''Cyphomandra'' was a formerly accepted

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

in the plant family

Solanaceae The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and o ...

(the

nightshade The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orna ...

s and relative). It used to contain about 35

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

native to the Americas from

Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...

southwards to Northern

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...

. Recent authors have treated ''Cyphomandra'' as a clade within the genus ''

Solanum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanacea ...

'' rather than as a separate genus, uniting the members of the old genus with some other ''Solanum''. This lineage is one among a group related to part of the traditional

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed betw ...

''Leptostemonum''. Thus, if it is preferred to retain the

taxon In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...

, ''Cyphomandra'' is probably best considered a

section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

in ''Solanum'' subgenus ''Leptostemonum''. Most grow as shrubs or small trees 2 or 3 metres in height. The best known species is the widely cultivated Tamarillo or tree tomato, but a number of the others are also cultivated as garden plants because of their attractive flowers or fruits. Several other species (e.g. '' S. cajanumense, S. circinatum, S. sibundoyense'') also have fruits that are edible when ripe, and yet others are used as

dye A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution and ...

stuffs or in

folk medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...

where they are native.

Species

Species contained in the ''Cyphomandra'' clade, with their former

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

s cited if they have significantly changed when moving to ''Solanum'', are:Solanaceae Source 008/ref> * '' Solanum allophyllum'' (Miers) Standl. * '' Solanum amotapense'' Svenson (= ''Cyphomandra villosa'' Steyerm.) * '' Solanum betaceum'' – Tamarillo (= ''Cyphomandra crassicaulis''(?), ''C. crassifolia'' (Ortega) J.F.Macbr., ''C. crassifolia'' (Ortega) Kuntze, ''C. procera'' Wawra) * '' Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs (''Cyphomandra foetida'' Bohs) * ''

Solanum cajanumense ''Solanum cajanumense'' (also known as ''casana'') is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Intolerant of heat, frost, or direct sunlight, ''Solanum cajanumense'' seems to prefer cloud forest ...

'' (= ''Cyphomandra casana'' A.Child) * '' Solanum calidum'' Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra pilosa'' Bohs) * '' Solanum circinatum'' Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra artocarpophylla'' H.J.P.Winkl., ''C. costaricencis'' Donn.Sm., ''C. dendroidea'' Pittier, ''C. dolichorhachis'' Bitter, ''C. hartwegii'' (Miers) Walp., ''C. hartwegii'' ssp. ''ramosa'' Bohs, ''C. heterophylla'' Donn.Sm., ''C. holtonii'' Hochr., ''C. kalbreyeri'' Bitter, ''C. mollicella'' Standl., ''C. naranjilla'' Pittier, ''C. splendens'' Dunal in DC.) * '' Solanum confusum'' C.V.Morton (= ''Cyphomandra adelpha'' (C.V.Morton) A.Child) * '' Solanum corymbiflorum'' (Sendtn.) Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra kleinii'' L.B.Sm. & Downs, ''C. macrophylla'' L.B.Sm. & Downs, ''C. mortoniana'' L.B.Sm. & Down, ''C. patrum'' L.B.Sm. & Downs) * '' Solanum cylindricum'' Vell. (= ''Cyphomandra elliptica'' (Vell.) Sendtn. in Mart., ''C. subhastata'' (L.B.Sm. & Downs) A.Child) * '' Solanum diploconos'' (Mart.) Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra floribunda'' (Miers) Dunal in DC., ''C. fragrans'' (Hook.) Sendtn. in Mart., ''C. piperoides'' Dunal in DC.) * ''

Solanum diversifolium ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Dunal (= ''Cyphomandra campanulata'' Moritz ex Steyerm. & Huber, ''C. caracasana'' (Roem. & Schult.) Sendtn., ''C. caudata'' Standl., ''C. chlorantha'' Rusby, ''C. meridensis'' Steyerm. & Rojas) * ''

Solanum endopogon ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' (Bitter) Bohs * ''

Solanum exiguum ''Solanum exiguum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bo ...

'' (= ''Cyphomandra benensis'' Britton) * '' Solanum fallax'' (= ''Cyphomandra betacea'' var. ''velutina'' Dunal in DC., ''C. hypomalaca'' Bitter) * ''

Solanum fortunense ''Solanum fortunense'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental coun ...

'' (= ''Cyphomandra dolichocarpa'' Bitter) * ''

Solanum fusiforme ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' L.B.Sm. & Downs * '' Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf. * ''

Solanum hibernum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bohs * ''

Solanum hutchisonii ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' (J.F.Macbr.) Bohs * ''

Solanum latiflorum ''Solanum latiflorum'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin Am ...

'' (= ''Cyphomandra calycina'' Sendtn., ''C. calycina'' var. ''rufescens'' Dunal in DC.) * ''

Solanum luridifuscescens ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bitter (= ''Cyphomandra glaberrima'' Dusén, ''C. velutina'' Sendtn. in Mart.) * '' Solanum luteoalbum'' * ''

Solanum mapiriense ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bitter (= ''Cyphomandra phytolaccoides'' (Rusby) A.Child) * ''

Solanum maranguapense ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bitter * ''

Solanum matadori ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Smith & Downs * ''

Solanum maternum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bohs * '' Solanum melissarum'' (= ''Cyphomandra capsicoides'' (Miers) Walp., ''C. ciliata'' (Miers) Walp., ''C. divaricata'' (Mart.) Sendtn., ''C. divaricata'' var. ''flexipes'' Sendtn. in Mart., ''C. divaricata'' var. ''herbacea'' Sendtn. in Mart., ''C. laxiflora'' Dunal in DC., ''C. oxyphylla'' Dunal in DC.) * '' Solanum morellifolium'' Bohs * '' Solanum obliquum'' Ruiz & Pav. (= ''Cyphomandra brachypodia'' Sendtn., ''C. coriacea'' (Miers) Walp., ''C. obliqua'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Sendtn., ''C. ulei'' Bitter) * ''

Solanum occultum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra stellata'' Bohs) * ''

Solanum ovum-fringillae ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and inc ...

'' * ''

Solanum oxyphyllum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' C.V.Morton (= ''Cyphomandra fragilis'' Bohs) * '' Solanum paralum'' (= ''Cyphomandra heterophylla'' Taub.) * '' Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra cornigera'' Dunal in DC., ''C. maritima'' L.B.Sm. & Downs) * ''

Solanum pendulum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Ruiz & Pav. (= ''Cyphomandra arborea'' H.J.P.Winkl., ''C. subcordata'' Rusby) * '' Solanum pinetorum'' (= ''Cyphomandra angustifolia'' L.B.Sm. & Downs, ''C. hispida'' L.B.Sm. & Downs) * ''

Solanum premnifolium ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' (Miers) Bohs * ''

Solanum proteanthum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra oblongifolia'' Bohs) * ''

Solanum rojasianum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bohs * '' Solanum roseum'' (= ''Cyphomandra acuminata'' Rusby) * ''

Solanum sciadostylis ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae ...

'' (Sendtn.) Bohs (= ''Cyphomandra reitzii'' L.B.Sm. & Downs) * '' Solanum sibundoyense'' * '' Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter * '' Solanum sycocarpum'' (= ''Cyphomandra lobata'' Sendtn. in Mart.) * ''

Solanum tegore ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' Aubl. (= ''Cyphomandra tejore'' Sendtn. ex Walp.) * '' Solanum tenuisetosum'' (Bitter) Bohs * '' Solanum tobagense'' (= ''Cyphomandra bolivarensis'' Steyerm.) * ''

Solanum unilobum ''Solanum'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solana ...

'' (Rusby) Bohs

Formerly placed here

Species formerly in the genus ''Cyphomandra'' which are not members of the ''Cyphomandra'' clade are: * ''

Solanum abutiloides ''Solanum abutiloides'' is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Argentina and Bolivia, and thrives as a weedy plant in rocky land, on stream banks, and scrub land between in elevation. It is also known as dwarf tama ...

'' (Griseb.) Bitter & Lillo

Footnotes

References

* (1988): Four new species of ''Cyphomandra'' (Solanaceae) from South America. ''Systematic Botany'' 13(2): 265-275
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* (1989): Ethnobotany of the genus ''Cyphomandra'' (Solanaceae). ''Economic Botany'' 43(2): 143-163 nglish with Spanish abstract (HTML abstract and first page image) * (1994): ''Cyphomandra'' (Solanaceae). ''Flora Neotropica'' 63: 1-175. * (1995): Transfer of ''Cyphomandra'' (Solanaceae) and Its Species to ''Solanum''. ''

Taxon In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...

'' 44(4): 583-587
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* 008br>Phylogeny
Retrieved 2008-OCT-01. {{Taxonbar, from=Q14944340 Solanum Historically recognized angiosperm genera