Crematogaster degeeri casent0101984 profile 1

Crematogaster corticicola casent0173934 profile 2

''Crematogaster'' is an ecologically diverse

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

ant Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of ...

s found worldwide, which are characterised by a distinctive heart-shaped gaster (abdomen), which gives them one of their common names, the Saint Valentine ant. Members of this genus are also known as cocktail ants because of their habit of raising their abdomens when alarmed. Most species are arboreal (tree-dwelling). These ants are sometimes known as acrobat ants. Acrobat ants acquire food largely through predation on other insects, such as

wasps A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. ...

.Schatz, Bertrand, and Martine Hossaert-Mckey. "Interactions of the Ant Crematogaster Scutellaris with the Fig/fig Wasp Mutualism." Ecological Entomology 28.3 (2003): 359-68. Print. They use venom to stun their prey and a complex trail-laying process to lead comrades to food sources. Like most ants, ''Crematogaster'' species reproduce by partaking in nuptial flights, where the queen acquires the sperm used to fertilize every egg throughout her life.

Predatory behavior

Acrobat ants hunt both large and small prey. When time to hunt, foragers typically recruit nearby ants to assist them. The ants can mark and detect their prey by specific contact. When they make contact, they immediately attack, sometimes releasing a small amount of

venom Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a st ...

with a sting. They also release an alarm

pheromone A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavio ...

to alert still more workers that prey has been seized. If other workers are present, the ants "spread-eagle" the prey. When the prey is spread-eagled, all limbs are outstretched and it is carried along the backsides of the ants. The ants carry arolia, pad-like projections that are used to carry the prey back to the nest. These arolia are critical because acrobat ants are

arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose nu ...

and often need to travel up trees to return to their nesting location. If the prey is small and only one ant is present, it can carry the prey individually. If other workers are present, the ant recruits carrying assistance, even if the prey is small. Acrobat ants typically eat grasshoppers,

termites Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blattod ...

, and other small insects.

Predation of wasps

Acrobat ants are known to eat different types of wasps. Many of these wasps have mutualistic relationships with trees involving

pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, a ...

. Additionally, the wasps typically have cycles that they follow, which can make locating and capturing them by the ants more difficult. As a result, acrobat ants have evolved unique characteristics to detect the presence of prey. They have become sensitive to chemical signals released by wasps, and use these signals as cues in locating their prey.

Habitat

Crematogaster castanea, kartonnes, Krantzkloof NR

Crematogaster castanea, by Oxyrhachis sp, Krantzkloof NR, c

Acrobat ants can be found either outdoors or indoors with great frequency in each case. Outdoors, they are usually

, but they often live in many common areas in the wild. These areas are typically moist and are often dark. They can often be found in trees, collections of wood (like firewood), and under rocks. Indoors, nests have been found inside homes around electrical wires. These locations are often very near large food supplies and may be around other ant nests.

Reproduction

As with many social ant species, in acrobat ants, a

queen Queen or QUEEN may refer to: Monarchy * Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom ** List of queens regnant * Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king * Queen dowager, the widow of a king * Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mother ...

mates with a single male during a

nuptial flight Nuptial flight is an important phase in the reproduction of most ant, termite, and some bee species. It is also observed in some fly species, such as '' Rhamphomyia longicauda''. During the flight, virgin queens mate with males and then land t ...

. During this flight, the winged queen and winged male mate, and the male dies shortly afterwards. The female eventually lands and removes her own wings, which she no longer needs. In these ant species, a variation also exists to this mating strategy. Large female workers exist that are smaller than winged queens, yet larger than small workers. They also have many anatomical features that are intermediate to small workers and the queen, including ovary size and composition, and patches. These females can produce unfertilized eggs that can eventually develop into males in colonies that do not have a queen. If these eggs are produced in a

colony In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state' ...

with a queen, the queen can devour them. Larvae can also devour the eggs. Large workers normally produce more eggs in ant colonies that are queenless. Large workers can be tended to by small workers in a similar manner to

ant queens A queen ant (formally known as a gyne) is an adult, reproducing female ant in an ant colony; generally she will be the mother of all the other ants in that colony. Some female ants, such as the ''Cataglyphis'', do not need to mate to produce offs ...

. "Large workers" have sizable implications for acrobat

colonies In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state'' ...

. Given that large workers create eggs that can develop into functioning ants, they can actually create new colonies. They can also shift or shape the population dynamics of an ant colony that already exists. Also, for the large workers who produce these eggs, if they are eaten, this denotes a waste of energy on failed reproduction. Not all

eusocial Eusociality (from Greek εὖ ''eu'' "good" and social), the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping gen ...

ant species have large workers, so acrobat ants are unique in this respect.

Defensive behavior

''Crematogaster'' ants "are able to raise their abdomens forward and over their thoraces and heads, which allow them to point their abdominal tips in nearly all directions." When in conflict, acrobat ants can release a venom by flexing their abdominal regions. The effectiveness of the venom varies greatly with the opposer to the ant. For example, some other ant species are not very resistant and can be killed with only a few drops, while other ant species and insects have a high degree of resistance to even large amounts of venom. However, the venom can often repel offending ants if it comes into contact with their antennae. Acrobat ants are typically not repelled by venom from other acrobat ants. The venom is created in a

metapleural gland Metapleural glands (also called metasternal or metathoracic glands) are secretory glands that are unique to ants and basal in the evolutionary history of ants. They are responsible for the production of an antibiotic fluid that then collects in a ...

and usually consists of complex and simple

phenols In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (— O H) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, . Phenolic compounds are ...

and carboxylic acids, some of which have known antibiotic properties. The ants apply froths to conflicting organisms. The froths are applied in a "paintbrush" style manner to surround the offender. "Frothing" has evolved independently in ants and grasshoppers.

Division of labor

As with most eusocial insects, acrobat ants tend to form castes based on labor duties. This division is normally behavioral, but also has a physical basis, including size or age. Soldiers are typically larger with a more developed

specialized for colony defence or food acquisition. A

worker ant Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22,00 ...

is generally smaller than soldiers and queens, and its main task is to assist the queen in rearing the young. Workers vary in size more than soldiers. This considerable variation in size may have played a considerable role in the evolution of "large workers" in this genus.

Mutualism

Acrobat ants participate in a form of mutualism called myrmecophytism, in which plants provide shelter and secreted food, while the ants provide the plants with protection from predators. Many acrobat ants use plants such as ''

Macaranga ''Macaranga'' is a large genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus in the subtribe Macaranginae (tribe Acalypheae). Native to Africa, Australasia, Asia and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, t ...

'' as their main source of food. The ants become alarmed when the plant is disturbed. They quickly emerge from their plant shelter and become aggressive. This can be the case even when neighboring plants are under attack. They can also recruit other ants to help in their defense.

Trail-laying

Acrobat ants lay scent trails for many different reasons - communication, recruitment of workers, etc. The scents originate in the tibial gland and are secreted from the gaster of the ants. The gaster never actually touches the surface of what the ant is leaving the scent on. When laying a scent trail, the ants will typically lift their abdomen sharply upward then bend it forward.Leuthold, R. H. "A Tibial Gland Scent-Trail Lying Behavior in Crematogaster." Psyche75.128 (1968): 233-48. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.
/ref> One practical use for trail laying is to mark the path toward food. The ants often find a food source requiring them to make multiple trips to the nest or shelter. To keep track of space, a scent is useful. Another significant use of a scent is to recruit other workers. This is actually helpful in a number of scenarios. It can increase efficiency when a food source is located and needs to be brought back to the nest. It can also be helpful in recruiting assistance during an attack on one of the acrobat ants' plant shelters.

Species

More than 430 species are recognised in the genus ''Crematogaster'' : *'' C. abdominalis'' Motschoulsky, 1863 *'' C. aberrans'' Forel, 1892 *'' C. abrupta'' Mann, 1919 *'' C. abstinens'' Forel, 1899 *'' C. acaciae'' Forel, 1892 *'' C. aculeata'' Donisthorpe, 1941 *'' C. acuta'' Fabricius, 1804 *'' C. adrepens'' Forel, 1897 *'' C. aegyptiaca''

Mayr Mayr is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Andrea Mayr (born 1979), Austrian female long-distance runner * Ernst Mayr (1904–2005), German American evolutionary biologist * Georg Mayr (1564–1623), Bavarian Jesuit pries ...

, 1862 *'' C. affabilis'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. afghanica'' Forel, 1967 *'' C. africana'' Mayr, 1895 *'' C. agnetis'' Forel, 1892 *'' C. agniae'' Karavaiev, 1935 *'' C. agnita'' Wheeler, 1934 *'' C. aitkenii'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. algirica'' Lucas, 1849 *'' C. alluaudi'' Emery, 1893 *'' C. aloysiisabaudiae'' Menozzi, 1930 *'' C. alulai'' Emery, 1901 *'' C. amabilis'' Santschi, 1911 *'' C. amapaensis'' Kempf, 1960 *'' C. ambigua'' Santschi, 1926 *'' C. amita'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. ampla'' Powell, 2014 *'' C. ampullaris'' Smith, 1861 *'' C. ancipitula'' Forel, 1917 *'' C. angulosa'' Andre, 1896 *'' C. angusticeps'' Santschi, 1911 *'' C. antaris'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. anthracina'' Smith, 1857 *'' C. apicalis'' Motschoulsky, 1878 *'' C. arata'' Emery, 1906 *'' C. arcuata'' Forel, 1899 *'' C. arizonensis'' Wheeler, 1908 *'' C. armandi'' Forel, 1921 *'' C. arnoldi'' Forel, 1914 *'' C. aroensis'' Menozzi, 1935 *'' C. arthurimuelleri'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. ashmeadi'' Mayr, 1886 *'' C. atitlanica'' Wheeler, 1936 *'' C. atkinsoni'' Wheeler, 1919 *'' C. atra'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. auberti'' Emery, 1869 *'' C. augusti'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. aurita'' Karavaiev, 1935 *'' C. australis'' Mayr, 1876 *'' C. baduvi'' Forel, 1912 *'' C. bakeri'' Menozzi, 1925 *'' C. barbouri'' Weber, 1934 *'' C. batesi'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. bequaerti'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. betapicalis'' Smith, 1995 *'' C. bicolor'' Smith, 1860 *'' C. biformis'' Andre, 1892 *'' C. binghamii'' Forel, 1904 *'' C. bingo'' Forel, 1908 *'' C. biroi'' Mayr, 1897 *'' C. bison'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. boera'' Ruzsky, 1926 *'' C. bogojawlenskii'' Ruzsky, 1905 *'' C. boliviana'' Wheeler, 1922 *'' C. borneensis'' Andre, 1896 *'' C. brasiliensis'' Mayr, 1878 *'' C. brevimandibularis'' Donisthorpe, 1943 *'' C. brevis'' Emery, 1887 *'' C. brevispinosa'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. breviventris'' Santschi, 1920 *'' C. browni'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. bruchi'' Forel, 1912 *'' C. brunnea'' Smith, 1857 *'' C. brunneipennis'' Andre, 1890 *'' C. brunnescens'' Motschoulsky, 1863 *'' C. buchneri'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. buddhae'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. butteli'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. californica'' Wheeler, 1919 *'' C. capensis'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. captiosa'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. carinata'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. castanea'' Smith, 1858 *'' C. censor'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. cephalotes'' Smith, 1857 *'' C. cerasi'' Fitch, 1855 *'' C. chiarinii'' Emery, 1881 *'' C. chlorotica'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. chopardi'' Bernard, 1950 *'' C. chungi'' Brown, 1949 *'' C. cicatriculosa'' Roger, 1863 *'' C. clariventris'' Mayr, 1895 *'' C. clydia'' Forel, 1912 *'' C. coarctata'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. coelestis'' Santschi, 1911 *'' C. colei'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. concava'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. constructor'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. coriaria'' Mayr, 1872 *'' C. cornigera'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. cornuta'' Crawley, 1924 *'' C. corporaali'' Santschi, 1928 *'' C. corticicola'' Mayr, 1887 *'' C. corvina'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. crassicornis'' Emery, 1893 *'' C. crinosa'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. cristata'' Santschi, 1929 *'' C. curvispinosa'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. cuvierae'' Donisthorpe, 1945 *'' C. cylindriceps'' Wheeler, 1927 *'' C. dahlii'' Forel, 1901 *'' C. daisyi'' Forel, 1901 *'' C. dalyi'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. decamera'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. degeeri'' Forel, 1886 *'' C. delagoensis'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. delitescens'' Wheeler, 1921 *'' C. dentinodis'' Forel, 1901 *'' C. depilis'' Wheeler, 1919 *'' C. depressa'' (Latreille, 1802) *'' C. descarpentriesi'' Santschi, 1928 *'' C. descolei'' Kusnezov, 1949 *'' C. desecta'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. desperans'' Forel, 1914 *'' C. detecta'' sp. nov. *'' C. difformis'' Smith, 1857 *'' C. diffusa'' (Jerdon, 1851) *'' C. dispar'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. distans'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. dohrni'' Mayr, 1879 *'' C. dolens'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. donisthorpei'' Santschi, 1934 *'' C. dorsidens'' Santschi, 1925 *'' C. dubia'' Karavaiev, 1935 *'' C. ebenina'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. edentula'' Santschi, 1914 *'' C. egidyi'' Forel, 1903 *'' C. egregior'' Forel, 1912 *''

C. elegans ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (r ...

'' Smith, 1859 *'' C. elysii'' Mann, 1919 *'' C. emeryana'' Creighton, 1950 *'' C. emeryi'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. emmae'' Forel, 1891 *'' C. enneamera'' Emery, 1900 *'' C. ensifera'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. erecta'' Mayr, 1866 *'' C. esterelana'' (Bernard, 1978) *'' C. eurydice'' Forel, 1915 *'' C. euterpe'' Santschi, 1922 *'' C. evallans'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. excisa'' Mayr, 1895 *'' C. ferrarii'' Emery, 1888 *'' C. flavicornis'' Emery, 1897 *'' C. flavitarsis'' Emery, 1900 *'' C. foraminiceps'' Santschi, 1913 *'' C. formosa'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. foxi'' Mann, 1919 *'' C. fraxatrix'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. fritzi'' Emery, 1901 *'' C. frivola'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. fruhstorferi'' Emery, 1901 *'' C. fuentei'' Menozzi, 1922 *'' C. fulmeki'' Forel, 1922 *'' C. fusca'' Mayr, 1876 *'' C. gabonensis'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. gallicola'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. gambiensis'' Andre, 1889 *'' C. gavapiga'' Menozzi, 1935 *'' C. gerstaeckeri'' Dalla Torre, 1892 *'' C. gibba'' Emery, 1894 *'' C. gordani'' Karaman, M., 2008 *'' C. gratiosa'' Santschi, 1926 *'' C. grevei'' Forel, 1891 *'' C. gutenbergi'' Santschi, 1914 *'' C. heathi'' Mann, 1916 *'' C. hemiceros'' Santschi, 1926 *'' C. hespera'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. hezaradjatica'' Pisarski, 1967 *'' C. himalayana'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. hogsoni'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. homeri'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. hottentota'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. hova'' Forel, 1887 *'' C. huberi'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. iheringi'' Forel, 1908 *'' C. ilgii'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. impressa'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. impressiceps'' Mayr, 1902 *'' C. inca'' Wheeler, 1925 *'' C. inconspicua'' Mayr, 1896 *'' C. incorrecta'' Santschi, 1917 *'' C. indefensa'' Kempf, 1968 *'' C. inermis'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. inflata'' Smith, 1857 *'' C. innocens'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. inops'' Forel, 1892 *'' C. insularis'' Smith, 1859 *'' C. ionia'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. iridipennis'' Smith, 1865 *'' C. irritabilis'' Smith, 1860 *'' C. isolata'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. jacobsoni'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. javanica'' Menozzi, 1935 *'' C. jeanneli'' Santschi, 1914 *'' C. jehovae'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. jullieni'' Santschi, 1910 *'' C. juventa'' Santschi, 1926 *'' C. kachelibae'' Arnold, 1954 *'' C. karawaiewi'' Menozzi, 1935 *'' C. kasaiensis'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. kelleri'' Forel, 1891 *'' C. kirbii'' (Sykes, 1835) *'' C. kneri'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. kohli'' Forel, 1909 *'' C. kutteri'' Viehmeyer, 1924 *'' C. laboriosa'' Smith, 1874 *'' C. laestrygon'' Emery, 1869 *'' C. laeviceps'' Smith, 1858 *'' C. laevis'' Mayr, 1878 *'' C. laevissima'' Smith, 1860 *'' C. laeviuscula'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. lamottei'' Bernard, 1953 *'' C. lango'' Weber, 1943 *'' C. larreae'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. latuka'' Weber, 1943 *'' C. laurenti'' Forel, 1909 *'' C. ledouxi'' Soulie, 1961 *'' C. libengensis'' Stitz, 1916 *'' C. liengmei'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. limata'' Smith, 1858 *'' C. lineolata'' (Say, 1836) *'' C. litoralis'' Arnold, 1955 *'' C. lobata'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. longiceps'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. longiclava'' Emery, 1893 *'' C. longipilosa'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. longispina'' Emery, 1890 *'' C. lorteti'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. lotti'' Weber, 1943 *'' C. lucayana'' Wheeler, 1905 *'' C. luctans'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. lutzi'' Forel, 1905 *'' C. macracantha'' Creighton, 1945 *'' C. madagascariensis'' Andre, 1887 *'' C. madecassa'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. magitae'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. magnifica'' Santschi, 1925 *'' C. major'' Donisthorpe, 1941 *'' C. manni'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. margaritae'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. marioni'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. marthae'' Forel, 1892 *'' C. matsumurai'' Forel, 1901 *'' C. meijerei'' Emery, 1911 *'' C. melanogaster'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. menilekii'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. mesonotalis'' Emery, 1911 *'' C. microspina'' Menozzi, 1942 *'' C. millardi'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. mimicans'' Donisthorpe, 1932 *'' C. mimosae'' Santschi, 1914 *'' C. minutissima'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. misella'' Arnold, 1920 *'' C. mjobergi'' Forel, 1915 *'' C. modiglianii'' Emery, 1900 *'' C. montenigrinus'' Karaman, M., 2008 *'' C. montezumia'' Smith, 1858 *'' C. monticola'' Arnold, 1920 *'' C. moorei'' Donisthorpe, 1941 *'' C. moqorensis'' Pisarski, 1967 *'' C. mormonum'' Wheeler, 1919 *'' C. mottazi'' Santschi, 1928 *'' C. mucronata'' Emery, 1900 *'' C. muralti'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. mutans'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. myops'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. natalensis'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. navajoa'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. nesiotis'' Mann, 1919 *'' C. neuvillei'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. nigeriensis'' Santschi, 1914 *'' C. nigrans'' Forel, 1915 *'' C. nigriceps'' Emery, 1897 *'' C. nigronitens'' Santschi, 1917 *'' C. nigropilosa'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. nocturna'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. oasium'' Santschi, 1911 *'' C. obnigra'' Mann, 1919 *'' C. obscura'' Smith, 1857 *'' C. obscurior'' Dalla Torre, 1892 *'' C. ochracea'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. ochraceiventris'' Stitz, 1916 *'' C. onusta'' Stitz, 1925 *'' C. opaca'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. opaciceps'' Mayr, 1901 *'' C. opuntiae'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. ornatipilis'' Wheeler, 1918 *'' C. orobia'' Santschi, 1919 *'' C. osakensis'' Forel, 1900 *'' C. oscaris'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. overbecki'' Viehmeyer, 1916 *'' C. oxygynoides'' Santschi, 1934 *'' C. painei'' Donisthorpe, 1945 *'' C. pallida'' Lowne, 1865 *'' C. pallipes'' Mayr, 1862 *'' C. paolii'' Menozzi, 1930 *'' C. paradoxa'' Emery, 1894 *'' C. parallela'' Santschi, 1925 *'' C. parapilosa'' sp. nov. *'' C. patei'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. pauciseta'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. pauli'' Emery, 1901 *'' C. pellens'' Walker, 1859 *'' C. perelegans'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. peringueyi'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. peristerica'' Menozzi, 1925 *'' C. perthensis'' Crawley, 1922 *'' C. peruviana'' (Wheeler, 1922) *'' C. petiolidens'' Forel, 1916 *'' C. phoenica'' Santschi, 1915 *'' C. phoenix'' Santschi, 1921 *'' C. pia'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. pilosa'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. pinicola'' Deyrup, 2007 *'' C. polita'' Smith, 1865 *'' C. politula'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. polymnia'' Santschi, 1922 *'' C. popohana'' Forel, 1912 *'' C. praecursor'' Emery, 1891 *'' C. pseudinermis'' Viehmeyer, 1923 *'' C. pulchella'' Bernard, 1953 *'' C. punctulata'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. pusilla'' (Heer, 1850) *'' C. pygmaea'' Forel, 1904 *'' C. pythia'' Forel, 1915 *'' C. quadriformis'' Roger, 1863 *'' C. quadrispinosa'' Roger, 1863 *'' C. queenslandica'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. ralumensis'' Forel, 1901 *'' C. ranavalonae'' Forel, 1887 *'' C. ransonneti'' Mayr, 1868 *'' C. rasoherinae'' Forel, 1891 *'' C. rectinota'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. recurva'' Emery, 1897 *'' C. resulcata'' Bolton, 1995 *'' C. retifera'' Santschi, 1926 *'' C. rifelna'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. rivai'' Emery, 1897 *'' C. rogenhoferi'' Mayr, 1879 *'' C. rogeri'' Emery, 1922 *'' C. rossi'' Buren, 1968 *'' C. rothneyi'' Mayr, 1879 *'' C. rudis'' Emery, 1894 *'' C. rufa'' (Jerdon, 1851) *'' C. rufigena'' Arnold, 1958 *'' C. rufotestacea'' Mayr, 1876 *'' C. rugosa'' Andre, 1895 *'' C. rugosior'' Santschi, 1910 *'' C. ruspolii'' Forel, 1892 *'' C. russoi'' Menozzi, 1930 *'' C. rustica'' Santschi, 1935 *'' C. sagei'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. sanguinea'' Roger, 1863 *'' C. santschii'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. saussurei'' Forel, 1899 *'' C. scapamaris'' Santschi, 1922 *'' C. scelerata'' Santschi, 1917 *'' C. schencki'' Forel, 1891 *'' C. schimmeri'' Forel, 1912 *'' C. schmidti'' (Mayr, 1853) *'' C. schultzei'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. scita'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. sculpturata'' Pergande, 1896 *'' C. scutellaris'' (Olivier, 1792) *'' C. semperi'' Emery, 1893 *'' C. senegalensis'' Roger, 1863 *'' C. sewellii'' Forel, 1891 *'' C. similis'' Stitz, 1911 *'' C. simoni'' Emery, 1893 *'' C. sjostedti'' (Mayr, 1907) *'' C. skounensis'' Soulie, 1961 *'' C. solenopsides'' Emery, 1899 *'' C. solers'' Forel, 1910 *'' C. sordidula'' (Nylander, 1849) *'' C. sorokini'' Ruzsky, 1905 *'' C. soror'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. spengeli'' Forel, 1912 *'' C. stadelmanni'' Mayr, 1895 *'' C. steinheili'' Forel, 1881 *'' C. stenocephala'' Emery, 1922 *'' C. stethogompha'' Wheeler, 1919 *'' C. stigmata'' Santschi, 1914 *'' C. stollii'' Forel, 1885 *'' C. striatula'' Emery, 1892 *'' C. subcircularis'' Mayr, 1879 *'' C. subdentata'' Mayr, 1877 *'' C. subnuda'' Mayr, 1879 *'' C. sumichrasti'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. tanakai'' Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009 *'' C. tarsata'' Smith, 1865 *'' C. terminalis'' (Shuckard, 1838) *'' C. tetracantha'' Emery, 1887 *'' C. theta'' Forel, 1911 *'' C. togoensis'' Donisthorpe, 1945 *'' C. torosa'' Mayr, 1870 *'' C. transiens'' Forel, 1913 *'' C. transvaalensis'' Forel, 1894 *'' C. trautweini'' Viehmeyer, 1914 *'' C. travancorensis'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. treubi'' Emery, 1896 *'' C. tumidula'' Emery, 1900 *'' C. udo'' Forel, 1905 *'' C. unciata'' Santschi, 1925 *'' C. ustiventris'' Menozzi, 1935 *'' C. vandeli'' Soulie, 1961 *'' C. vandermeermohri'' Menozzi, 1930 *'' C. vermiculata'' Emery, 1895 *'' C. vetusta'' sp. nov. *'' C. victima'' Smith, 1858 *'' C. vidua'' Santschi, 1928 *'' C. vitalisi'' Menozzi, 1925 *'' C. voeltzkowi'' Forel, 1907 *'' C. vulcania'' Santschi, 1913 *'' C. walshi'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. warburgi'' Menozzi, 1933 *'' C. wasmanni'' Santschi, 1910 *'' C. weberi'' Emery, 1911 *'' C. wellmani'' Forel, 1909 *'' C. werneri'' Mayr, 1907 *'' C. wheeleri'' Mann, 1919 *'' C. whitei'' Wheeler, 1915 *'' C. wilwerthi'' Santschi, 1910 *'' C. wroughtonii'' Forel, 1902 *'' C. xerophila'' Wheeler, 1915 *'' C. yappi'' Forel, 1901 *'' C. yamanei'' Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009, A taxonomic revision of the Asian endemic subgenus Physocrema of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., Zootaxa (2062), pp. 15-36: 29-30 *'' C. zavattarii'' Menozzi, 1926 *'' C. zonacaciae'' Weber, 1943

References

External links

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Black Ants' unique nest in a tree trunk- Philippines
by Isidro A. T. Savillo {{Taxonbar, from=Q128283 Myrmicinae Ant genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot