''Cranbrook'' is a large house built at Rose Bay in

Sydney Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

, Australia. Built in 1859 as a private residence, the house was used as an

official residence An official residence is the House, residence of a head of state, head of government, governor, Clergy, religious leader, leaders of international organizations, or other senior figure. It may be the same place where they conduct their work-relate ...

for the

Governor of New South Wales The governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, King Charles III, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia at the national level, the governors of the ...

and

Governor-General of Australia The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Australia.Cranbrook School.

Private residence

Robert Tooth

The Rose Bay house was built in 1859 by

Robert Tooth Robert Tooth (28 May 1821 in Cranbrook, Kent, England – 19 September 1893 in Bedford, England) was one of three brothers of Sydney's Tooth brewery family. He built two of Sydney's grandest houses, Cranbrook House and The Swifts. Early li ...

(1821–1893), one of three brothers of the well known Sydney Tooth's Brewery family. It was named after a village in Kent, England from where the Tooth Family originated. His brother Frederick, also inherited adjoining land and on this he built his house called "Buckhurst".

Robert Towns

In 1864 Tooth sold Cranbrook to

Robert Towns Robert Towns (10 November 1794 – 11 April 1873) was a British master mariner who settled in Australia as a businessman, sandalwood merchant, colonist, shipowner, pastoralist, politician, whaler and civic leader. He was the founder of Townsvil ...

who was a successful Sydney merchant, shipping company owner, the founder of the city of

Townsville, Queensland Townsville is a city on the north-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. With a population of 180,820 as of June 2018, it is the largest settlement in North Queensland; it is unofficially considered its capital. Estimated resident population, 3 ...

and a

Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council The New South Wales Legislative Council, often referred to as the upper house, is one of the two chambers of the parliament of the Australian state of New South Wales. The other is the Legislative Assembly. Both sit at Parliament House in th ...

. He was married to Sophia Wentworth (sister to

William Wentworth William Charles Wentworth (August 179020 March 1872) was an Australian pastoralist, explorer, newspaper editor, lawyer, politician and author, who became one of the wealthiest and most powerful figures of early colonial New South Wales. Throug ...

) and had two sons and three daughters. When Towns died in 1873, Cranbrook was sold.

James White

James White was a pastoralist and racehorse owner. He was born in 1828 in New South Wales to relatively wealthy parents. In 1853 in partnership with his two brothers he bought Belltrees near Scone and expanded it. In about 1860 James bought Matindale near Muswellbrook where he lived with his wife Emily (''née'' Arndell) until 1873. During this time he was a Member of the

New South Wales Legislative Assembly The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is the lower of the two houses of the Parliament of New South Wales, an Australian state. The upper house is the New South Wales Legislative Council. Both the Assembly and Council sit at Parliament Ho ...

representing the

Upper Hunter The Upper Hunter Shire is a local government area in the Upper Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire was formed in May 2004 from the Scone Shire and parts of Murrurundi and Merriwa shires. The Mayor of the Upper Hunter Shir ...

. He resigned from parliament in 1868. In 1873 he bought ''Cranbrook'' and employed

John Horbury Hunt John Horbury Hunt (1838 – December 30, 1904) was a Canadians, Canadian-born Australian architect who worked in Sydney and rural New South Wales from 1863. Life and career Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of a builder, Hunt was tra ...

, a prominent architect, to carry out large extensions on this property. He then moved in with his wife Emily and brought into his house expensive art treasures including pictures by Italian German and English painters. In 1874 he was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council and over the next decade held many important posts in the Societies of that day. White's art treasures were described in detail in a publication of that time as follows: These art treasures are shown below in photos of the hallway and drawing room. One of White's main interests was horseracing and shortly after he bought ''Cranbrook'' he also purchased ''Kirkham'' near Camden where he developed his horse stud. John Horbury Hunt was commissioned to build two houses for him on this property. One of the buildings constructed by Horbury Hunt while he was employed at Cranbrook was a stone house called ''Cranbrook Cottage''. It appears that this was originally on White's land and was owned by him because when ''Cranbrook'' was put on the market in 1898 the advertisement stated that there were two lots to be sold. Lot 2 was described as follows:''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 17 September 1898, p. 15. Some time after this Horbury Hunt must have purchased the property as he sold it in his own name in 1902. While James and Emily White owned ''Cranbrook'' the gardens and grounds were also developed. Horbury Hunt built a tennis pavilion (see photo below left and also below in section on garden fete) which still exists today. It is the Rotunda at Cranbrook School. A publication made the following comments about the grounds: Some of these features are shown in the photos below. White died of heart disease at ''Cranbrook'' in 1890. They had no children so Emily inherited both Cranbrook and Kirkham. Six years later in 1896 Emily, who was then 62, married Captain William Scott, aged 37. Scott was a veterinary surgeon in the NSW Defence Forces. In the following year Emily and Captain Scott sailed to Scotland but unfortunately Emily died shortly after arriving and was buried at Melrose, Roxburghshire in Scotland. Scott inherited all her property and the following year 1898 put both Cranbrook and Kirkham on the market. He sold ''Kirkham'' in the same year but did not sell ''Cranbrook''.

The Lovely family

William Harvey Chapman Lovely, an attorney of the South Kalgurli Gold Mines Ltd and his wife Florence Emily May née Anderson (daughter of George Anderson and Emma Jane née Bell) lived in ''Cranbrook'', Rose Bay from to 1900 (likely rented). It was reported in ''

The Sydney Morning Herald ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (''SMH'') is a daily compact newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and owned by Nine. Founded in 1831 as the ''Sydney Herald'', the ''Herald'' is the oldest continuously published newspaper ...

'' that on 10 July 1899: Their stay in ''Cranbrook'' was short, as by 10 March 1900 Lovely sold up all household goods in "consequence to his departure to Europe". Whilst we find that Florence departed on 11 April 1900 for England on the H.M.S. Omrah, she returned to Australia and set up home in Randwick where their daughter, Gwendolyne Harvey Lovely, was born on 22 November 1900 and later died 5 months on 16 April 1901. William and Florence Lovely separated and later divorced in South Africa according to the South African Divorce Archives. William married Trixie Linnelle Whiteman and raised their family in Queensland. According to newspaper reports William went out on his own rather than accept any position under a South African company deciding not to remain in South Africa and set up home in .

Government House

In the lead-up to the

Federation of Australia The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia (which also governed what is now the Northern Territory), and Western A ...

, there was intense rivalry between Sydney and

Melbourne Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...

to be the national capital. Eventually a compromise was reached that the federal capital would be established somewhere in rural New South Wales (which would eventually become

Canberra Canberra ( ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...

) and that, in the interim, federal parliament would meet in Melbourne and the

Governor-General Governor-general (plural ''governors-general''), or governor general (plural ''governors general''), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy t ...

would have his residence in Melbourne. Many in Sydney were not convinced that the federal capital would ever be established and that Melbourne would become the national capital by default to the social and economic disadvantage of Sydney. It was seen as vital to give Sydney a greater role in the new federation by proposing that the Governor-General should have a residence in Sydney and Government House was seen as the most fitting residence to be offered to the Governor-General (noting that the

Victorian Government The Victoria State Government, also referred to as just the Victorian Government, is the state-level authority for Victoria, Australia. Like all state governments, it is formed by three independent branches: the executive, the judicial, and th ...

was also offering their Government House in Melbourne). Eventually the compromise was reached that the Governor-General would have official residences in both Sydney and Melbourne with the intention that the Melbourne Government House would be used when parliament was sitting and that the Sydney Government House would be used when the parliament was not sitting. With the matter of the Governor-General's residence resolved, the New South Wales government leased ''Cranbrook'' from Captain Scott for five years to be used as the residence of the

. In October 1906 the Government attempted to extend the lease but Captain Scott was unwilling, preferring to sell or subdivide the property. Eventually Captain Scott agreed to extend the lease for one further year but at much higher rent, after which the Government purchased the property for £22,500. ''Cranbrook'' served as

Government House Government House is the name of many of the official residences of governors-general, governors and lieutenant-governors in the Commonwealth and the remaining colonies of the British Empire. The name is also used in some other countries. Gover ...

for

from 1901 to 1917. Three governors resided there during this time with their families. Sir

Harry Rawson Admiral Sir Harry Holdsworth Rawson, (5 November 1843 – 3 November 1910) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy. He is chiefly remembered for overseeing the Benin Expedition of 1897, a British punitive expedition against the Kingdom of Benin ...

was governor from 1902 to 1909. His wife, Lady Florence Rawson, died during this time in 1905 and his daughter Alice resumed her mother's duties as hostess at official functions. In 1909

Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, (12 August 1868 – 1 April 1933) was a British statesman. He served as Governor of Queensland from 1905 to 1909, Governor of New South Wales from 1909 to 1913, and Viceroy of India from 1 ...

became governor, and he and his wife Lady Frances Chelmsford resided at ''Cranbrook'' until 1913. Sir

Gerald Strickland Gerald Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin Strickland, 6th Count della Catena, 1st Baron Strickland, (24 May 1861 – 22 August 1940) was a Maltese and British politician and peer, who served as Prime Minister of Malta, Governor of the L ...

was governor from 1913 until 1917. His wife was Lady Edeline Strickland. While ''Cranbrook'' was the Governor's residence many notable functions were held there. One that received press coverage was the garden fete held in 1903 in aid of the District Nursing Association. One publication described it in detail as follows: Some of the photos of the occasion are shown below. One of the largest official functions held at Government House was the garden party of over 3500 guests for the American Fleet in 1908. This function was widely reported in the press and ''

'' gave it a great deal of coverage. Some of it is outlined as follows: In June 1911, the

Government of New South Wales The Government of New South Wales, also known as the NSW Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of New South Wales. It is currently held by a coalition of the Liberal Party and the National Party. The Governmen ...

rather abruptly announced that it intended to consolidate its use of buildings and, as part of that, wished to use the Government House in Macquarie Street as a library or museum, rather than extend the lease (which was terminating in August 1911) with the Commonwealth Government for use as the residence of the Governor-General. It was noted that the Commonwealth did not pay any rent for the property. The New South Wales Government agreed to extend the lease for a few months owing to the imminent arrival of the new Governor-General Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman to provide initial accommodation for him; however the Commonwealth Government did not see any point in installing the new Governor-General into a very short-term residence and sought a longer commitment. The New South Wales Government rejected any longer lease, despite not appearing to have any immediate intentions to proceed with the development of the library or museum. In 1913, the newly established

Royal Australian Navy The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the principal naval force of the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The professional head of the RAN is Chief of Navy (CN) Vice Admiral Mark Hammond AM, RAN. CN is also jointly responsible to the Minister of ...

took over responsibility for Australia's naval defence (previously provided by the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...

). As a consequence of this, a dispute developed between the New South Wales Government and the Commonwealth Government over the ownership of various naval facilities including

Admiralty House, Kirribilli Admiralty House is the Sydney official residence of the governor-general of Australia. It is located in the suburb of Kirribilli, on the northern foreshore of Sydney Harbour (adjacent to Kirribilli House, which is the Sydney official residen ...

, the residence of the head of the navy. The New South Wales Government had previously given them to the British Government for naval purposes and with the withdrawal of the Royal Navy believed the ownership reverted to them, whereas the Commonwealth Government believed they belonged to the Commonwealth from the taking over of naval responsibilities from the Royal Navy.

Cranbrook School

In 1917 the NSW Government put ''Cranbrook'' up for auction. It was purchased by Samuel Hordern on behalf of a group of men from the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain ...

who had decided to utilise it as a school. In July 1918 Cranbrook School was officially opened and is still operating.

References

{{Reflist Houses in Bellevue Hill, New South Wales History of Sydney Gardens in New South Wales

Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Victorian architecture in Sydney 1859 establishments in Australia