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''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of about 220 species of
orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of floweri ...
s in the
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Orchidaceae. They are
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...
or
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...
terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upright, sometimes arching flowering stems. The
sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...
s and petals are narrow and a similar size to each other and the labellum usually has spreading lobes.


Description

Orchids in the genus ''Calanthe'' are terrestrial with small, crowded pseudobulbs with thick roots and a few corrugated or wrinkled leaves with the base tapering to a petiole-like stalk. Some species are evergreen while others are deciduous. The flowers are delicate but showy, white, pink, yellow or orange and crowded near the end of an erect, sometimes arching flowering stem. The sepals and petals are relatively narrow, similar in size and spread widely. The labellum has three or four spreading lobes and in most species there is a spur at the base. Unlike similar orchids, the labellum of ''Calanthe'' orchids is fused to the
column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression (physical), compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column i ...
.


Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Calanthe'' was first formally described in 1821 by Robert Brown and his manuscript was published in '' The Botanical Register''. The name ''Calanthe'' is derived from the
Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...
words ''kallos'' meaning "beauty" and ''anthos'' meaning "flower".


Distribution and habitat

''Calanthe'' species are found in all
tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
areas, but mostly concentrated in
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...
. Some species also range into
subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north a ...
and
tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
lands such as
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
,
Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Afric ...
,
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
,
Mexico Mexico (Spanish language, Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a List of sovereign states, country in the southern portion of North America. It is borders of Mexico, bordered to the north by the United States; to the so ...
,
Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, the
West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greate ...
and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.


List of species

The following is a list of species of ''Calanthe'' recognised by the ''
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected pla ...
'' as at August 2018: * '' Calanthe abbreviata'' (Blume) Lindl. * '' Calanthe aceras'' Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach * ''
Calanthe alba ''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves an ...
'' W.Suarez & Cootes * '' Calanthe albolutea'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe alismifolia'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe alleizettei'' Gagnep. * '' Calanthe alpina'' Hook.f. ex Lindl. * '' Calanthe alta'' Rchb.f. * ''
Calanthe angustifolia ''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves an ...
'' (Blume) Lindl. * '' Calanthe aquamarina'' Schuit. & de Vogel * '' Calanthe arcuata'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe arfakana'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe argenteostriata'' C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng * '' Calanthe arisanensis'' Hayata * '' Calanthe aristulifera'' Rchb.f. * '' Calanthe aruank'' P.Royen * '' Calanthe aurantiaca'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe aureiflora'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe balansae'' Finet * '' Calanthe baliensis'' J.J.Wood & J.B.Comber * '' Calanthe beamanii'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe beleensis'' Ormerod & P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe bicalcarata'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe biloba'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe bingtaoi'' J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu * '' Calanthe bivalvis'' P.J.Cribb & Ormerod * '' Calanthe brassii'' Ormerod * '' Calanthe brevicornu'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe burkei'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe calanthoides'' (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay in F.Hamer * '' Calanthe camptoceras'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe cardioglossa'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe carrii'' Govaerts * '' Calanthe caulescens'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe caulodes'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe ceciliae'' Rchb.f. * '' Calanthe celebica'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe chevalieri'' Gagnep. * '' Calanthe chloroleuca'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe chrysoglossoides'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe clavata'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe clavicalcar'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe claytonii'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe coiloglossa'' Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach * '' Calanthe conspicua'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe coodei'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe cootesii'' Naive * '' Calanthe coreana'' Nakai – Korean calanthe * '' Calanthe cremeoviridis'' J.J.Wood * '' Calanthe crenulata'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe crispifolia'' Ormerod * '' Calanthe cruciata'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe crumenata'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe crystallina'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe davaensis'' Ames * '' Calanthe davidii'' Franch. * '' Calanthe daymanensis'' Ormerod & P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe delavayi'' Finet * '' Calanthe densiflora'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe devogelii'' P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton * '' Calanthe discolor'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe dulongensis'' H.Li, R.Li & Z.L.Dao * '' Calanthe duyana'' Aver. * '' Calanthe ecallosa'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe ecarinata'' Rolfe ex Hemsl. * '' Calanthe emeishanica'' K.Y.Lang & Z.H.Tsi * '' Calanthe engleriana'' Kraenzl. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach * '' Calanthe epiphytica'' Carr * '' Calanthe fargesii'' Finet * '' Calanthe finisterrae'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe fissa'' L.O.Williams * '' Calanthe flava'' (Blume) C.Morren * '' Calanthe floresana'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe forbesii'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe formosana'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe fragrans'' P.Royen * '' Calanthe fugongensis'' X.H.Jin & S.C.Chen * '' Calanthe geelvinkensis'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe gibbsiae'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe goodenoughiana'' Ormerod & P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe graciliflora'' Hayata * '' Calanthe graciliscapa'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe griffithii'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe habbemensis'' Ormerod & P.J.Cribb * ''
Calanthe halconensis ''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upr ...
'' Ames * '' Calanthe hancockii'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe hattorii'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe henryi'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe herbacea'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe hirsuta'' Seidenf. * '' Calanthe hololeuca'' Rchb.f. in B.Seemann * '' Calanthe hoshii'' S.Kobay. * '' Calanthe hyacinthina'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe imthurnii'' Kores * '' Calanthe inflata'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe insularis'' S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park * '' Calanthe izu-insularis'' (Satomi) Ohwi & Satomi in J.Ohwi * '' Calanthe johorensis'' Holttum * '' Calanthe judithiae'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe jusnerii'' Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco * '' Calanthe kaniensis'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe kemulensis'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe keshabii'' Lucksom * '' Calanthe kinabaluensis'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe labrosa'' (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. * ''
Calanthe lacerata ''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upr ...
'' Ames * '' Calanthe lambii'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe lamellosa'' Rolfe * '' Calanthe lancilabris'' Ormerod & P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe lechangensis'' Z.H.Tsi & Tang * '' Calanthe leonidii'' P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton * '' Calanthe leucosceptrum'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe leuseri'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe ligo'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe limprichtii'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe longgangensis'' Y.S.Huang & Yan Liu * '' Calanthe longibracteata'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe longifolia'' Schltr. * ''
Calanthe lyroglossa ''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upr ...
'' Rchb.f. * '' Calanthe madagascariensis'' Rolfe ex Hook.f. * '' Calanthe mannii'' Hook.f. * '' Calanthe maquilingensis'' Ames * '' Calanthe masuca'' (D.Don) Lindl. * '' Calanthe maxii'' P.O'Byrne * ''
Calanthe mcgregorii ''Calanthe'', commonly known as Christmas orchids, is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upr ...
'' Ames * '' Calanthe metoensis'' Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang * '' Calanthe micrantha'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe microglossa'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe millikenii'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe millotae'' Ursch & Genoud ex Bosser * '' Calanthe mindorensis'' Ames, Philipp. J. Sci. * '' Calanthe moluccensis'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe monophylla'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe muelleri'' Kraenzl. * '' Calanthe musa-amanii'' J.J.Wood * '' Calanthe nankunensis'' Z.H.Tsi * '' Calanthe nicolae'' P.O'Byrne * '' Calanthe nipponica'' Makino * '' Calanthe nivalis'' Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco * '' Calanthe obreniformis'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe odora'' Griff. * '' Calanthe okinawensis'' Hayata * '' Calanthe oreadum'' Rendle * '' Calanthe otuhanica'' C.L.Chan & T.J.Barkman * '' Calanthe ovalifolia'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe ovata'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe papuana'' (Schltr.) J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe parvilabris'' Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach * '' Calanthe pauciverrucosa'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe pavairiensis'' Ormerod * '' Calanthe perrottetii'' A.Rich. * '' Calanthe petelotiana'' Gagnep. * '' Calanthe plantaginea'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe poiformis'' P.J.Cribb & Ormerod * '' Calanthe polyantha'' Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien * '' Calanthe puberula'' Lindl. * ''
Calanthe pulchra ''Calanthe pulchra'' is a species of orchid. It is found in Laos, Thailand, Borneo, Java, Malaysia, the Philippines and Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indon ...
'' (Blume) Lindl. * '' Calanthe pullei'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe punctata'' Kurzweil * '' Calanthe purpurea'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe reflexilabris'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe rhodochila'' Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach * '' Calanthe rigida'' Carr * '' Calanthe rosea'' (Lindl.) Benth. * ''
Calanthe rubens ''Calanthe rubens'' is a species of orchid. It is native to the Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia and generally grows at elevations above 300 feet. It is warm growing and deciduous, commencing growth in spring and flowering in autumn. Reference ...
'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe rubra'' S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park * '' Calanthe ruttenii'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe saccata'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe sacculata'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe salaccensis'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe sandsii'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe scaposa'' Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang * '' Calanthe secunda'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe seranica'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe simplex'' Seidenf. * '' Calanthe sinica'' Z.H.Tsi * '' Calanthe solomonensis'' P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton * '' Calanthe spathoglottoides'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe speciosa'' (Blume) Lindl. * '' Calanthe stella'' P.J.Cribb * ''
Calanthe striata ''Calanthe striata'' is a species of orchid. It is native to Korea, Japan (including the Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, ...
'' R.Br. ex Spreng. * '' Calanthe succedanea'' Gagnep. * '' Calanthe sylvatica'' (Thouars) Lindl. * '' Calanthe taenioides'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe tahitensis'' Nadeaud * '' Calanthe takeuchii'' Ormerod & P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe tenuis'' Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames * '' Calanthe torricellensis'' Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach * '' Calanthe transiens'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe tricarinata'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe trifida'' Tang & F.T.Wang * '' Calanthe triplicata'' (Willemet) Ames * '' Calanthe trulliformis'' King & Pantl. * '' Calanthe truncata'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe truncicola'' Schltr. * '' Calanthe tsoongiana'' Tang & F.T.Wang * '' Calanthe tsoongiana'' var. guizhouensis Z.H.Tsi * '' Calanthe uncata'' Lindl. * '' Calanthe undulata'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe unifolia'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe velutina'' Ridl. * '' Calanthe ventilabrum'' Rchb.f. in B.Seemann * '' Calanthe versteegii'' J.J.Sm. * ''
Calanthe vestita ''Calanthe vestita'' is a species of orchid. It is widespread throughout much of Southeast Asia from Assam to New Guinea including Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially ...
'' Wall. ex Lindl. * '' Calanthe villosa'' J.J.Sm. * '' Calanthe wenshanensis'' J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu * '' Calanthe whistleri'' P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton * '' Calanthe whiteana'' King & Pantl. * '' Calanthe womersleyi'' P.J.Cribb & Ormerod * '' Calanthe woodii'' P.J.Cribb * '' Calanthe yaoshanensis'' Z.X.Ren & H.Wang * '' Calanthe yueana'' Tang & F.T.Wang * '' Calanthe yuksomnensis'' Lucksom * '' Calanthe zollingeri'' Rchb.f.


Gallery

Calanthe triplicata - Flickr 003 - cropped.jpg, Calanthe triplicata, the Calanthe
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specim ...
, from Florida International University R. Warner & B.S. Williams - The Orchid Album - volume 08 - plate 354 (1889).jpg, Botanical illustration of Calanthe masuca, from The Orchid Album vol. 8 Calanthe discolor.JPG, Calanthe discolor from Shiga prefecture, Japan Calanthe brevicornu - Sertum - Lindley pl. 9 (1838).jpg, Botanical illustration of Calanthe brevicornu from
John Lindley John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley w ...
's Sertum Orchidaceum Calanthe argenteostriata 02.jpg, Flowers of '' Calanthe argenteostriata'' Calanthe izu-insularis 'Mikura Otome' (Mikura Is.) (Satomi) Ohwi & Satomi, J.Ohwi, Fl. Jap., ed. rev.- 1437 (1965) (34031847852).jpg, Flowers of '' Calanthe izu-insularis''


References


External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q133768 Collabieae genera Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)