Cryptocarya Cunninghamiana

''Cryptocarya'' is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus includes more than 350 species, distributed through the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian realms.

Overview

The genus includes species of evergreen trees, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, India, China, Java, New Guinea, Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius, with seven species in Southern Africa.

Common in the canopy, they grow up to 60 m, or as subcanopy trees in the succession climax species in tropical, lower temperate, or subtropical broadleaved forests. They are found in low-elevation evergreen forests and littoral rainforests, on all type of soils. The seeds are readily dispersed by fruit-eating birds, and seedlings and saplings have been recorded from other habitats where they are unlikely to develop to maturity.

The genus name ''Cryptocarya'' is from a Greek word ''krypto'' meaning to hide, ''karya'' meaning a walnut tree, the fruit of which was known as ''karyon'', a word also used to describe other fruits. Sometimes, they are called mountain laurels or mountain walnuts. The fruit are succulent, partially immersed in a deep, thick cup.

The species forming this genus share a unique paniculate inflorescence with the ultimate divisions that are not quite cymose; that is, the lateral flowers of what looks like a cyme are not strictly opposite, but tend to be subopposite, while in most genera of Lauraceae with paniculate inflorescences the lateral flowers in a cyme are strictly opposite.

In a recent generic classification of Lauraceae based on DNA sequence, ''Cryptocarya'' was found to be part of a strongly supported clade that also includes ''Beilschmiedia, Potameia, Endiandra'' and ''Aspidostemon''. In both ''Aspidostemon '' and ''Cryptocarya'', the fruit are enclosed in the enlarged hypanthium, but this might be a parallel development and not a signal of common ancestry.

Ecology

The ecological requirements of the genus are those of the laurel forest, mostly from the tropics or warmer temperate areas, and like most of their counterparts laurifolia in the world, they are vigorous species with a great ability to populate conducive habitats. The natural habitat of most of species are in rainforest which are cloud-covered for much of the year. These species are found in forests that face threats of destruction by human deforestation. Some species are in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat.

''Cryptocarya'' is a genus of great ecological importance. It is present in low rainforest and montane rainforest, laurel forest, in the weed-tree forests in valleys, and mixed forests of coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved trees.

The differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry-wet and a warmer to mild frost (-2 Â°C) in temperate climate growing in cooler regions, subject to frost and occasional snow.
The Chilean ''Cryptocarya alba'' and the Australian '' C. erythroxylon'' and '' C. foveolata'' of the mountains of New South Wales are outstanding for their frost tolerance within a genus having its majority of species growing in tropical climates. Species in less-humid environments are smaller or less robust, with less abundant and thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that give trees a more fragrant aroma.

The fruit, a drupe, is an important food source for birds, usually from specialized genera. Birds eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination ( ornitochory). In some species, seed dispersal is carried out by mammals.

Human use

The most known trees are used by the timber industry. In this genus, the wood of some species has high commercial value.

''C. alba'', the peumo, the most common evergreen tree in the Chilean Matorral ecoregion of central Chile, produces edible reddish fruits and is the most known species in the Northern Hemisphere. ''C. massoy'' is used commercially to produce essential oils. ''C. woodii'' leaves have been found in prehistoric settlements in Africa and are believed to have been used for insect control.

Essential oil is commercially harvested from ''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' (formerly ''Ravensara aromatica''), a tree native to the lowland rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Known as Ravensara oil, it is used for aromatherapy in Europe and America.

Some ''Cryptocarya'' species

For full list of the 357 Cryptocarya species see List of Cryptocarya species

*''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' – tavolobelelo or clove nutmeg (Madagascar)
*''Cryptocarya alba'' — peumo (Chile)
*''Cryptocarya angulata'' — ivory laurel (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya ashersoniana'' (Brazil)
*''Cryptocarya bidwillii'' — yellow laurel (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya caesia''
*''Cryptocarya chinensis''
*'' Cryptocarya cinnamomifolia'' (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya crassinervia'' (Indonesia)
*'' Cryptocarya cunninghamiana'' — Cunningham's laurel (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya densiflora'' (Indonesia)
*'' Cryptocarya elegans''
*''Cryptocarya erythroxylon'' — pigeonberry ash (southeast Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya floydii'' — gorge laurel (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya foetida'' — stinking laurel (Australia) -vulnerable
*''Cryptocarya foveolata'' — mountain walnut (southeast Australia)
*''Cryptocarya glaucescens'' — jackwood (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya grandis'' — cinnamon laurel (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya gregsonii'' (Lord Howe Island)
*''Cryptocarya hypospodia'' (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya laevigata'' — glossy laurel (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya liebertiana'' — (Afromontane forests in Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, South Africa)
*'' Cryptocarya mackinnoniana'' — rusty laurel (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya mannii'' (Kaua'i)
*'' Cryptocarya massoy'' (Indonesia)
*'' Cryptocarya meissneriana'' (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya micrantha'' (Brazil)
*'' Cryptocarya microneura'' — murrogun (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya moschata'' (Brazil)
*''Cryptocarya murrayi'' — Murray's laurel (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya natalensis'' = '' Dahlgrenodendron natalense'' (South Africa)
*''Cryptocarya nigra'' (Indonesia)
*'' Cryptocarya nitens'' (Indonesia)
*''Cryptocarya nova-anglica'' — mountain laurel (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya oahuensis'' (O'ahu)
*''Cryptocarya obovata'' (Australia)
*'' Cryptocarya onoprienkoana'' — rose maple (Queensland)
*'' Cryptocarya palawanensis'' (Philippines) — endangered
*'' Cryptocarya pleurosperma'' — poison walnut (Australia) — toxic and corrosive sap
*'' Cryptocarya pulchrinervia'' (Indonesia)
*'' Cryptocarya rigida'' — rose maple (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya scortechinii'' (Indonesia)
*''Cryptocarya triplinervis'' — brown laurel (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya wightiana''
*'' Cryptocarya williwilliana'' — small-leaved laurel (Australia)
*''Cryptocarya woodii''
*'' Cryptocarya sheikelmudiyana'' - large (India - Western Ghats - Critically EndangeredDeepu, S. & Amitha Bachan, K.H. 2021. Cryptocarya sheikelmudiyana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T187622842A187623277. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T187622842A187623277.en)

''Cryptocarya palmerstonii is now a synonym of ''Endiandra palmerstonii'', Queensland walnut (Queensland).

References

External links

* Pictures o
''Cryptocarya alba'' or Peumo
in Chile.
*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3309395

Lauraceae genera
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)