Cypraeidae - Chelycypraea Testudinaria

Cypraeidae, commonly named the cowries ( cowry), is a taxonomic family of small to large sea snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies.

Shell description

Cypraeidae have adult shells which are very rounded, almost like an egg; they do not look like a typical gastropod shell. In virtually all of the species in the family Cypraeidae, the shells are extremely smooth and shiny. This is because in the living animal, the shell is nearly always fully covered with the mantle.

Typically, no spire is visible in the fully adult shell, and there is a long, narrow, aperture which is lined with "teeth".

Juvenile cowry shells are not at all similar to adult cowry shells. The juvenile shells of cowries perhaps more closely resemble the shells of some "bubble snails" in the order Cephalaspidea. Also the shells of juvenile cowries seldom exhibit the same color patterns as the adult shells do, and thus can be hard to identify to species.

Cowries have no operculum.

Predators and prey

The very narrow toothed aperture of the cowry shell makes the adult shells difficult for many predators to reach into. However cowries are still vulnerable to predation:

* Some tropical crustaceans can break the dorsum of a cowry shell.
* Some mollusc-eating cones, such as ''Conus textile'', can inject venom into the cowry's flesh. The cone then extends its stomach into the shell, through the aperture, to completely ingest the flesh.
* Some octopuses can gouge a small hole (using a special barb/tooth and an acidic secretion) through the shell to inject a venom that kills the animal within.
The eating habits of cowries are poorly known, because most species are nocturnal and cryptic, but sponges are the most commonly described prey. Off the coasts of Australia, common cowry species eat sponges, and on Caribbean coral reefs they are known to eat sponges that are otherwise chemically defended against other predators.

Taxonomy

For nearly 200 years, every species in the family Cypraeidae was placed in one genus, ''Cypraea'', but in 2002 the cowries were divided into many different genera.

2005 taxonomy

The family Cypraeidae belongs, together with the family Ovulidae, to the superfamily Cypraeoidea. This, in turn, is part of the clade Littorinimorpha which belongs within the clade Hypsogastropoda according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

The following six subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) but are treated as alternate representation of Cypraeidae in the World Register of Marine Species :
* Cypraeinae Rafinesque, 1815
** tribe Cypraeini Rafinesque, 1815 - synonym: Porcellanidae Roberts, 1870 (inv.)
** tribe Mauritiini Steadman & Cotton, 1946
* Erosariinae Schilder, 1924 - synonyms: Cypraeacitinae Schilder, 1930 (inv.); Nariinae Schilder, 1932; Staphylaeinae Iredale, 1935
* Erroneinae Schilder, 1927
** tribe Erroneini Schilder, 1927 - synonym: Adustinae Steadman & Cotton, 1946
** tribe Bistolidini C. Meyer, 2003
* Gisortiinae Schilder, 1927 - synonyms: Archicypraeinae Schilder, 1930; Bernayinae Schilder, 1927; Cpraeorbini Schilder, 1927; Mandolininae Schilder, 1932; Umbiliini Schilder 1932; Zoilinae Iredale, 1935
* Luriinae Schilder, 1932
** tribe Luriini Schilder, 1932 - synonym: Talpariinae Iredale, 1935
** tribe Austrocypraeini Iredale, 1935
* Pustulariinae Gill, 1871
** tribe Pustulariini Gill, 1871
** tribe Cypraeovulini Schilder, 1927
*Zonariinae F. A. Schilder, 1932
** Tribe Pseudozonariini Lopez Soriano, 2006
** tribe Zonariini Schilder, 1932

Genera

Genera within the family Cypraeidae include:

* Subfamily Cypraeinae Rafinesque, 1815
** ''Cypraea'' Linnaeus, 1758
** † '' Cypraeorbis'' Timothy Abbott Conrad, 1865
** '' Muracypraea'' Woodring, 1957
** † '' Siphocypraea'' Heilprin, 1887

* Subfamily Erosariinae Schilder, 1924
** '' Cryptocypraea'' Meyer, 2003Meyer C. P. (2003) "Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics". ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 79(3): 401–459.
** ''Ipsa'' Jousseaume, 1884
** '' Monetaria'' Troschel, 1863
** '' Naria'' Gray, 1837
** '' Nesiocypraea'' Azuma & Kurohara, 1967
** '' Nucleolaria'' Oyama, 1959
** † '' Palaeocypraea'' Schilder, 1928
** '' Perisserosa'' Iredale, 1930
** † '' Praerosaria'' Dolin & Lozouet, 2004
** '' Propustularia'' Schilder, 1927
** '' Staphylaea'' Jousseaume, 1884
** † '' Subepona'' Dolin & Lozouet, 2004
* Subfamily Erroneinae Schilder, 1927
** '' Bistolida'' Cossmann, 1920
** '' Erronea'' Troschel, 1863
* Subfamily † Gisortiinae Schilder, 1927
** † '' Afrocypraea'' Schilder, 1932
** † '' Archicypraea'' Schilder, 1926
** † ''Bernaya'' Jousseaume, 1884
** † '' Garviea'' Dolin & Dockery, 2018
** † '' Gisortia'' Jousseaume, 1884
** † '' Mandolina'' Jousseaume, 1884
** † '' Protocypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** † '' Semicypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** † '' Vicetia'' Fabiani 1905
* Subfamily Luriinae Schilder, 1932
* Tribe Austrocypraeini Iredale, 1935
** '' Annepona'' Iredale, 1935
** '' Arestorides'' Iredale 1930
** '' Austrocypraea'' Cossmann, 1903
** '' Callistocypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** '' Chelycypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** '' Lyncina'' Troschel, 1863
** '' Raybaudia'' Lorenz, 2017
** ''Trona'' Jousseaume, 1884
* Tribe Luriini Schilder, 1932
** † '' Fossacypraea'' Schilder, 1939
** † '' Jousseaumia'' Sacco, 1894
** '' Luria'' Jousseaume, 1884
** '' Talparia'' Troschel, 1863
* Subfamily Pustulariinae Gill, 1871
** ''Cypraeovula'' Gray, 1824
** '' Pustularia'' Swainson, 1840


* Subfamily Umbiliinae Schilder, 1932
** † '' Gigantocypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** '' Umbilia'' Jousseaume, 1884

* Subfamily Zonariinae F. A. Schilder, 1932
** Tribe Pseudozonariini Lopez Soriano, 2006
*** '' Neobernaya'' Schilder 1927
*** '' Pseudozonaria'' Schilder, 1929
*** '' Plaziatia'' Dolin & Lozouet, 2004 accepted as '' Pseudozonaria'' Schilder, 1929
** tribe Zonariini Schilder, 1932
*** '' Proadusta'' Sacco, 1894 †
*** '' Prozonarina'' Schilder, 1941 †
*** '' Schilderina'' Dolin & Aguerre, 2020
*** '' Zonaria'' Jousseaume, 1884
*** † '' Zonarina'' Sacco, 1894
**** '' Schilderia'' Tomlin, 1930

* Not assigned to a subfamily
** '' Austrasiatica'' Lorenz, 1989
** '' Barycypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** ''Blasicrura'' Iredale, 1930
** '' Contradusta'' Meyer, 2003
** '' Cribrarula'' Strand, 1929
** '' Eclogavena'' Iredale, 1930
** '' Ficadusta'' Habe & Kosuge 1966
** '' Leporicypraea'' Iredale, 1930
** '' Macrocypraea'' Schilder, 1930
** ''Mauritia'' Troschel, 1863
** '' Melicerona'' Iredale, 1930
** † '' Miolyncina''
** '' Notadusta'' Schilder, 1935
** '' Notocypraea'' Schilder, 1927
** '' Ovatipsa'' Iredale, 1931
** '' Palmadusta'' Iredale, 1930
** '' Palmulacypraea'' Meyer, 2003
** '' Paradusta'' Lorenz, 2017
** † '' Proadusta'' Sacco 1894
** '' Purpuradusta'' Schilder, 1939
** '' Ransoniella'' Dolin & Lozouet, 2005
** '' Talostolida'' Iredale, 1931
** '' Zoila'' Jousseaume, 1884

Species

For a list of Species in the taxonomic family Cypraeidae, see Cowries.

References

Further reading

*

Felix Lorenz and Alex Hubert : ''A Guide to Worldwide Cowries'', second revised edition, Conch Books, 2002

* Lorenz F. (2017). ''Cowries. A guide to the gastropod family Cypraeidae. Volume 1, Biology and systematics.'' Harxheim: ConchBooks. 644 pp.

External links

Zonatus
Gallery

{{taxonbar, from=Q1141733

Gastropod families
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque