''Cymbiolacca'' is a small taxonomic

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of medium-sized

predatory Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

in the family Volutidae, the volutes. This genus is often treated as a subgenus of ''

Cymbiola ''Cymbiola'' is a genus of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutidae, the volutes.Bail, P. (2010). Cymbiola Swainson, 1831. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. A ...

'' Swainson, 1831.

Distribution

''Cymbiolacca'' species live in colonies on and near the

Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over over an area of approximately . The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, ...

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

Australia, and on reefs in the

Coral Sea The Coral Sea () is a marginal sea of the South Pacific off the northeast coast of Australia, and classified as an interim Australian bioregion. The Coral Sea extends down the Australian northeast coast. Most of it is protected by the Fre ...

. They live in coral sand substrates on intertidal reef platforms to depths of over 100 m. Populations or colonies of ''Cymbiolacca'' are usually narrowly endemic.

Shell description

The shells of ''Cymbiolacca'' have a small conical (usually ribbed)

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

, a solid glossy shell with a spiny shoulder (sometimes reduced) and an elongate aperture with 4 distinct columellar plicae. The colour pattern of ''Cymbiolacca'' is polymorphic, the base colour is white and it is usually overlaid with axial lines, dashes or dots and a pink, orange, red or brown tented pattern. The largest species (reaching 140 mm in length) are ''

Cymbiolacca thatcheri ''Cymbiolacca'' is a small taxonomic genus of medium-sized predatory marine gastropod mollusc in the family Volutidae, the volutes. This genus is often treated as a subgenus of ''Cymbiola'' Swainson, 1831. Distribution ''Cymbiolacca'' species ...

'' from reeftops in the Coral Sea and a population of ''

Cymbiolacca intruderi ''Cymbiolacca'' is a small taxonomic genus of medium-sized predatory marine gastropod mollusc in the family Volutidae, the volutes. This genus is often treated as a subgenus of ''Cymbiola'' Swainson, 1831. Distribution ''Cymbiolacca'' species ...

'' from deep water outside the Great Barrier Reef north east of Townsville. The most widespread and polymorphic species is ''

Cymbiolacca pulchra ''Cymbiolacca'' is a small taxonomic genus of medium-sized predatory marine gastropod mollusc in the family Volutidae, the volutes. This genus is often treated as a subgenus of ''Cymbiola'' Swainson, 1831. Distribution ''Cymbiolacca'' species ...

'' from the

Biology

''Cymbiolacca'' are mostly nocturnal and prey on other gastropods. During the day they remain buried in coral sand. At night the emerge and crawl on top of the sand searching for prey. They envelop prey with their colourful foot and bury in the sand to consume it. Like other Volutidae ''Cymbiolacca'' have internal fertilization and lay eggs from which snail develop directly. There is no pelagic stage. This has resulted in a wide variety of forms, each endemic to a particular population.

Taxonomy

The polymorphic, narrowly endemic populations of ''Cymbiolacca'' have caused some taxonomists to apply many names at the species and subspecific levels to this genus. Further studies of the phylogeny of this group may be able to resolve this issue and provide a stable taxonomy. Image:P1161304.JPG, from near Broadhurst Reef Image:Cymbiolacca pulchra wisemani.JPG, from Keeper Reef

References

* Bail P. & Limpus A. (1998). ''The "pulchra complex"''. Evolver, Rome, . * Wilson B. (1994). ''Australian marine shells 2''. Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo, Western Australia, {{DEFAULTSORT:Cymbiolacca Volutidae