Camille (1936 Film)

''Camille'' is a 1936 American romantic drama film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer directed by George Cukor, and produced by Irving Thalberg and Bernard H. Hyman, from a screenplay by James Hilton, Zoë Akins, and Frances Marion. The picture is based on the 1848 novel and 1852 play ''La dame aux camélias'' by Alexandre Dumas. The film stars Greta Garbo, Robert Taylor, Lionel Barrymore, Elizabeth Allan, Jessie Ralph, Henry Daniell, and Laura Hope Crews. It grossed $2,842,000.

''Camille'' was included in ''Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies'' in 2005. It was also included at #33 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions.

Plot

Beautiful Marguerite Gautier (Greta Garbo) is a well-known courtesan, living in the demi-monde of mid-19th century Paris. Marguerite's dressmaker and procuress, Prudence Duvernoy (Laura Hope Crews), arranges an assignation at the theatre with a fabulously wealthy prospective patron, the Baron de Varville (Henry Daniell). Marguerite has never met the baron, and she briefly mistakes Armand Duval ( Robert Taylor), a handsome young man of good family but no great fortune, for the baron. She finds Armand charming, but when the mistake is explained, she accepts the baron without hesitation.

Marguerite spends money carelessly, sometimes out of generosity, as when she bids a fortune on a team of horses in order to give an old coachman employment, but more often because she loves her lavish lifestyle and the late nights of dancing and drinking—and because she knows her days are numbered. She has consumption, which is a death sentence for anyone who lives as she does. She has bouts of severe illness, and during one spell, the only person who came to her door was Armand, bearing flowers (the baron contrived to be in England). She finds this out after she has recovered, and she invites him to her birthday party (the baron has just departed for a long stay in Russia.) During the party, Marguerite retreats into the bedroom with a coughing spell, and Armand follows. He professes his love, which is something she has never known. She gives him a key and tells him to send everyone home and come back later. While she is waiting for him, the baron returns unexpectedly. She orders Nanine, her maid, to shoot the bolt on the door. The baron, who is clearly suspicious, plays the piano furiously, not quite masking the bell. He asks who might be at the door and, laughing, she says "The great romance of my life—That might have been."

At Armand's family home in the country, he asks his father for money to travel, to prepare for his career in the Foreign Service. He sends Marguerite a scathing letter (he saw the baron's carriage) but when she comes to his rooms they reconcile immediately. She sees a miniature of his mother and is amazed to learn that his parents have loved each other for 30 years. "You'll never love me 30 years," she says, sadly. "I'll love you all my life," he replies, and they embrace. Fadeout. Fade in to the two of them on the floor, Armand's head in her lap. He wants to take her to the country for the summer, to get well. She tells him to forget her but agrees in the end. However, she owes 40,000 francs, which must be paid. The baron gives her the money as a parting gift, and slaps her in the face when she kisses him in thanks.

Armand takes her to a house in the country; Marguerite thrives on fresh milk and eggs and country walks and love. A shadow is cast by the discovery that the baron's château is in the neighborhood. Marguerite tells him she has asked Prudence to sell everything, pay everything. "Never doubt that I love you more than the world." Armand asks her to marry him, but she declines.

The idyll ends when Armand's father (Lionel Barrymore) comes to the house and, acknowledging her love is real, begs Marguerite to turn away from his son, knowing her past will ruin his chances at a career or profession or place in society. When Armand returns to the house, she is cold and dismissive and tells him the baron is expecting her. He watches her walk over the hill.

Back in Paris, at a gambling club, Armand comes face to face with the baron and Marguerite, who is ill. Armand wins a fortune from the baron at Baccarat and begs Marguerite to come with him. She lies and says she loves the baron. Armand wounds the baron in a duel and must leave the country for six months. When he returns, Marguerite's illness has worsened. "Perhaps it's better if I live in your heart, where the world can't see me," she says. She dies in his arms.

Cast

* Greta Garbo as Marguerite Gautier
* Robert Taylor as Armand Duval
* Lionel Barrymore as Monsieur Duval
* Elizabeth Allan as Nichette, the Bride
* Jessie Ralph as Nanine, Marguerite's Maid
* Henry Daniell as Baron de Varville
* Lenore Ulric as Olympe
* Laura Hope Crews as Prudence Duvernoy
* Rex O'Malley as Gaston
* Mabel Colcord as Madame Barjon (uncredited)
* Mariska Aldrich as Friend of Marguerite (uncredited)
* Wilson Benge as Attendant (uncredited)

Production

According to a news item in ''Daily Variety'', MGM had considered changing the setting of the famous Alexandre Dumas story to modern times.

The film was not changed to modern times, but Thalberg wanted the film to have a more contemporary feeling than earlier ''Camilles''. He wanted audiences to forget that they were watching a "costume" picture. He also felt that morality had changed since the earlier ''Camilles'', and the fact that Marguerite was a prostitute was not as shameful anymore; as a result, Garbo's character became more likable than in previous productions. The modernization of the story proved to be successful.

While filming Marguerite's death scene, Robert Taylor brought his phonograph to Garbo's dressing room so that she could play Paul Robeson records to put her in the mood.

In the words of ''Camille'' director George Cukor: "My mother had just died, and I had been there during her last conscious moments. I suppose I had a special awareness. I may have passed something on to Garbo without realizing it." Garbo later praised Cukor's sensitivity: "Cukor gave me direction as to how to hold my hands", said Garbo. "He had seen how, when his mother lay dying, she folded her hands and just fell asleep."

While producing ''Camille'', producer Irving Thalberg died. After filming was ended, and post-production began, Louis B. Mayer assigned Bernard Hyman as the film's new producer. Hyman arranged re-takes, cut some scenes, or edited scenes from the original Thalberg produced film. It is not exactly known which scenes were edited or cut.

The famous death scene we see is not the original version from the first version of the film. In the original version, Garbo died on the bed, had more text to say, and folded her hands before she died. This original death scene is lost. Cukor thought that it didn't really feel very natural talking that much when you are about to die; so, Garbo's last scene was re-written and re-shot three times. In the first and second alternative endings, Garbo was on the deathbed, with fewer words to say, but they still weren't satisfied. They thought it seemed unreal for a dying woman to talk so much. In the third alternative ending, Garbo had to be even quieter, and just slowly slipped away in Robert Taylor's arms.

The 1936 production of Camille was the 84th anniversary of its original stage presentation in Paris in 1852. It was also far from new to the films because it was done once in 1915, twice in 1917, again in 1921 with Nazimova and Rudolph Valentino, and last in 1927 with Norma Talmadge.

News items in ''Daily Variety ''and ''Hollywood Reporter ''on Jul. 25, 1936, note that John Barrymore originally was cast in the role of Baron de Varville, but a bout of pneumonia prevented him from working on the picture. Barrymore's brother Lionel was scheduled to replace John in the role; however, a few days later, it was reported that a change in casting resulted in Lionel Barrymore's assignment to the role of Monsieur Duval, and Henry Daniell's assignment to Baron de Varville. Cinematographer William Daniels mistakenly is listed as a cast member in early ''Hollywood Reporter'' production charts. ''Camille'' marked the screen debut of actress Joan Leslie, who appeared under her real name, Joan Brodel.

Reception

Promotion

The "Selling Angles" section in ''BoxOffice Magazine'', Dec. 26, 1936, suggested tips for selling ''Camille''. Theatre managers were advised to make a display of some of the famous ''Camilles'' of past decades, including Garbo as the latest to join the list of immortal actresses; have local florists stage a "Camille Show"; find old reviews from metropolitan daily papers' back files and run them in conjunction with reviews of the modern film story; and print throwaways in the style of the old "Gas Light Era" programs. The suggested best "Catchlines" for selling ''Camille'', according to ''BoxOffice'', were:

* "Her love was like a great flame...burning...scorching...withering...and when the flame died, she no longer cared to live."
* "Her destiny was to be loved...but not to love...until she met the man who was to change that destiny."
* "Again...Dumas' classic love tale...with the screen's most dramatic love team – Garbo and Taylor."

Premiere

''Camille'' had its grand premiere on December 12, 1936, at the brand new ''Plaza Theatre'' in Palm Springs, California. Many celebrities attended the gala which cost ten dollars a seat. The desert resort of Palm Springs was turned upside down with all the commotion of the film's premiere. Some of the film was buried in stone to commemorate the celebration. Ralph Bellamy, who was a leading civic figure and Racquet Club owner in Palm Springs, was master of ceremonies. Rumors were spread that Greta Garbo was staying at the desert resort and would attend the premiere, but these rumors proved to be unfounded.

At the gala premiere, ''Camille'' was given an enthusiastic reception; the critics praised it as the finest performance ever given by Greta Garbo, Robert Taylor, Lionel Barrymore, and Lauren Hope Crews, and the best work by Director George Cukor. The enthusiasm accorded the picture was seen as a tribute to the genius of the late Irving G. Thalberg, who conceived of, and was responsible for, the production. The 37-year-old Thalberg died just before the film's release.

Box office

According to MGM records, the film earned $1,154,000 in the U.S. and Canada, and $1,688,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $388,000.

Critical response

''Camille'' has been well received by critics since its release, and the role of Marguerite is generally regarded as Greta Garbo's finest screen performance. ''Camille'' is often named as a highlight among 1936 films. Rotten Tomatoes reports 91% approval among 11 critics.

On watching a scene in the film where Garbo is at a theater, Thalberg said: "George, she's awfully good. I don't think I've ever seen her so good." "But Irving", said Cukor, "she's just sitting in an Opera Box." "She's relaxed", said Thalberg. "She's open. She seems unguarded for once." Garbo's new attitude prompted Thalberg to have the script reworked. "She is a fascinating artist, but she is limited", Thalberg told the new writers. "She must never create situations. She must be thrust into them. The drama comes in how she rides them out."

Awards

Won
* New York Film Critics Circle Awards: NYFCC Award; Best Actress, Greta Garbo; 1937.

Nomination
* Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Actress in a Leading Role, Greta Garbo; 1938.

Cultural references

* In the ''Gossip Girl'' episode " The Kids Stay in the Picture," Blair Waldorf takes to her bed and claims consumption, which Chuck Bass identifies as her "pulling a ''Camille''".
* In the 1982 Columbia Pictures musical film ''Annie'', the film is both seen and referenced. A portion of the film is seen after the number "Let's Go to the Movies". The film starts with the current 1957 MGM logo instead of the Jackie logo. The final scene is also alluded to in the lyrics of the song: "Greta Garbo is probably crying/While Robert Taylor is locked in her dying embrace."
**Margaret Booth (1898–2002) was the editor for ''Camille'' and the supervising editor for ''Annie'' 45 years later.
* On the series premiere of ''The Lucy Show'' in 1962, the Carmichael and Bagley families are going to see the film on television. Lucy Carmichael (Lucille Ball) attempts to use the film's television airing to keep her daughter Chris (Candy Moore) from going on a date, much to the annoyance of her friend/roommate Vivian Bagley (Vivian Vance).
* In the lyrics of "How Can Love Survive", from the 1959 Broadway production of ''The Sound of Music'', there is a reference to Camille: "I cannot die like Camille for you."
* In the 1945 film ''Detour'', the character Camille is referenced by the main character Al in response to the femme fatale Vera, coughing in a sickly fashion.
* The score, with original music by Herbert Stothart, often contains a dramatic theme from the I act final of Giuseppe Verdi's "La Traviata" (the well-known Italian operatic adaptation of Dumas novel) and music from Frédéric Chopin piano works (curiously, in 1978 it will be presented a ballet, inspired from the novel, with Chopin's music).
* The film inspired Milton Benjamin to write and publish a song titled "I'll Love Like Robert Taylor, Be My Greta Garbo".
* In the song "I'm the Greatest Star" from the musical play ''Funny Girl'', Fanny Brice sings that as Camille she would have "so much to offer" because she's "a natural cougher."

See also

*Lionel Barrymore filmography

Footnotes

External links

''Camille''
at ''Filmsite'' by Tim Dirks. Contains plot detail.
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1936 films
1936 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
Romantic period films
American films based on plays
Films based on Camille
Films based on adaptations
Films directed by George Cukor
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films about prostitution in France
Films produced by Irving Thalberg
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Films with screenplays by Frances Marion
1930s English-language films
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
1930s American films