''Cycas'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of plants belonging to a very ancient lineage, the

Cycadophyta Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk (botany), trunk with a crown (botany), crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves. The species are dioecious, that is, individual plants o ...

, which are not closely related to palms, ferns, trees or any other modern group of plants. They are

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s which achieved their maximum diversity in the

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...

and

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

periods, when they were distributed almost worldwide. At the end of the Cretaceous, when the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct, so did most of the cycas in the Northern Hemisphere. ''Cycas'' is the type genus and the only extant genus recognised in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Cycadaceae. About 113

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

are accepted. ''Cycas circinalis'', a species endemic to India, was the first

cycad Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk (botany), trunk with a crown (botany), crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves. The species are dioecious, that is, individual plants o ...

species to be described in western literature, and was the type of the generic name, ''Cycas''. The best-known ''Cycas'' species is '' Cycas revoluta''.

Range

The genus is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to the Old World, with the species concentrated around the equatorial regions - eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 10 species (9 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. India has 9 species. The northernmost species (''C. revoluta'') is found at 31°N in southern Japan. The southernmost (''C. megacarpa'') is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland. Due to the occurrence of large number of ''Cycas'' species in China, Australia and India, those countries are considered as centres of ''Cycas'' diversity.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
/ref>

Evolution

''Cycas'' is though to have split from all other living cycads at least 200 million years ago, possibly much earlier. Fossil seeds from the Middle Jurassic of England and British Columbia, were suggested in a 2017 study to be more closely related to ''Cycas'' than other cycads, were assigned to the same family, Cycadaceae. However, a later study suggested that these seeds could not be assigned to the stem-group of ''Cycas'' with confidence due to lacking the double vascular system that characterises the seeds of all living cycads. The earliest

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s assignable to ''Cycas'' are known from the

Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; British English, also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period, geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million yea ...

of East Asia, such as ''Cycas fushunensis'' from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

Northeast China Northeast China or Northeastern China () is a geographical region of China, which is often referred to as "Manchuria" or "Inner Manchuria" by surrounding countries and the West. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of t ...

, with East Asia likely representing the ancestral homeland of the genus.

Morphology

The plants are

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

, and the family Cycadaceae is unique among the cycads in not forming seed cones on female plants, but rather a group of leaf-like structures called megasporophylls each with seeds on the lower margins, and pollen cones or strobilus on male individuals. The

caudex A caudex (plural: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.pages 456 and 695 In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is m ...

is cylindrical, surrounded by the persistent petiole bases. Most species form distinct branched or unbranched trunks but in some species the main trunk can be subterranean with the leaf crown appearing to arise directly from the ground. There are two types of leaves - foliage leaves and scaly leaves. The foliage leaves are

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

(or more rarely bipinnate) and arranged spirally, with thick and hard keratinose. They are not permanent and fall off leaving back leaf-bases. The leaflets are articulated, have midrib but lack secondary veins. The scaly leaves are persistent, brown in colour and protective in function. Megasporophylls are not gathered in cones.

Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds ...

takes place by air.

Reproduction

The plant takes several years to grow, sexual reproduction takes place after 10 years of exclusive vegetative growth which occurs by bulbils arising at the base of the trunk.

Conservation status

''Cycas'' species are threatened worldwide and almost all the species are listed in IUCN Redlist. ''Cycas beddomei'' is the only species of the genus ''Cycas'' listed in Appendix I of CITES. ''

Cycas rumphii ''Cycas rumphii'', commonly known as queen sago or the queen sago palm, is a dioecious gymnosperm, a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'' native to Indonesia, New Guinea and Christmas Island. Although palm-like in appearance, it is not a palm ...

'' and ''

Cycas pectinata ''Cycas pectinata'' was the fourth species of ''Cycas'' to be named; it was described in 1826 by Scottish surgeon and botanist Francis Buchanan-Hamilton from Kamrup, Assam in northeast India. The species is one of the most widespread cycads. It ...

'' have the most widespread distribution

List of species

Cycas platyphylla with new flush of fronds

*''

Cycas aculeata ''Cycas aculeata'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to Vietnam, where it is endemic to a single site on the south slopes of the Hai Van Pass. It has a short subterranean stem 15–18 cm diameter, which bears 6-23 leaves ...

'' *'' Cycas aenigma'' *''

Cycas angulata ''Cycas angulata'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to Australia in northeast Northern Territory (lower reaches of the Foelsche, Robinson and Wearyan Rivers near Borroloola) and northwest Queensland ( Bountiful Islands). I ...

'' *''

Cycas annaikalensis ''Cycas annaikalensis'' is a Critically Endangered species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to the state of Kerala in India, where it is endemic to the Annaikal Hills near Palakkad Palakkad (), formerly known as Palghat, historicall ...

'' *''

Cycas apoa ''Cycas apoa'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to northern New Guinea and Halmahera Island. It occurs in the Sepik River basin, in wet lowland forest in modestly seasonally flooded areas. It has erect stems up to 2.5 m tall ...

'' *''

Cycas arenicola ''Cycas arenicola'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to Australia, in the far north of Northern Territory in the basin of the upper East Alligator River in Arnhem Land. It grows in Eucalyptus woodlands on highly siliceous soi ...

'' *''

Cycas armstrongii ''Cycas armstrongii'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', endemic to Northern Territory of Australia. It is found from the Finniss River in the west to the Arnhem Highway in the east, north of Pine Creek. It also occurs on the Tiwi I ...

'' *''

Cycas arnhemica ''Cycas arnhemica'' is a species of cycad in the genus '' Cycas'', native to Australia, in the northwest of Northern Territory in Arnhem Land, after which it is named. The stems are erect, growing to 1.5-2.5 m tall. The leaves are numerous, fla ...

'' *''

Cycas badensis ''Cycas badensis'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to Australia, in the extreme north of Queensland, where it is endemic on Badu Island in the Torres Strait Islands. The stems grow up to 8 m tall. The leaves are numerous, ...

'' *''

Cycas balansae ''Cycas balansae'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to southwestern China (southeast Guangxi) and adjacent northern Vietnam (near Hanoi), where it occurs in dense mountain rainforests. It has a subterranean, unbranched stem ...

'' *''

Cycas basaltica ''Cycas basaltica'' is a species of cycad in the genus '' Cycas'', native to Australia, in the far north of Western Australia in the Kimberley region. The stems grow to 2 m (rarely 4 m) tall and 15–23 cm in diameter, with a swollen base ...

'' *''

Cycas beddomei ''Cycas beddomei'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to India, where it is confined to a small area of Andhra Pradesh state in the Tirumala Hills in scrubland and brush covered hills. Superficially similar to ''Cycas revolu ...

'' *''

Cycas bifida ''Cycas bifida'' (syn. ''Cycas rumphii'' var. ''bifida'') is a species of cycad plant in the genus '' Cycas'', native to southern China (southern Guangxi and eastern Yunnan), and northern Vietnam ( Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Tuyên Quang provinc ...

'' *''

Cycas bougainvilleana ''Cycas bougainvilleana'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to the islands northeast of Papua New Guinea, on New Britain, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands, where it occurs on or near the coast in calcareous cora ...

'' *'' Cycas brachycantha'' *''

Cycas brunnea ''Cycas brunnea'' is a species of cycad in the genus '' Cycas'', native to northern Australia in northwest Queensland and northeast Northern Territory in a small area straddling the border of the two regions. It occurs on exposed sites in savanna ...

'' *''

Cycas cairnsiana ''Cycas cairnsiana'' is a species of cycad in the genus '' Cycas'', native to northern Australia in northern Queensland on the Newcastle Range. The stems grow to 2–5 m tall and 12–16 cm diameter, with swollen base. The leaves are dark o ...

'' *''

Cycas calcicola ''Cycas calcicola'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to northern Australia in the northwest of Northern Territory. The stems are erect, 2–5 m tall and 16–22 cm diameter. The leaves are variably deep green and glabro ...

'' *''

Cycas campestris ''Cycas campestris'' is a species of cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to southeastern Papua New Guinea in the lowland region near Port Moresby. It grows in open, grassy locations, often in areas with frequent grass fires. The stems are erect ...

'' *'' Cycas canalis'' *''

Cycas candida ''Cycas candida'' is a species of cycad. It is an endangered species found only in Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type ...

'' *''

Cycas cantafolia ''Cycas cantafolia'' is a species of cycad endemic to peninsular Malaysia. It is only found in a chain of low-elevation hills west of the southern tip of the Gunung Ledang massif ( Mount Ophir) in Johor Johor (; ), also spelled as Johore, ...

'' *''

Cycas chamaoensis ''Cycas chamaoensis'' is named after the only known habitat of this species, on and near Khao Chamao mountain in Khao Chamao District, Thailand. Stems are arborescent, either erect or decumbent. Leaves numerous, exceeding 60 per crown, 1.2-2.5 m ...

'' *''

Cycas changjiangensis ''Cycas changjiangensis'' is a plant species in the cycad order, Cycadales. It is endemism, endemic to Hainan Island of southern China. It grows at elevations of . It is found only in a small area in Bawangling 霸王岭国家森林公园, Changj ...

'' *''

Cycas chenii ''Cycas chenii'' is a species of cycad endemic to the Red River valley of Yunnan, southern China. It is found in Honghe County and Shuangbai County, Yunnan. It is most closely related to '' Cycas guizhouensis''. Distribution ''Cycas chenii'' h ...

'' *'' Cycas chevalieri'' *'' Cycas circinalis'' *'' Cycas clivicola'' *''

Cycas collina ''Cycas collina'' is a species of cycad. It is found in the Mai Sơn area of Sơn La Province, Vietnam and in Sipsongpanna, Yunnan, China. It may also exist in Laos and Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . N ...

'' *''

Cycas condaoensis ''Cycas condaoensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to the Côn Đảo Islands off the coast of southern Vietnam Southern Vietnam ( vi, Nam Bộ) is one of the three geographical regions of Vietnam, the other two being Northern and Central ...

'' *'' Cycas conferta'' *''

Cycas couttsiana ''Cycas couttsiana'' is a species of cycad, native to Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...

'' *''

Cycas cupida ''Cycas cupida'' is a species of cycad native to Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Aus ...

'' *'' Cycas curranii'' *''

Cycas debaoensis ''Cycas debaoensis'' is a plant species endemic to the Guangxi region of China. It grows in sunny locations at elevations of 700–1000 m. It is closely related to '' Cycas multipinnata''. Description ''Cycas debaoensis'' has a trunk that shows ...

'' *'' Cycas desolata'' *''

Cycas diannanensis ''Cycas diannanensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to Yunnan, China. Range It is found along the Red River valley from Hekou to Shuangbai County Shuangbai County (; Chuxiong Yi script: , IPA: ) is under the administration of the Chuxiong Y ...

'' *''

Cycas distans ''Cycas distans'' is a species of cycad in the genus '' Cycas'' endemic to Queensland, Australia. It lives in savannah A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) ecosystem characterised by the trees being suf ...

'' P.I.Forst. & B.Gray *''

Cycas dolichophylla ''Cycas dolichophylla'' is a species of cycad in northern Vietnam and southern China. Range Subpopulations include: *West of Moc Chau (morphologically intermediate between ''Cycas dolichophylla'' and ''Cycas collina'') * Vo Nhai District and ...

'' *''

Cycas edentata ''Cycas edentata'' is a species of cycad with a widespread distribution across Southeast Asia. It originally referred only to a single population of ''Cycas'' from Calusa Island in Cagayancillo, Philippines.Whitelock, Loran M. 2002. ''The Cycads' ...

'' *''

Cycas elephantipes ''Cycas elephantipes'' is a species of cycad. It is found only on a few high sandstone mesas in Nong Bua Rawe District, Chaiyaphum Province, northeastern Thailand. It is morphologically similar to '' Cycas pachypoda'' from southern Vietnam ...

'' *''

Cycas elongata ''Cycas elongata'' is a species of cycad endemic to southern Vietnam. Distribution The four main subpopulations of ''Cycas elongata'' are found in: *northern Ninh Thuan Province *west of Cam Ranh in Khanh Hoa Province * Song Cau in Phu Yen P ...

'' *''

Cycas falcata ''Cycas falcata'' is a little-known species of cycad endemic to Indonesia. It is found in Southeast Sulawesi and Kabaena Island. References falcata The falcata is a type of sword typical of pre-Roman Iberia. The falcata was used to grea ...

'' *''

Cycas fairylakea ''Cycas fairylakea'' is a species of cycad endemic to China. There are only two subpopulations left in eastern Guangdong province, China. ''Cycas fairylakea'' can be considered as a subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a ...

'' *''

Cycas ferruginea ''Cycas ferruginea'' is a plant species native to Vietnam and to the Guangxi region of China. It grows on rocky crevices in forested areas at elevations of 200–500 m. It is known from a belt of limestone bluffs in Lang Son Province and Thai N ...

'' *''

Cycas fugax ''Cycas fugax'' is a species of cycad endemic to Vietnam. It has only been recorded in the wild from Phu Tho Province, Vietnam, but may be reasonably common in cultivation in Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and ...

'' *'' Cycas furfuracea'' *''

Cycas glauca ''Cycas glauca'' is a species of cycad endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It occurs on Timor and Sumba Sumba ( id, Pulau Sumba) is an island in eastern Indonesia. It is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands and is in the province of ...

'' *''

Cycas guizhouensis ''Cycas guizhouensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to southwestern China. Distribution It is found in Nanpan and Qingshui valleys in southwestern Guizhou province (including Xingyi) and also in eastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi province ...

'' *'' Cycas hainanensis'' *''

Cycas hoabinhensis ''Cycas hoabinhensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to central Vietnam, where it is found in Hoa Binh, Ha Nam, Ha Tay, and Ninh Binh provinces. Conservation ''Cycas hoabinhensis'' is protected in Cuc Phuong National Park in Ninh Binh provi ...

'' *''

Cycas hongheensis ''Cycas hongheensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in Southwest China, the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a popula ...

'' *''

Cycas indica ''Cycas indica'' is a species of cycad endemic to India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous de ...

'' (=''Cycas swamyi'') *'' Cycas inermis'' *''

Cycas javana ''Cycas javana'' is a species of cycad in Indonesia. It is found primarily in Java, as well as southern Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, ...

'' *''

Cycas lacrimans ''Cycas lacrimans'' is a species of cycad endemic to Mindanao, Philippines. Range ''Cycas lacrimans'' has been recorded in the following locations within Davao Oriental Province, Mindanao. * Mati, Davao Oriental *San Isidro, Davao Oriental * Mou ...

'' *''

Cycas lane-poolei ''Cycas lane-poolei'' is a species of cycad. It was first recognised in 1923 by Charles A. Gardner, the Western Australian government botanist, after a 1921 expedition to the Kimberley (Western Australia), Kimberley region. It is named after Char ...

'' *''

Cycas lindstromii ''Cycas lindstromii'' is a species of cycad endemic to southern Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland S ...

'' *''

Cycas litoralis ''Cycas litoralis'' is a species of cycad in Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for A ...

'' *''

Cycas maconochiei ''Cycas maconochiei'' is a species of cycad, endemic to Australia's Northern Territory The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian t ...

'' *''

Cycas macrocarpa ''Cycas macrocarpa'' is a species of cycad in Malaysia and Thailand. It is found in the ridge forests of southern Thailand and in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, as well as in northern and central peninsular Malaysia. References macrocarpa ...

'' *''

Cycas media ''Cycas media'' is a palm-like cone-bearing plant widespread in seasonally dry tropical sclerophyll woodlands close to the east coast of Queensland, with scattered occurrences also in northern Northern Territory and Western Australia, Australia. ...

'' *'' Cycas megacarpa'' *''

Cycas micholitzii ''Cycas micholitzii'' is a species of cycad in Vietnam and Laos. References

Cycas, micholitzii Flora of Vietnam Flora of Laos {{cycad-stub ...

'' *''

Cycas micronesica ''Cycas micronesica'' is a species of cycad found on the island of Yap in Micronesia, the Marianas islands of Guam and Rota, and The Republic of Palau. It is commonly known as federico nut or ''fadang'' in Chamorro. The species, previously lu ...

'' *''

Cycas montana ''Cycas montana'' is a species of cycad endemic to Flores, Indonesia. Its type locality is Wae Moto village, Ndara, Nggoang district, Manggarai province, Flores. It is also cultivated in Bajawa town and other nearby villages in Ngada Regency. R ...

'' *''

Cycas multipinnata ''Cycas multipinnata'' (or ''Epicycas multipinnata'') is a species of cycad (faily Cycadaceae) in southwestern China and northern Vietnam. It is noteworthy for three things: First it is one of the tuberous species which some taxonomists segregate ...

'' *''

Cycas nathorstii ''Cycas nathorstii'' is a species of cycad native to Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a States and union territories of India, state in southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, tenth l ...

'' *'' Cycas nayagarhensis'' *''

Cycas nitida ''Cycas nitida'' is a species of cycad endemic to the northern Philippines. It is found in littoral forests. Range ''Cycas nitida'' has been recorded in the following locations. *Babuyan Islands: Dalupiri *Luzon: Quezon Quezon, officially ...

'' *'' Cycas nongnoochiae'' *'' Cycas ophiolitica'' *'' Cycas orientis'' *''

Cycas orixensis ''Cycas orixensis'' is an endemic species found in the Indian state of Odisha. The species was recently discovered by Indian scientists, Rita Singh, P. Radha and J.S. Khuraijam (Rita Singh, P. Radha and J.S. Khuraijam. 2015. A new species, a new ...

'' *''

Cycas pachypoda ''Cycas pachypoda'' is a species of cycad endemic to Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast As ...

'' *''

Cycas panzhihuaensis ''Cycas panzhihuaensis'' is a rare and vulnerable species of cycad known in the wild only from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China. It can be seen at the South China Botanical Garden in Guangzhou and is also cultivated for horticulture, where ...

'' *''

Cycas papuana ''Cycas papuana'' is a species of cycad endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is found in Western Province, including the floodplains of the Fly River and near Daru to the west, and also extending to the Bensbach River The Bensbach River is a river i ...

'' *''

Cycas petraea ''Cycas petraea'' is a species of cycad endemic to Thailand. It is known only from a single line of limestone mountains flanking the Phu Kra Dueng massif to the east, in Phu Kradueng National Park Phu Kradueng National Park ( th, อุท� ...

'' *''

Cycas platyphylla ''Cycas platyphylla'' is a cycad in the genus ''Cycas'', native to Queensland, Australia. The stems are erect or decumbent, growing to 1.5 m tall but most often less than a metre. The leaf, leaves are pinnate, keeled, 60–100 cm long. New ...

'' *''

Cycas pranburiensis ''Cycas pranburiensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, ...

'' *'' Cycas pruinosa'' *'' Cycas revoluta'' (Sago palm) *''

Cycas riuminiana ''Cycas riuminiana'', commonly known as the Arayat pitogo or simply pitogo, is a species of cycad endemic to Luzon, Philippines. It is also locally known as ''bayit'' in Tagalog and ''sawang'' in Ilocano, among other names. Distribution There ...

'' *''

'' Miq. *'' Cycas sancti-lasallei'' *''

Cycas sainathii ''Cycas sainathii'' is a species of Cycad in India. Its type locality is Shibpur, Howrah district, West Bengal West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the ...

'' *''

Cycas saxatilis ''Cycas saxatilis'' is a species of cycad found only on Saint Paul's Mountain in Palawan at Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * ...

'' *''

Cycas schumanniana ''Cycas schumanniana'' is a species of cycad endemic to New Guinea. Range It is found in northern New Guinea along the foothills of the Bismarck Range, where it is found in the valleys of the Markham River, Ramu River, and Bulolo River watershed ...

'' *''

Cycas scratchleyana ''Cycas scratchleyana'' is a species of cycad native to New Guinea and Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , ...

'' *''

Cycas seemannii ''Cycas seemannii'' is a species of cycad found in Fiji, Vanuatu (in Efate), Tonga, and New Caledonia.Whitelock, Loran M. 2002. ''The Cycads''. Portland: Timber Press. In Vanuatu, the cycad is known as namele and is an important symbol of tra ...

'' A.Braun *''

Cycas segmentifida ''Cycas segmentifida'' is a species of cycad endemic to southern China. It is found in primarily western Guangxi, as well as parts of neighboring southern Guizhou and eastern Yunnan. Range In China, ''Cycas segmentifida'' is recorded in:Whitelo ...

'' *''

Cycas semota ''Cycas semota'' is a species of cycad. It is native to Queensland, where it is confined to the northern Cape York Peninsula Cape York Peninsula is a large peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoiled w ...

'' *''

Cycas sexseminifera ''Cycas sexseminifera'' is a species of cycad in northern Vietnam and southern China. Range It is widespread in: *southern and central Guangxi, China * Cao Bang Province, Vietnam * Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, ...

'' *''

Cycas shanyaensis ''Cycas shanyaensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to Hainan, China. Range ''Cycas shanyaensis'' is located in Yaxian, Hainan Island, China. Plants are found in the vicinity of Baolongshan (Baolongdong?) near Sanya Sanya (; also spelled Sa ...

'' *'' Cycas siamensis'' *'' Cycas silvestris'' *''

Cycas simplicipinna ''Cycas simplicipinna'' is a species of cycad in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, and China (in Yunnan). In Thailand, it has been recorded in the provinces of Chiang Mai Chiang Mai (, from th, เชียงใหม่ , nod, , เจี ...

'' *'' Cycas sphaerica'' *''

Cycas sundaica ''Cycas sundaica'' is a species of cycad endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It is found on the islands of Sumbawa, Komodo, Rinca, Flores Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the eastern half of I ...

'' *''

Cycas szechuanensis ''Cycas szechuanensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to eastern China. It is known from eastern Guangdong and eastern Fujian provinces, China. It is also cultivated at Fuhu Temple (伏虎寺), Mount Emei, Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labe ...

'' *''

Cycas taitungensis ''Cycas revoluta'' (Sotetsu apanese ソテツ sago palm, king sago, sago cycad, Japanese sago palm) is a species of gymnosperm in the family Cycadaceae, native to southern Japan including the Ryukyu Islands. It is one of several species used f ...

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Cycas taiwaniana ''Cycas taiwaniana'' is a species of plant in the genus ''Cycas''. The species is native to Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian in China. Although the specific name (botany), specific epithet, ''taiwaniana'', is derived from Taiwan, where the o ...

'' *'' Cycas tanqingii'' *''

Cycas tansachana ''Cycas tansachana'' is a species of cycad in Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , ...

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Cycas thouarsii ''Cycas thouarsii'', the Madagascar cycad, is an evergreen arborescent cycad in the genus ''Cycas''. It is named after a French botanist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758—1831). Description The stem of this cycad resembles that of a p ...

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Cycas tropophylla ''Cycas tropophylla'', the Ha Long cycad, is a species of cycad endemic to Vietnam. It is found in Cát Bà National Park, Cát Hải District Ge () is a Chinese surname. One branch of the family became the compound surname Zhuge. In 2013 it w ...

'' *'' Cycas tuckeri'' *'' Cycas vespertilio'' *''

Cycas wadei ''Cycas wadei'' (Wade's pitogo) is a species of cycad endemic to Culion island, Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republ ...

'' *'' Cycas xipholepis'' *''

Cycas yorkiana ''Cycas yorkiana'' is a species of cycad found in Australia. It is native to Queensland, where it is confined to the Cape York Peninsula. References

Cycas, yorkiana Endemic flora of Queensland {{cycad-stub ...

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Cycas yunnanensis ''Cycas yunnanensis'' is a species of cycad in southwestern China. It is restricted to southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan. References

Cycas, yunnanensis {{cycad-stub ...

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Cycas zambalensis ''Cycas zambalensis'' is a species of cycad endemic to Luzon, Philippines. Distribution There are two subpopulations of ''Cycas zambalensis'', which are found in: #Barangay San Juan in Botolan, Zambales #near Barangay Pundaquit in San Antonio, ...

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Cycas zeylanica ''Cycas zeylanica'', common name (in Sri Lanka) maha-madu is a plant apparently at present endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It was formerly also present in Sri Lanka, but the last remnants of the populations there were destroyed by the ...

References

External links

* *Hill, K.D.(1998–2004) The Cycad Pages, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/index.html
Virtual Cycad Encyclopedia
edited by the Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida *David, J. de Laubenfels
Cycas Taxonomy
* * *Singh, R & JS Khuraijam (2013-) Cycads of India. http://www.cycadsofindia.in/ * * *Terrence Walters & Roy Osborne (eds.) (2004), ''Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations'', CABI publishing, {{Taxonbar, from=Q161073