Camino (from the

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

word ' meaning "path") is a discontinued free,

open source Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized sof ...

, GUI-based

Web browser A web browser is application software for accessing websites. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's screen. Browsers are used on ...

based on

Mozilla Mozilla (stylized as moz://a) is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products, thereby promoting exclusively free software and open standards, wi ...

Gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos ar ...

layout engine and specifically designed for the

OS X macOS (; previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is a Unix operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and lapt ...

operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also in ...

. In place of an

XUL XUL ( ), which stands for XML User Interface Language, is a user interface markup language developed by Mozilla. XUL is an XML dialect for writing graphical user interfaces, enabling developers to write user interface elements in a manner sim ...

-based user interface used by most Mozilla-based applications, Camino used Mac-native

Cocoa Cocoa may refer to: Chocolate * Chocolate * ''Theobroma cacao'', the cocoa tree * Cocoa bean, seed of ''Theobroma cacao'' * Chocolate liquor, or cocoa liquor, pure, liquid chocolate extracted from the cocoa bean, including both cocoa butter and ...

API An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how ...

s. On May 30, 2013, the Camino Project announced that the browser is no longer being developed. As Camino's aim was to integrate as well as possible with OS X, it used the

Aqua user interface Aqua is the graphical user interface, design language and visual theme of Apple's macOS operating system. It was originally based on the theme of water, with droplet-like components and a liberal use of reflection effects and translucency. Its ...

and integrated a number of OS X services and features such as the

Keychain A keychain (also key fob or keyring) is a small ring or chain of metal to which several keys can be attached. The length of a keychain allows an item to be used more easily than if connected directly to a keyring. Some keychains allow one or bo ...

for password management and

Bonjour Bonjour is a French word meaning (literally translated) "good day", and is commonly used as a greeting. Bonjour may also refer to: People * Laurence BonJour (born 1943), epistemologist and professor of philosophy at the University of Washington ...

for scanning available bookmarks across the local network. Other notable features included an integrated pop-up blocker and

ad blocker Ad blocking or ad filtering is a software capability for blocking or altering online advertising in a web browser, an application or a network. This may be done using browser extensions or other methods. Technologies and native countermeasures ...

, and

tabbed browsing In interface design, a tab is a graphical user interface object that allows multiple documents or panels to be contained within a single window, using tabs as a navigational widget for switching between sets of documents. It is an interface ...

that included an overview feature allowing tabs to be viewed all at once as pages.What makes Camino special?
/ref>
Macworld. Retrieved on 2010-11-11. The browser was developed by the Camino Project, a community organization. Mike Pinkerton had been the technical lead of the Camino project since

Dave Hyatt David Hyatt (born 28 June 1972) is an American software engineer and a ''Shadowrun'' game expansion author. Employed by Apple starting in 2002, he was part of the Safari web browser and WebKit framework development team. He also helped develop ...

moved to the

Safari A safari (; ) is an overland journey to observe wild animals, especially in eastern or southern Africa. The so-called "Big Five" game animals of Africa – lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant, and Cape buffalo – particularly form an importa ...

team at

Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, United States. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue (totaling in 2021) and, as of June 2022, is the world's biggest company ...

in mid-2002.

History

Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar Define $dy = -3 # shift text to right side of bar Define $now = 07/12/2011 Define $start = 13/02/2002 ImageSize = width:140 height:550 PlotArea = width:50 height:530 left:50 bottom:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:$start till:$now TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2003 PlotData= bar:Leaders color:blue width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S from:13/02/2002 till:$now from:13/02/2002 till:13/02/2002 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.1 from:06/04/2002 till:06/04/2002 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.2 from:24/07/2002 till:24/07/2002 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.4 from:09/09/2002 till:09/09/2002 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.5 from:05/11/2002 till:05/11/2002 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.6 from:06/03/2003 till:06/03/2003 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.7 from:25/06/2004 till:25/06/2004 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:0.8 from:14/02/2006 till:14/02/2006 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:1.0 from:05/06/2007 till:05/06/2007 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:1.5 from:17/04/2008 till:17/04/2008 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:1.6 from:18/11/2009 till:18/11/2009 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:2.0 from:29/11/2011 till:29/11/2011 shift:($dx,$dy) fontsize:XS text:2.1

In late 2001, Mike Pinkerton and Vidur Apparao started a project within

Netscape Netscape Communications Corporation (originally Mosaic Communications Corporation) was an American independent computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California and then Dulles, Virginia. Its Netscape web browser was onc ...

to prove that Gecko could be embedded in a Cocoa application. In early 2002

, one of the co-creators of

Firefox Mozilla Firefox, or simply Firefox, is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. It uses the Gecko rendering engine to display web pages, which implements current and ...

(then called

Phoenix Phoenix most often refers to: * Phoenix (mythology), a legendary bird from ancient Greek folklore * Phoenix, Arizona, a city in the United States Phoenix may also refer to: Mythology Greek mythological figures * Phoenix (son of Amyntor), a ...

), joined the team and built Chimera, a small, lightweight browser wrapper, around their work. "Chimera" is a mythological beast with parts taken from various animals and as the new browser represented an early example of Carbon/C++ code interacting with Cocoa/

Objective-C Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. Originally developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love in the early 1980s, it was selected by NeXT for its NeXTS ...

code, the name must have seemed apt. The first downloadable build of Chimera 0.1 was released on February 13, 2002. The early releases became popular due to their fast page-loading speeds (as compared with then-dominant Mac browser,

Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washing ...

's Internet Explorer version 5 or

OmniGroup The Omni Group is an American software company that develops software for the macOS, iOS, and watchOS platforms. The Omni Group was informally founded as a NEXTSTEP consulting company in 1989 by Wil Shipley, who immediately brought on Ken Case ...

OmniWeb OmniWeb is a discontinued web browser that was developed and marketed by The Omni Group exclusively for Apple's macOS operating system. Though a stable version is no longer maintained, it is still available as a free download and unstable version ...

, which then used the

Cocoa text system The Cocoa text system (formerly known simply by the primary class name NSText) is the linked network of classes, protocols, interfaces and objects that provide typography and text field editing capabilities and to Cocoa applications on Apple's macO ...

as its

rendering engine Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program. The resulting image is referred to as the render. Multiple models can be defined ...

). Hyatt was hired by Apple Computer in mid-2002 to start work on what would become

. Meanwhile, the Chimera developers got a small team together within Netscape, with dedicated development and QA, to put together a Netscape-branded technology preview for the January 2003 Macworld Conference. However, two days before the show,

AOL AOL (stylized as Aol., formerly a company known as AOL Inc. and originally known as America Online) is an American web portal and online service provider based in New York City. It is a brand marketed by the current incarnation of Yahoo (2017� ...

management decided to abandon the entire project. Despite this setback, a skeleton crew of QA and developers released Camino 0.7 on March 3, 2003. The name was changed from Chimera to Camino for legal reasons. Because of its roots in

Greek mythology A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the Cosmogony, origin and Cosmology#Metaphysical co ...

, ''Chimera'' has been a popular choice of name for

hypermedia Hypermedia, an extension of the term hypertext, is a nonlinear medium of information that includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks. This designation contrasts with the broader term ''multimedia'', which may include non-interac ...

systems. One of the first graphical web browsers was called Chimera, and researchers at the

University of California, Irvine The University of California, Irvine (UCI or UC Irvine) is a public land-grant research university in Irvine, California. One of the ten campuses of the University of California system, UCI offers 87 undergraduate degrees and 129 graduate and pr ...

, have also developed a complete hypermedia system of the same name. ''Camino'' is

for "path" or "road" (as in El Camino Real, aka the Royal Road), and the name was chosen to continue the "

Navigator A navigator is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation.Grierson, MikeAviation History—Demise of the Flight Navigator FrancoFlyers.org website, October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2014. The navigator's primar ...

" motif. While version 0.7 was primarily a Netscape-driven release kept afloat at the end by

, version 0.8 was, according to lead developer Pinkerton, "a triumph of open source and open process. People from all around the world helped with patches, QA, bug triage, localization, artwork, and evangelism." In March 2005, Camino's Web site was moved from the

Mozilla Foundation The Mozilla Foundation (stylized as moz://a) is an American non-profit organization that exists to support and collectively lead the open source Mozilla project. Founded in July 2003, the organization sets the policies that govern development, ...

's domain ''mozilla.org'' to the Camino Project's domain ''caminobrowser.org''. In September 2005, Pinkerton accepted a position at

Google Google LLC () is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. ...

where he worked closely with Google's Firefox team and continued to work on Camino during his "twenty percent" time. Camino 1.0, released on February 14, 2006, was the first browser of the Mozilla family to appear as a

universal binary The universal binary format is, in Apple parlance, a format for executable files that run natively on either PowerPC or Intel-manufactured IA-32 or Intel 64 or ARM64-based Macintosh computers. The format originated on NeXTStep as " Multi-Archi ...

, thanks largely to the efforts of Mark Mentovai, another of the Camino developers. Camino 2.0, released on November 18, 2009, introduced many new interface features to the browser including movable tabs and tab preview. It was the first Camino release to be

Acid2 Acid2 is a webpage that test web browsers' functionality in displaying aspects of HTML markup, CSS 2.1 styling, PNG images, and data URIs. The test page was released on 13 April 2005 by the Web Standards Project. The Acid2 test page will be ...

-compliant. With the release of Camino 2.1 in 2011, the developers announced plans to transition to

WebKit WebKit is a browser engine developed by Apple and primarily used in its Safari web browser, as well as on the iOS and iPadOS version of any web browser. WebKit is also used by the BlackBerry Browser, PlayStation consoles beginning from the PS ...

for future versions, as Mozilla had dropped support for Gecko embedding. The final release was 2.1.2 released on March 14, 2012. On May 30, 2013, Stuart Morgan announced on Camino Blog that Camino has reached its end and is no longer being developed.Camino. Blog. 2013 Archives
"Camino Reaches Its End" (2013-05-30). Retrieved on 2013-05-30.

Standards compliance

Camino 2.0, released on November 18, 2009, introduced many new interface features to the browser including moveable tabs and tab preview. It was the first Camino release to be

-compliant. The final release (2.1.2) scores a 99/100 on the Acid3 test. Camino's HTML5 support via the '' HTML5 test'' standards testbed is limited.

Multilingual support

Camino 2.1.2 is available in the following languages: * Dutch * German * English (US) * French * Italian * Japanese * Swedish * Chinese (Simplified) * Norwegian * Spanish

Version compatibility

References

External links