The spinocerebellar tract is a nerve tract originating in the

spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the sp ...

and terminating in the same side (

ipsilateral Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...

) of the cerebellum.

Origins of proprioceptive information

Proprioceptive Proprioception ( ), also referred to as kinaesthesia (or kinesthesia), is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position. It is sometimes described as the "sixth sense". Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons ...

information is obtained by

Golgi tendon organ The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also called Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptor – a type of sensory receptor that senses changes in muscle tension. It lies at the interface between a musc ...

s and

muscle spindle Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers. This information can be ...

s. *

s consist of a fibrous capsule enclosing tendon fascicles and bare nerve endings that respond to tension in the tendon by causing

action potential An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell location rapidly rises and falls. This depolarization then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarize. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, ...

s in type Ib afferents. These fibers are relatively large, myelinated, and quickly conducting. *

Muscle spindle Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers. This information can be ...

s monitor the length within muscles and send information via faster Ia afferents. These

axon An axon (from Greek ἄξων ''áxōn'', axis), or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences), is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action p ...

s are larger and faster than type Ib (from both

nuclear bag fibers A nuclear bag fiber is a type of intrafusal muscle fiber that lies in the center of a muscle spindle. Each has many nuclei concentrated in bags and they cause excitation of the primary sensory fibers. There are two kinds of bag fibers based up ...

and

nuclear chain fiber A nuclear chain fiber is a specialized sensory organ contained within a muscle. Nuclear chain fibers are intrafusal fibers that, along with nuclear bag fibers, make up the muscle spindle responsible for the detection of changes in muscle len ...

s) and type II afferents (solely from nuclear chain fibers). All of these neurons are sensory (first order, or primary) and have their cell bodies in the

dorsal root ganglia A dorsal root ganglion (or spinal ganglion; also known as a posterior root ganglion) is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. The cell bodies of sensory neurons known as first-order neurons are located in the dorsal ...

. They pass through

Rexed laminae The Rexed laminae comprise a system of ten layers of grey matter (I–X), identified in the early 1950s by Bror Rexed to label portions of the grey columns of the spinal cord. Similar to Brodmann areas, they are defined by their cellular struct ...

layers I-VI of the

posterior grey column The posterior grey column (posterior cornu, dorsal horn, spinal dorsal horn, posterior horn, sensory horn) of the spinal cord is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, incl ...

(dorsal horn) to form synapses with second order or secondary neurons in layer VII just beneath the dorsal horn.

Subdivisions of the tract

The tract is divided into:

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig's fasciculus, Flechsig's tract) conveys

proprioceptive Proprioception ( ), also referred to as kinaesthesia (or kinesthesia), is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position. It is sometimes described as the "sixth sense". Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons ...

information from proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles and joints to the cerebellum. It is part of the

somatosensory system In physiology, the somatosensory system is the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch (haptic perception), as well as temperature (thermoception), body position (proprioception), and pain. It ...

and runs in parallel with the

ventral spinocerebellar tract The spinocerebellar tract is a nerve tract originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the same side (ipsilateral) of the cerebellum. Origins of proprioceptive information Proprioceptive information is obtained by Golgi tendon organs and ...

. It carries proprioceptive information from

s and

s of ipsilateral part of trunk and lower limb. Proprioceptive information is taken to the spinal cord via central processes of

(first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of

Clarke's nucleus The posterior thoracic nucleus, (Clarke's column, column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is mainl ...

. Axon fibers from Clarke's Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the

funiculus posterior Funiculus (''Latin'' for "slender rope") is any cord-like structure in anatomy or biology, and may refer to: * in the peripheral nervous system a bundle of axons that may be bundled into a nerve fascicle * in the central nervous system one of the p ...

ipsilaterally. The fibers continue to course through the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, at which point they pass through the

inferior cerebellar peduncle The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior cerebellar peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerv ...

and into the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two

neuron A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. N ...

s and ends up on the same side of the body. The terms Flechsig's fasciculus and Flechsig's tract are named after German

neuroanatomist Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defi ...

, psychiatrist and

neuropathologist Neuropathology is the study of disease of nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either small surgical biopsies or whole-body autopsies. Neuropathologists usually work in a department of anatomic pathology, but work closely with the clinic ...

Paul Flechsig Paul Emil Flechsig (29 June 1847, Zwickau, Kingdom of Saxony – 22 July 1929, Leipzig) was a German neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist. He is mainly remembered today for his research of myelinogenesis. Biography Born in Zwickau, h ...

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

The ventral spinocerebellar tract (or anterior spinocerebellar tract) conveys

information from the body to the cerebellum. Historically, it has also been known as Gowers' column (or fasciculus or tract), after Sir William Richard Gowers. It is part of the

and runs in parallel with the

dorsal spinocerebellar tract The spinocerebellar tract is a nerve tract originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the same side (ipsilateral) of the cerebellum. Origins of proprioceptive information Proprioceptive information is obtained by Golgi tendon organs and ...

. Both these tracts involve two

s. The ventral spinocerebellar tract will cross to the opposite side of the body first in the spinal cord as part of the

anterior white commissure The anterior white commissure (ventral white commissure) is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior (in front of) to the gray commissure ( Rexed lamina X). A delta fibers (Aδ fibers) and C fibers carryi ...

and then cross again to end in the cerebellum (referred to as a "double cross"), as compared to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, which does not decussate, or cross sides, at all through its path. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in

Clarke's column The posterior thoracic nucleus, (Clarke's column, column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is mainl ...

(only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and

emboliform nuclei The emboliform nucleus (or anterior interposed nucleus) is a deep cerebellar nuclei, deep cerebellar nucleus that lies immediately to the Anatomical terms of location#Medial and lateral, medial side of the nucleus dentatus, and partly covering its ...

, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe.

Comparison with dorsal spinocerebellar tract

When the dorsal roots are cut in a cat performing a step cycle, peripheral excitation is lost, and the dorsal spinocerebellar tract has no activity; the ventral spinocerebellar tract continues to show activity. This suggests that the dorsal spinocerebellar tract carries sensory information to the spinocerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle during movement (since the inferior peduncle is known to contain fibres from the dorsal tract), and that the ventral spinocerebellar tract carries internally generated motor information about the movement through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Posterior external arcuate fibers

The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers or cuneocerebellar tract) take origin in the

accessory cuneate nucleus The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation (the crossing fibers of the posterior column/ medial lemniscus tract). It receives sensory input about positi ...

; they pass to the

of the same side. The term "cuneocerebellar tract" is also used to describe an exteroceptive and proprioceptive components that take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the

of the same side. The posterior external arcuate fibers carry proprioceptive information from the upper limbs and neck. It is an analogue to the

for the

upper limb The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and including the digits, including all the musculatures and ligaments involved with the shou ...

s. In this context, the "cuneo-" derives from the

, not the

cuneate nucleus In neuroanatomy, the dorsal column nuclei are a pair of nuclei in the dorsal columns in the brainstem. The name refers collectively to the cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus, which are present at the bottom of the medulla oblongata. Both nucl ...

. (The two nuclei are related in space, but not in function.) It is uncertain whether fibers are continued directly from the gracile and cuneate fasciculi into the inferior peduncle.

Rostral spinocerebellar tract

The rostral spinocerebellar tract is a tract which transmits information from the

golgi tendon organs The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also called Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptor – a type of sensory receptor that senses changes in muscle tension. It lies at the interface between a musc ...

of the cranial half of the body to the cerebellum. It terminates bilaterally in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum (lower cerebellar peduncle) after travelling ipsilaterally from its origin in the cervical portion of the spinal cord. It reaches the cerebellum partly through the brachium conjunctivum ( superior cerebellar peduncle) and partly through the restiform body (

Pathway for dorsal and spinocuneocerebellar tracts

The sensory neurons synapse in an area known as

or "Clarke's column". This is a column of relay neuron cell bodies within the medial gray matter within the

in layer VII (just beneath the dorsal horn), specifically between T1-L3. These neurons then send axons up the

, and project ipsilaterally to medial zones of the cerebellum through the

. Below L3, relevant neurons pass into the fasciculus gracilis (usually associated with the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system) until L3 where they synapse with Clarke's nucleus (leading to considerable caudal enlargement). The neurons in the accessory cuneate nucleus have axons leading to the ipsilateral cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

Pathway for ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts

Some neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract instead form synapses with neurons in layer VII of L4-S3. Most of these fibers cross over to the contralateral lateral funiculus via the

and through the superior cerebellar peduncle. The fibers then often cross over again within the cerebellum to end on the ipsilateral side. For this reason the tract is sometimes termed the "double-crosser." The Rostral Tract synapses at the dorsal horn lamina (intermediate gray zone) of the spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally to the cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Additional images

File:Gray680.png, Decussation of pyramids. File:Gray682.png, Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. File:Gray684.png, Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. File:Gray683.png, Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. File:Gray691.png, Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view.

References

External links

* * * - dorsal external arcuate fibers * - cuneocerebellar tract
Anatomyatlases Plate17327

NIF Search - Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
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