Curvilinear Principle
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sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural Norm (sociology), norms, expectations, and context (language use), context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on languag ...
, the curvilinear principle states that there is a tendency for linguistic
change from below Change from below is linguistic change that occurs from below the level of consciousness. It is language change that occurs from social, cognitive, or physiological pressures from within the system. This is in opposition to change from above, where ...
to originate from members of the central classes in a speech community's socioeconomic hierarchy, rather than from the outermost or exterior classes.Labov, William. Principles of Linguistic Change, vol iii: Social Factors. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell. 2001.


Overview

First proposed by William Labov,Labov, William. 1973. The social setting of linguistic change. In Thomas Sebeok (ed.), ''Diachronic, Areal, and Typological Linguistics'' (Current Trends in Linguistics 11), 195–253. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. the curvilinear principle departs from traditional nineteenth century notions that language change generally originates in the highest or lowest classes of society. Instead, it states that variant forms leading to language change are typically introduced and motivated by the intermediate groups—the upper-working class and lower-middle class. The principle can be seen as one response to an important question in sociolinguistics known as the ''embedding problem'', a problem "concerned with determining regular patterns in both the linguistic and the extra-linguistic context of change."Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy. "Linguistic Change, Social Network and Speaker Innovation". ''Journal of Linguistics''. 21.2: Sep., 1954. 339-384. In other words, the embedding problem seeks to identify other changes or factors that have a non-coincidental relationship with the actual linguistic change.Weinreich, U., W. Labov and M. Herzog. 1968. "Empirical foundations for a theory of language change". In W. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel (eds.) Directions for Historical Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. 101 The curvilinear principle identifies such a non-trivial factor by proposing that a speaker's class can indicate the degree to which he or she motivates linguistic change. The principle's name refers to the
curvilinear In geometry, curvilinear coordinates are a coordinate system for Euclidean space in which the coordinate lines may be curved. These coordinates may be derived from a set of Cartesian coordinates by using a transformation that is invertible, l ...
correlation that results from plotting the variation of a linguistic variable with respect to the class of the speakers. Because the lowest and highest classes generally tend to use newly emerging forms less frequently than central classes, data points representing variable usage resemble a
concave Concave or concavity may refer to: Science and technology * Concave lens * Concave mirror Mathematics * Concave function, the negative of a convex function * Concave polygon, a polygon which is not convex * Concave set * The concavity In ca ...
curve when connected on a graph.


Studies


Philadelphia study

In the Philadelphia study, William Labov examined a series of linguistic variables in various stages of speech integration in order to evaluate whether the interior classes were, in fact, the innovators of linguistic change. In order to determine each speaker's social position within the community, Labov created a socioeconomic status index based on education and occupation, each ranked on levels from 0 to 6, where 6 was the highest level of education or occupation. He studied a series of "new and vigorous" vowel changes, including the fronting and raising of (aw) and (ey) and the centralization of (ay).Labov, William. 1984 “Field methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation.” Language in Use. 43-70. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 1984. The research found that members of the upper working class and lower middle class used these variables more frequently than members of either the lower or upper class. This corroborated his curvilinear hypothesis because the middle classes were leading the use of these "new and vigorous" linguistic changes.


Norwich

In his study of Norwich, England, Peter Trudgill examined different cases of linguistic variation and whether or not class could be related to realizations of certain linguistic variables. One of the observed variables was the (RP) quality of vowels in words like ''top'', ''hot'', and ''dog''.Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Malden, Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Print. To determine a subject's class, Trudgill calculated a score for each subject based on six parameters: subject's occupation, father's occupation, income, education, locality, and housing.Ash, Sharon. "Social Class."" ''The Handbook of Language Variation and Change,'' 402-422. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. Trudgill found that middle-class women were introducing the RP vowels in Norwich; working-class men were also introducing variation by borrowing a similar vowel associated with working-class speech from a nearby area. The distribution of linguistic variation in Trudgill's study thus abides by the curvilinear principle because members of the central classes led the change.


Lower East Side

In 1966, Labov published a study on linguistic variation on the
Lower East Side The Lower East Side, sometimes abbreviated as LES, is a historic neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City. It is located roughly between the Bowery and the East River from Canal to Houston streets. Traditionally an im ...
neighborhood of
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
.Labov, William. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. In the study, he approximated each subject's class with score that factored in his or her occupation, income, and education. Using these scores, Labov then grouped the subjects into 5 categories defined by sociologist Joseph Kahl: lower class, working class, lower middle class, upper middle class, and upper class (though Labov noted no subjects were considered upper class and that the presence of any upper-class people living on the Lower East Side would be unexpected). One variable considered was (oh), the mid-back rounded vowel present in ''caught'', ''talk'', and ''dog''. Labov found that members of the working class and lower middle class—the central socioeconomic classes of the Lower East Side—used higher vowels for (oh) than did either the lower class or the middle class subjects. Labov recognized this as a linguistic change in progress, driven by the central class in accordance with the curvilinear principle.


References

{{reflist Historical linguistics Sociolinguistics Curves