the family into five subfamilies.Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)
"Campanulaceae"
''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
Campanuloideae * '' Adenophora'' - Europe and Asia * '' Asyneuma'' - S. Europe and Asia * '' Azorina'' -
Azores ) , motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace") , anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores") , image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg , map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union , map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...
* '' Berenice'' -
Réunion Réunion (; french: La Réunion, ; previously ''Île Bourbon''; rcf, label= Reunionese Creole, La Rényon) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately east of the island o ...
* ''
Campanula ''Campanula'' () is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is Latin for "little bell" ...
'' - mostly N hemisphere * ''
Campanulastrum ''Campanula americana'', the American bellflower, or tall bellflower, is a bellflower native to eastern North America. Tall bellflowers can be annual or biennial with a varying life-history with seeds germinating in the fall producing annual pl ...
'' Small (may be included in ''Campanula'') * ''
Canarina ''Canarina'' is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae. They are herbaceous perennial vines with bell-shaped flowers. The best known species is '' Canarina canariensis'' from the laurel forests of the Canary Islands which is ...
'' -
Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, :es:Canarias, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to ...
and E Africa * '' Codonopsis'' - E Asia * '' Craterocapsa'' - South Africa * '' Cryptocodon'' - C Asia * ''
Cyananthus ''Cyananthus'' is a genus of flowering plants that consists of about 30 species of annual or mostly perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through t ...
'' - E Asia * '' Cyclocodon'' Griff. ex Hook.f. & Thomson * '' Cylindrocarpa'' - C Asia * '' Echinocodon'' - China * ''
Edraianthus ''Edraianthus'' (rock bells or grassy bells) is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae. ''Edraianthus'' species are native to mountain regions of the Balkan, including Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia ...
'' - SE Europe and W Asia * '' Favratia'' Feer * '' Feeria'' - Morocco * '' Githopsis'' - W N America * '' Gunillaea'' - Tropical Africa and Madagascar * ''
Hanabusaya ''Hanabusaya'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae, containing the single species ''Hanabusaya asiatica''. It is endemic to Korea. It is known in English as diamond bluebell and in Korean as ''Geumgang Chorong'', ...
'' - Korea * '' Heterochaenia'' - Réunion * ''
Heterocodon ''Heterocodon'' is a monotypic genus of plants in the bellflower family containing the single species ''Heterocodon rariflorum'', which is known by the common names rareflower heterocodon and western pearlflower. It is native to western North A ...
'' - SW N America * '' Himalacodon'' D.Y.Hong & Qiang Wang (may be included in ''Codonopsis'') * '' Homocodon'' - China * ''
Jasione ''Jasione'' is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae which are native to Europe. Four species have been found in Turkey and west Mediterranean areas. Species include: * '' Jasione amethystina'' * '' Jasione bulgarica'' * ...
'' - Europe and SW Asia * '' Kericodon'' Cupido * '' Legousia'' - Europe and N Africa * '' Merciera'' - South Africa * '' Michauxia'' - Middle East * '' Microcodon'' - South Africa * ''
Muehlbergella ''Muehlbergella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae. It contains a single species, ''Muehlbergella oweriniana''. It is critically endangered Distribution The species is endemic to an area of ~40 km2 in Da ...
'' Feer * ''
Musschia ''Musschia'' is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. It contains three known species, all endemic to the Madeira Archipelago ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_ ...
'' -
Madeira ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
* '' Namacodon'' - SW Africa * '' Nesocodon'' -
Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It ...
* '' Ostrowskia'' - C Asia * '' Pankycodon'' D.Y.Hong & X.T.Ma (may be included in ''Codonopsis'') * '' Peracarpa'' - SE Asia * ''
Petromarula ''Petromarula'' is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. There is only one known species, ''Petromarula pinnata'', endemic to the island of Crete in the Mediterranean. The name "Petromarula" means "rock lettuce" in Greek, a reference to ...
'' -
Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...
* '' Physoplexis'' - Alps * ''
Phyteuma ''Phyteuma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae, native to Europe and Morocco. The common name is rampion, a name shared with the related plant ''Campanula rapunculus''. Rampion features prominently in some versions of ...
'' - Europe and Asia * ''
Platycodon ''Platycodon grandiflorus'' (from Ancient Greek "wide" and "bell") is a species of herbaceous flowering perennial plant of the family Campanulaceae, and the only member of the genus ''Platycodon''. It is native to East Asia ( China, Kor ...
'' - E Asia * '' Prismatocarpus'' - Southern Africa * '' Pseudocodon'' D.Y.Hong & H.Sun (may be included in ''Codonopsis'') * '' Rhigiophyllum'' - South Africa * '' Roella'' - South Africa * '' Rotanthella'' Morin (may be included in ''Campanula'') * '' Sachokiella'' Kolak. * '' Sergia'' - C Asia * '' Siphocodon'' - South Africa * ''
Theilera ''Theilera'' is a genus of plants in the Campanulaceae. It contains two known species, both endemic to Cape Province of South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country ...
'' - South Africa * '' Theodorovia'' - C Asia * '' Trachelium'' - SE Europe, Middle East and C Asia * '' Treichelia'' - South Africa * ''
Triodanis ''Triodanis'' is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae, native to North and South America. Venus' looking-glass is a common name for plants in this genus. Species include: *'' Triodanis biflora'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene - ...
'' - Americas and S Europe * '' Wahlenbergia'' - mostly Southern hemisphere * '' Zeugandra'' - Iran Lobelioideae * '' Apetahia'' -
Society Islands The Society Islands (french: Îles de la Société, officially ''Archipel de la Société;'' ty, Tōtaiete mā) are an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country of the F ...
* ''
Brighamia The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the ...
'' - Hawaii * '' Burmeistera'' - N Andes and C America * ''
Centropogon ''Centropogon'' is a plant genus in the family Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often ...
'' - Neotropics * ''
Clermontia The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed t ...
'' - Hawaii * '' Cyanea'' - Hawaii * '' Delissea'' - Hawaii * '' Dialypetalum'' - Madagascar * '' Diastatea'' - Neotropics * ''
Dielsantha ''Dielsantha'' is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. It has only one known species, ''Dielsantha galeopsoides'', native to tropical West Africa ( Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea ( es ...
'' - Tropical Africa * ''
Downingia ''Downingia'' is a genus of 13 annual plants native to western North America and Chile. Commonly known as calico flowers, they are notable for forming mass displays of small but colorful blooms around vernal pool Vernal pools, also called verna ...
'' - W N America and S S America * '' Grammatotheca'' - South Africa * '' Heterotoma'' - Mexico * '' Hippobroma'' - W Indies * '' Howellia'' - SW N America * '' Isotoma'' - Australia * '' Legenere'' - California * '' Lobelia'', including ''Hypsela'', ''Laurentia'', ''Pratia'', ''Trimeris'' - cosmopolitan * '' Lysipomia'' - Andes * '' Monopsis'' - Southern Africa * ''
Palmerella ''Palmerella'' is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. It has only one known species, ''Palmerella debilis'', long known by the synonym ''Lobelia dunnii''. It is native to 8 counties in southern California ( San Diego, Orange, Riversi ...
'' - California * ''
Porterella ''Porterella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the bellflower family containing the single species ''Porterella carnosula'', which is known by the common name fleshy porterella, or simply porterella. The species is native to the wes ...
'' - SW N America * '' Ruthiella'' - New Guinea * '' Sclerotheca'' - Society Islands * '' Siphocampylus'' - Neotropics * '' Solenopsis'' - S Europe and N Africa * '' Trematolobelia'' - Hawaii * '' Unigenes'' - South Africa * '' Wimmerella'' - South Africa Cyphioideae * '' Cyphia'' - Africa Cyphocarpoideae * '' Cyphocarpus'' - N Chile Nemacladoideae * '' Nemacladus'', syn. ''Parishella'' - SW N America * '' Pseudonemacladus'' - Mexico ,
Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...
includes some genera in Campanulaceae that are not included by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: *'' Eastwoodiella'' Morin *'' Hesperocodon'' Eddie & Cupido *'' Lithotoma'' E.B.Knox *'' Melanocalyx'' (Fed.) Morin *'' Palustricodon'' Morin *'' Poolea'' Morin *'' Protocodon'' Morin *'' Ravenella ''Morin *'' Smithiastrum'' Morin *'' Wimmeranthus'' Rzed.


Fossil record

The earliest known occurrence of Campanulaceae
pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...
is from
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but t ...
strata In geology and related fields, a stratum ( : strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as e ...
. Earliest Campanulaceae macrofossils dated, are seeds of
A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species). It is one of the modern descendan ...
''Campanula paleopyramidalis'' from 17-16 million years old
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
deposits in the Nowy Sacz,
Carpathians The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretche ...
,
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
. It is a close relative of the extant
Campanula pyramidalis ''Campanula pyramidalis'', the chimney bellflower, is a species of ''Campanula'', native to southeastern Europe in Italy and the western Balkans. ''Campanula'' means "bell-like" referring to the bell-shape of its flowers, while ''pyramidalis'' ...
.


Chemical compounds

Members of subfamily Lobelioideae contain the alkaloid
lobeline Lobeline is a pyridine alkaloid found in a variety of plants, particularly those in the genus ''Lobelia'', including Indian tobacco ('' Lobelia inflata''), Devil's tobacco ('' Lobelia tupa''), great lobelia (''Lobelia siphilitica''), '' Lobelia c ...
. The principal storage carbohydrate of Campanulaceae is inulin, a
fructan A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as fructooligosaccharides. Fructans can be found in over 12% of the angiosperms including both monocots and dicots such as agave, artichokes, asparagus, l ...
also occurring in the related
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
.


Literature

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References


External links


Topwalks
{{Authority control Asterales families