Crystal plasticity is a mesoscale computational technique that takes into account crystallographic anisotropy in modelling the mechanical behaviour of

polycrystalline A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. Bacillite is a type of crystallite. It is rodlike with parallel longulites. Stru ...

materials. The technique has typically been used to study deformation through the process of slip, however, there are some flavors of crystal plasticity that can incorporate other deformation mechanisms like twinning and phase transformations. Crystal plasticity is used to obtain the relationship between stress and strain that also captures the underlying physics at the crystal level. Hence, it can be used to predict not just the stress-strain response of a material, but also the

texture Texture may refer to: Science and technology * Surface texture, the texture means smoothness, roughness, or bumpiness of the surface of an object * Texture (roads), road surface characteristics with waves shorter than road roughness * Texture (c ...

evolution, micromechanical field distributions, and regions of strain localisation. The two widely used formulations of crystal plasticity are the one based on the

finite element method The finite element method (FEM) is a popular method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat ...

known as Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM), which is developed based on the finite strain formulation for the mechanics, and a spectral formulation which is more computationally efficient due to the

fast Fourier transform A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in th ...

, but is based on the small strain formulation for the mechanics.

Basic concepts

Crystal plasticity assumes that any deformation that is applied to a material is accommodated by the process of slip, where dislocation motion occurs on a slip system. Further, Schmid's law is assumed to be a valid, where a given slip system is said to be active when the resolved shear stress along the slip system exceeds the

critical resolved shear stress In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile o ...

of the slip system. Since the applied deformation occurs in the macroscopic sample reference frame and slip occurs in the single crystal reference frame, in order to consistently apply the constitutive relations, an orientation map (e.g. using Bunge Euler angles) is required for each grain in the polycrystal. This orientation information can be used to transform the relevant tensors between the crystal frame of reference and the sample frame of reference. The slip systems are described by the Schmid tensor, which is

tensor product In mathematics, the tensor product V \otimes W of two vector spaces and (over the same field) is a vector space to which is associated a bilinear map V\times W \to V\otimes W that maps a pair (v,w),\ v\in V, w\in W to an element of V \otimes W ...

of the

Burgers vector In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as , that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. The vecto ...

and the slip plane normal, and the Schmid tensor is used to obtain the resolved shear stress in each slip system. Each slip system can undergo different amounts of shearing, and obtaining these shear rates lies at the crux of crystal plasticity. Further, by keeping track of the accumulated strain, the critical resolved shear stress is updated according to various hardening models (e.g. Voce hardening law), and this recovers the observed macroscopic stress-strain response for the material. The texture evolution is captured by updating the crystallographic orientation of the grains based on how much each grain deforms.

References

Continuum mechanics Deformation (mechanics) {{classicalmechanics-stub