Częstochowa pogrom refers to an

anti-Semitic Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...

disturbance that occurred on August 11, 1902, in the town of Chenstokhov,

Russian Partition The Russian Partition (), sometimes called Russian Poland, constituted the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were annexed by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of Poland. The Russian ac ...

under

Nicholas II Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 186817 July 1918) or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. He married ...

(modern Częstochowa, Poland). According to an official Russian report by the Tsarist Governor of the Piotrków Governorate (residing at the distance), the said pogrom started after an altercation between a Jewish shopkeeper and a Catholic woman.Theodore R. Weeks
Polish-Jewish relations 1903-1914: The view from the chancellery.
' Canadian Slavonic Papers, Sep-Dec 1998.

Polish version of the events

However, Polish historical research does not corroborate Russian claims. No Jews died in the disturbance. The fight at the marketplace between a Jewish man and an ethnic Pole, both suspected of illegal activities, was instigated by the soldiers of the

Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army () was the army of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was organized into a standing army and a state militia. The standing army consisted of Regular army, regular troops and ...

. Almost instantly, the conflict turned into a mass protest against the Russian occupation. Two people were killed. The riot escalated. The Tsarists Cossacks bludgeoned the president of the Jewish council Henryk Markusfeld and attacked the Jewish neighbourhood, raping young women, looting, and destroying property. It was the first such event in Częstochowa's history. There were 12,000 Jewish people in Częstochowa at the turn of the century, about 29% of the population. Notably, the relations between Jews and Poles in the town were good. "Products of Jewish goldsmiths – wrote Father Jan Związek – adorned not only the synagogue interiors, but also some Catholic churches." However, bloody anti-Russian disturbances began in Częstochowa already in May 1894 in which 2,200 workers participated. The relations with the occupational forces reached its lowest point in 1905 when many striking workers were killed by the Russians, many others arrested, and sent to Siberia.

Russian and Jewish version of the events

According to the Tsarist Governor stationing in Piotrków, a mob attacked the Jewish shops in Częstochowa, killing fourteen Jews and one Russian gendarme. The imperial army brought in to restore order were said to have been stoned by the mob. Soldiers then fired, and shot two Polish rioters and wounded several others according to the Russian Governor. Within days, the Tsarist report from Russia made its way to the foreign press. The incident's alleged description was repeated by New York Times on September 14, 1902. ''Jewish Workers' Voice'' reported: Because of its large Jewish community and the town's importance as a place of

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for Polish Catholics, Częstochowa experienced anti-Jewish disturbances nevertheless. On May 27, 1919, five Jews were killed in revenge for the shooting of a Polish officer by a young Jew in broad daylight at the NMP Avenue. In June 1937, during the attempted robbery of a Jewish shop one Christian passerby was shot by a Bund member, resulting in dozens of Jewish establishments being destroyed by the right-wing youth, with no fatalities on either side. Throughout the interwar period, Jewish merchants dominated in textile, leather, and food industries locally. Over half of the retail establishment belonged to Jews in Częstochowa before World War II.Jerzy Mizgalski
Dzieje Żydów częstochowian.
Gazeta.pl via Internet Archive.

References

{{Jews and Judaism in Poland 1902 in Poland 1902 riots History of Częstochowa Massacres in 1902 Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire Antisemitism in Poland Piotrków Governorate August 1902 in Europe 1902 murders in the Russian Empire 1902 in Judaism Riots and civil disorder in Poland 20th-century mass murder in Poland