Colydiinae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s, commonly known as cylindrical bark beetles. They have been treated historically as a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Colydiidae, but have been moved into the

Zopheridae The Zopheridae family of beetles has grown considerably in recent years as the members of two other families have been included within its circumscription; these former families are the Monommatidae and the Colydiidae, which are now both incl ...

, where they constitute the bulk of the diversity of the newly expanded family, with about 140 genera worldwide. They are diverse for example in the

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

n region, from where about 35 genera are known; in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

, though, only 20 genera are found and many of these only with few

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

. (2002): olydiinae ''In'': : ''

American Beetles ''American Beetles'' is the single most comprehensive description of the beetles of North America north of the tropical area of Mexico. It was started by Ross H. Arnett, Jr. as an update of his classic ''The Beetles of the United States''; along ...

'' (Vol. 2: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea).

CRC Press The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books. Many of their books relate to engineering, science and mathematics. Their scope also includes books on business, forensics and information tec ...

. (2010): Australian Faunal Directory &ndash
Colydiinae checklist
Version of 2011-OCT-20. Retrieved 2012-MAR-31. (2011)
Colydiinae
Version 2.4, 2011-JAN-24. Retrieved 2012-MAR-31. Little is known about the biology of these beetles. Most feed on

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

, others are

carnivores A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other sof ...

and eat small

arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...

s such as

bark beetle A bark beetle is the common name for the subfamily of beetles Scolytinae. Previously, this was considered a distinct family (Scolytidae), but is now understood to be a specialized clade of the "true weevil" family (Curculionidae). Although the ...

s. (1987): ''Beetles of Australia''. Angus and Robertson,

North Ryde, New South Wales North Ryde is a suburb located in the Northern Sydney region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. North Ryde is located 15 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City ...

Systematics and taxonomy

Up to 9

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

s are accepted by various authors; others, however, synonymize some of these. Formerly, many additional tribes were recognized, but the

Synchitini Synchitini is a tribe of cylindrical bark beetles in the family Zopheridae. There are about 19 genera and at least 40 described species in Synchitini. Genera These 19 genera belong to the tribe Synchitini: * '' Acolobicus'' Sharp, 1894 * '' Bi ...

, for example, are today generally held to include a number of these tribes, and are even sometimes merged into the Colydiini. Pycnomerus

The tribes are: * Acropini * Adimerini * Colydiini Billberg, 1820 * Gempylodini * Nematidiini * Orthocerini Blanchard, 1845 (= Sarrotriini Billberg, 1820 (

nom. rej. A conserved name or ''nomen conservandum'' (plural ''nomina conservanda'', abbreviated as ''nom. cons.'') is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name is retained, even though it violates one or more rules whic ...

)) * Rhagoderini * Rhopalocerini *

Erichson, 1845 (sometimes in Colydiini) Delimitation of the Colydiinae against the other lineages of Zopheridae is usually unproblematic. The only significant case of dispute may be the Pycnomerini, which is a small lineage of Zopheridae ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' and was formerly considered an independent family like the "Colydiidae". That treatment is almost certainly wrong, but whether these beetles should be placed in Zopheridae as an additional subfamily Pycnomerinae, or treated as tribe Pycnomerini – and if the latter, whether they are better included in the Colydiinae or the Zopherinae – is still disputed.

Selected genera

Genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

of cylindrical bark beetles include: Colydium

* '' Ablabus'' Broun, 1880 * '' Acolobicus'' * '' Acolophoides'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Acolophus'' Sharp, 1885 * '' Acostonotus'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Acropis'' Burmeister, 1840 * '' Afrorthocerus'' * '' Allobitoma'' Broun, 1921 * '' Alluauditoma'' * '' Anosyana'' * '' Antilissus'' Sharp, 1879 * '' Ascomma'' * '' Asprotera'' * '' Asynchita'' * '' Atyscus'' * '' Aulonium'' Erichson, 1845 * '' Bhutania'' * '' Bitoma'' Herbst, 1793 * '' Bolcocius'' Dajoz, 1977 * '' Bulasconotus'' Ślipiński & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Bupala'' * '' Cacotarphius'' * '' Caprodes'' Pascoe, 1863 * '' Catolaemus'' * '' Cebia'' Pascoe, 1863 * '' Cerchanotus'' Erichson, 1845 * '' Chorasus'' Sharp, 1882 (including ''Vitiacus'') * '' Cicablabus'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * ''

Cicones The Cicones (; ) or Ciconians were a Homeric ThracianHerodotus, ''The Histories'' (Penguin Classics), edd. John M. Marincola and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, p. 452 (I10): "The Thracian tribes lying along his route were the Paeti, Cicones, Biston ...

'' * '' Ciconissus'' Broun, 1893 (including ''Caanthus'') * '' Colobicones'' Grouvelle, 1918 * '' Colobicus'' Latreille, 1807 * '' Colydium'' Fabricius, 1792 * '' Colydodes'' * '' Corticus'' Germar, 1824 * '' Coxelus'' Dejean, 1821 * '' Dechomus'' * '' Denophloeus'' * '' Diodesma'' Latreille, 1829 * '' Diplagia'' Reitter, 1882 * '' Diplotoma'' * '' Ditomoidea'' * '' Emilka'' * '' Endeitoma'' Sharp, 1894 * '' Endocoxelus'' * '' Endophloeus'' Dejean, 1834 * '' Enhypnon'' Carter, 1919 * '' Epistranodes'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Epistranus'' Sharp, 1878 * '' Erylus'' * '' Eucicones'' * '' Eudesma'' * '' Eulachus'' * '' Faecula'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Fenerivia'' * '' Gempylodes'' Pascoe 1863 * '' Glenentela'' Broun, 1893 * '' Glyphocryptus'' Sharp,

885 Year 885 (Roman numerals, DCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – Emperor Charles the Fat summons a meeting of officials at ...

/small> * '' Helioctamenus'' Schaufuss, 1882 * '' Heterargus'' Sharp, 1886 (including ''Gathocles, Protarphius'') * '' Holopleuridia'' * '' Hyberis'' * '' Hybonotus'' Ślipiński & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Hystricones'' * '' Isotarphius'' * '' Kanantsia'' * '' Labrotrichus'' * '' Langelandia'' Aubé, 1843 * '' Lascobitoma'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Lasconotus'' Erichson, 1845 * '' Lascotonus'' * '' Lascotrichus'' * '' Lastrema'' Reitter, 1882 * '' Linophloeus'' * '' Lobogestoria'' * '' Lobomesa'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Lyreus'' Aubé, 1861 * '' Madacones'' * '' Madadesia'' * '' Madenphloeus'' * '' Mamakius'' * '' Megataphrus'' * '' Microprius'' Fairmaire, 1868 * '' Microsicus'' * '' Mnionychus'' * '' Monoedus'' Horn, 1882 (including ''Adimerus'') * '' Munaria'' Reitter, 1882 * '' Namunaria'' Reitter, 1882 (including ''Sympanotus'') * '' Nematidium'' Erichson, 1845 * '' Neotrichus'' Sharp, 1885 * '' Niphopelta'' Reitter, 1882 * '' Norix'' Broun, 1893 * '' Nosodomodes'' Reitter, 1922 * '' Notocoxelus'' Ślipiński & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Orthocerus'' Latreille, 1796 (including ''Sarrotrium'') * '' Paha'' * '' Paratarphius'' * '' Paryphus'' * ''

Pharax Pharax was a town in the borderlands of ancient Isauria and Cilicia, inhabited in Roman and Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in ...

'' * '' Phloeodalis'' * '' Phloeonemus'' * '' Phormesa'' * ''

Phorminx :''Phorminx is also a genus of cylindrical bark beetles.'' The phorminx ( grc, φόρμιγξ) was one of the oldest of the Ancient Greek stringed musical instruments, in the yoke lutes family, intermediate between the lyre and the kithara. It co ...

'' Carter & Zeck, 1937 * '' Phreatus'' * '' Priolomopsis'' * '' Priolomus'' * '' Pristoderus'' Hope, 1840 (including ''Dryptops, Enarsus, Recyntus, Sparactus'') * '' Prosteca'' Wollaston, 1860 * '' Pseudendestes'' Lawrence, 1980 * '' Pseudocorticus'' * '' Pseudotarphius'' * '' Rechodes'' * '' Rhagodera'' Mannerheim 1843 * '' Rhopalocerus'' Redtenbacher, 1842 * '' Rytinotus'' Broun, 1880 * '' Sallachius'' * '' Sassaka'' * '' Sechellotoma'' * '' Sprecodes'' * '' Synagathis'' Carter & Zeck, 1937 * '' Syncalus'' Sharp, 1876 (including ''Acosmetus'') * '' Synchita'' Hellwig, 1792 * '' Tarphiablabus'' Ślipiński & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Tarphiomimus'' Wollaston, 1873 * '' Tarphiosoma'' * '' Tarphius'' Erichson, 1845 * '' Tentablabus'' Slipinski & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Todima'' Grouvelle, 1893 * '' Todimopsis'' Ślipiński & Lawrence, 1997 * '' Trachypholis'' Erichson, 1845 * '' Trigonophloeus'' * '' Xylolaemus'' Redtenbacher, 1858 * ''

Zanclea ''Zanclea'' is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Zancleidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species Species: *'' Zanclea alba'' *'' Zanclea apicata'' *'' Zanclea apophysis'' *''Zanclea baudini'' *'' Zanclea bomala'' ...

'' The genera '' Pycnomerodes'', ''

Pycnomerus ''Pycnomerus'' is a genus of ironclad beetles in the family Zopheridae The Zopheridae family of beetles has grown considerably in recent years as the members of two other families have been included within its circumscription; these former f ...

'' and '' Rhizonium'' are sometimes included in the Colydiinae too. Other authors consider the latter ''

'' among the

Tenebrionoidea The Tenebrionoidea are a very large and diverse superfamily of beetles. It generally corresponds to the Heteromera of earlier authors. Taxonomy Tenebrionoidea contains the following families: * Aderidae Winkler 1927 (ant-like leaf beetles) * ...

; for the former two, see above. The species '' Xylolaemus sakhnovi'' was described in 2014 from a fossil preserved in

Baltic amber The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of amber, called Baltic amber or succinite. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that these forests created more than 1 ...

, which dates to the Middle Eocene. This was the first species of ''Xylolaemus'' described from the fossil record. The extinct genus '' Paleoendeitoma,'' belonging to the extant tribe Synchitini is known from the

Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the s ...

aged

Burmese amber Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...

of Myanmar.

References

External links

Atlas of cylindrical bark beetles (Colydiidae) of Russia
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences {{Authority control Zopheridae Articles containing video clips

Systematics and taxonomy

Selected genera

See also

References

External links