Growth rate of Chile's GDP (orange) and Latin America (blue) between 1971 and 2007 The Crisis of 1982 was a major economic crisis suffered in Chile during the military government of Chile (1973–1990).
La transformación económica de chilena entre 1973-2003
'. Memoria Chilena. Chile's GDP fell 14.3%, and unemployment rose to 23.7%.

Background

After the socialist reorientation of the economy during the presidency of Salvador Allende, economic sabotage by the Nixon presidency, and the subsequent Chilean economic crisis which reached its zenith during 1973,''Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.'' 2002. Gabriel Salazar and Julio Pinto. pp. 35–62. the Armed Forces following the orders of the military junta and with the support of the United States government made a Coup d'état and demobilized the forces loyal to Allende like the Revolutionary Left Movement. They closed down the congress, imposed censorship, limited civil rights and arrested thousands of people from leftists to center democrats. Upon taking over power, the military junta under the command of General Pinochet set out to implement a series of neo-liberal economic policies based on the

Chicago school of economics The Chicago school of economics is a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago, some of whom have constructed and popularized its principles. Milton Friedman and George Stigle ...

. In 1973, only a little bit over two years of regulatory policies established by Allende, the military junta decided to reform the economy, and the

Chicago boys The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom were educated at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, or at its affiliat ...

were permitted to implement some of the neoliberal economical policies outlined in '' El ladrillo''. In 1979 however, Chile decided to depart from the principle of free floating exchange rates, with disastrous results. From 1976 onwards import tariffs decreased strongly impacting negatively the Chilean production aimed for the internal market.

Boom and burst

The 1982 crisis has been traced to the overvalued Chilean peso, which had been helped by being pegged to the US dollar, and to the high interest rates in Chile, which would have hampered investment in productive activities. In fact, from 1979 to 1982, much of the spending in Chile was the consumption of goods and services. Foreign loans given to Chilean companies started to decline in late 1981 reaching the point of becoming negligible one year later. By 1982, Chile's external debt had risen to over 17 billion dollars. Income per capita in Chile fell in 1983 to levels below those of 1960. Incomes fell as salaries were not adjusted for inflation. Around half a million persons were on

employment programme Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any other ...

s. In agriculture, the entrance of speculative capital before the crisis led to the bankruptcy of several processing companies. IANSA, a sugar company that had belonged to the state before its privatization, went bankrupt because of a short-term gains policy by its new owners. The government response to the crisis priorized the preservation of the international markets over the placation of internal unrest.

Bank interventions

In November 1981, banks were bailed out by the government after they had taken excessive risks: the large

Banco de Talca Banco de Talca (''Bank of Talca'') was a Chilean bank founded in 1884, whose headquarters were in the city of Talca. Most of its operations were concentrated in the Maule and Metropolitan regions. In 1981 it was intervened by the Government and li ...

and

Banco Español Chile Banco may refer to: Places * Banc (Barcelona Metro), also called Banco, a closed metro stop on the Barcelona metro * Banco, Virginia, an unincorporated community * Banco, West Virginia, an unincorporated community * Banco National Park, a nation ...

and the small

Banco de Linares Banco may refer to: Places * Banc (Barcelona Metro), also called Banco, a closed metro stop on the Barcelona metro * Banco, Virginia, an unincorporated community * Banco, West Virginia, an unincorporated community * Banco National Park, a nation ...

and

Banco de Fomento de Valparaíso Banco may refer to: Places * Banc (Barcelona Metro), also called Banco, a closed metro stop on the Barcelona metro * Banco, Virginia, an unincorporated community * Banco, West Virginia, an unincorporated community * Banco National Park, a nation ...

. Financial societies (Compañía General, Cash, Capitales and del Sur) were also bailed out. Banco de Talca and Banco Español Chile were nationalized, removing the management and wresting ownership from shareholders (they were later privatized again). On January 13, 1983, the government made a massive bank intervention, bailing out five banks and dissolving three others.A 25 años de la intervención bancaria en Chile
Economia y negocios. '' El Mercurio''. January 12, 2008. Retrieved on May 15, 2012.

Agriculture contraction

All sectors of Chilean agriculture except fruit exports and forestry contracted during the crisis, but recovery was fast after 1984.Rytkönen, P. 2004. Fruits of Capitalism: Modernization of Chilean Agriculture, 1950-2000. ''Lund Studies in Economic History'', 31. The number of farm bankruptcies in Chile increased from 1979 to its 1983 peak.

Aftermath

Panfleto_Tercera_Jornada_Protesta_Nacional

The crisis has been credited of beginning, despite its severe repression, a wave of protest all over Chile against the dictatorship. In the years after the crisis, the economic policy of the dictatorship changed to include

price band A price band is a policy instrument that serves to insulate domestic producers and processors when the world price for a commodity falls below a calculated reference price (e.g., a price target comparable to a commodity support level). Protection ...

s for some foodstuffs and a

floating exchange rate In macroeconomics and economic policy, a floating exchange rate (also known as a fluctuating or flexible exchange rate) is a type of exchange rate regime in which a currency's value is allowed to fluctuate in response to foreign exchange mar ...

Academic debate

Supporters of the neoliberal policy of the military dictatorship have argued that the crisis started outside Chile and hit the whole of Latin America in the so-called ''

La Década Perdida "La Década Perdida" ("The Lost Decade") of Latin America is a Spanish term used to describe the economic crisis suffered in Latin America during the 1980s, which continued for some countries into the next decade. In general, the crisis w ...

'' (The Lost Decade). Historians Gabriel Salazar and Julio Pinto have countered that the type of crisis is a frequently inherent weakness of the neoliberal model. In contrast, economist Milton Friedman blames precisely the country's departure from the neoliberal model and political interventions in matters such as the Chilean peso. Chile inflation rate

According to

Ricardo Ffrench-Davis Ricardo Ffrench-Davis (born 27 June 1936) is a Chilean economist. He is Professor of the Department of Economics and the Instituto de Estudios Internacionales at the University of Chile. Along with a few other Chilean students, Ffrench-Davis got ...

, the "unnecessary" radicalism of the shock therapy in the 1970s caused mass unemployment, loss of purchasing power, extreme inequalities in the distribution of income, and severe socioeconomic damage. He argues that the 1982 crises as well as the "success" of the pragmatic economic policy after 1982 proves that the radical economic policy of the Chicago boys harmed the Chilean economy from 1973 to 1981 though the economy of Chile recovered quickly and continued to rise rapidly over time.Helmut Wittelsbürger, Albrecht von Hoff
''Chiles Weg zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft.''
(PDF; 118 kB); ''Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung -Auslandsinfo.'' 1/2004, pp. 97, 104.

References

{{Financial crises 1982 in Chile Economic history of Chile Financial crises Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) 1982 in economics Agriculture in Chile