The Cossinae are the nominate

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of the

Cossidae The Cossidae, the cossid millers or carpenter millers, make up a family (biology), family of mostly large Miller (moth), miller moths. This family contains over 110 genera with almost 700 known species, and many more species await description. ...

(carpenter or goat moths). The

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...

s of several Cossinae

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, such as the carpenterworm (''

Prionoxystus robiniae ''Prionoxystus robiniae'', the carpenterworm moth or locust borer, is a moth of the family Cossidae. It was first described by Peck in 1818 and it is found in southern Canada and most of the United States. The wingspan is 43–85 mm. Adu ...

'') and the goat moth (''

Cossus cossus ''Cossus cossus'', the goat moth, is a moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Northern Africa, Asia and Europe. Biology This is a large heavy moth with a wingspan of 68–96 mm. The wings are greyish brown and marked with fine dark cr ...

''), are significant

pest Pest or The Pest may refer to: Science and medicine * Pest (organism), an animal or plant deemed to be detrimental to humans or human concerns ** Weed, a plant considered undesirable * Infectious disease, an illness resulting from an infection ** ...

s. On the other hand, in

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

the caterpillars of the Chilean moth (''

Chilecomadia moorei The Chilean moth (''Chilecomadia moorei'') is a moth of the family Cossidae. The butterworm is the larval form and is commonly used as fishing bait in South America."The Incredible Edible Worm", by Audrey Pavia, ''Reptiles Magazine'', July, 2007 ...

'') are collected on a commercial scale for sale as

fishing bait Fishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch fish, e.g. on a fishing hook. Bait items are both selected from and placed within the environment to achieve enhanced prey capture success. Traditionally, fishing baits are natural fish food ...

and

terrarium A terrarium (plural: terraria or terrariums) is usually a sealable glass container containing soil and plants that can be opened for maintenance to access the plants inside; however, terraria can also be open to the atmosphere. Terraria are ofte ...

pet food Pet food is animal feed intended for consumption by pets. Typically sold in pet stores and supermarkets, it is usually specific to the type of animal, such as dog food or cat food. Most meat used for animals is a byproduct of the human food indu ...

; they are usually called "butterworms" in international trade. The

Cossulinae The Cossulinae are a subfamily of the family Cossidae The Cossidae, the cossid millers or carpenter millers, make up a family of mostly large miller moths. This family contains over 110 genera with almost 700 known species, and many more sp ...

have been separated from the Cossinae in recent decades, but this was not universally accepted at first. Some misplaced genera have been moved between the subfamilies, and as it seems the Cossulinae at least now represent a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

group.

Systematics

Some significant species are also listed:See references in Savela (2008) *Unplaced to tribe/placement unknown ** '' Citharalia'' Clench, 1957 (formerly in Cossulinae) ** '' Comadia'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1911 ** '' Cossodes'' White, 1841 ** '' Culama'' Walker, 1856 ** '' Dieidapersa'' Strand in Stichel, 1911 ** '' Dieida'' Strand, 1911 ** '' Fania'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1911 (tentatively placed here) ** '' Idioses'' Turner, 1927 ** '' Macrocyttara'' Turner, 1918 ** '' Miacora'' Dyar, 1905 (tentatively placed here) ** ''

Prionoxystus ''Prionoxystus'' is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae. Species * '' Prionoxystus macmurtrei'' Guérin-Meneville, 1829 * '' Prionoxystus piger'' Grote, 1865 * ''Prionoxystus robiniae ''Prionoxystus robiniae'', the carpenterworm moth or lo ...

'' Grote, 1882 ** '' Psychidocossus'' D. S. Fletcher, 1982 ** '' Surcossus'' Heimlich, 1960 ** '' Trigena'' Dyar, 1905 (formerly in Cossulinae) ** '' Zyganisus'' Viette, 1951 * Zeuzerocossini Yakovlev, 2008 ** '' Acossus'' Dyar, 1905 ** '' Alcterogystia'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Arctiocossus'' Felder, 1874 ** '' Assegaj'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Brachygystia'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Chingizid'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Chinocossus'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Dervishiya'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Eogystia'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Eremocossus'' Hampson, 1893 ** '' Gobibatyr'' Yakovlev, 2004 ** '' Kalimantanossus'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Mahommedella'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Neurocossus'' Yakovlev, 2010 ** '' Paropta'' Staudinger, 1900 ** '' Patoptoformis'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Planctogystia'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Rethona'' Walker, 1855 ** '' Ronaldocossus'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Wiltshirocossus'' Yakovlev, 2007 ** '' Zeuzerocossus'' Yakovlev, 2008 * Endagriini Duponchel,

845 __NOTOC__ Year 845 ( DCCCXLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Arab War: A prisoner exchange occurs between the Byzant ...

/small> ** '' Afroarabiella'' Yakovlev, 2008 ** '' Dyspessa'' Hübner, 1820 ** '' Groenendaelia'' Yakovlev, 2004 ** '' Hollowiella'' Yakovlev & Witt, 2009 ** '' Isoceras'' Turati, 1924 ** '' Paracossulus'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Stygoides'' Bruand, 1853 ** '' Samagystia'' Schoorl, 1990 * Holcocerini Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Afrikanetz'' Yakovlev, 2009 ** '' Aholcocerus'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Barchaniella'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Brachylia'' Felder, 1874 ** '' Camellocossus'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Coryphodema'' Felder, 1874 ** '' Cossulus'' Staudinger, 1887 ** ''

Cossus ''Cossus'' is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae described by Johan Christian Fabricius Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthro ...

'' Fabricius, 1794 ** '' Cryptoholcocerus'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Deserticossus'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Dyspessacossus'' Daniel, 1953 ** '' Franzdanielia'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Gumilevia'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Hirtocossus'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Holcocerus'' Staudinger, 1884 ** '' Isocossus'' Roepke, 1957 ** '' Kerzhnerocossus'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Koboldocossus'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Kotchevnik'' Yakovlev, 2004 ** '' Mirocossus'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Macrocossus'' Aurivillius, 1900 ** '' Mormogystia'' Schoorl, 1990 ** '' Paracossus'' Hampson, 1904 ** '' Parahypopta'' Daniel, 1961 ** '' Plyustchiella'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Pygmeocossus'' Yakovlev, 2005 ** '' Rambuasalama'' Yakovlev & Saldaitis, 2008 ** '' Reticulocossus'' Yakovlev, 2011 ** '' Roepkiella'' Yakovlev & Witt, 2009 ** '' Semitocossus'' Yakovlev, 2007 ** '' Streltzoviella'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Sundacossus'' Yakovlev, 2006 ** '' Vartiania'' Yakovlev, 2004 ** '' Wittocossus'' Yakovlev, 2004 ** '' Yakudza'' Yakovlev, 2006

Former genera

* '' Bifiduncus'' * '' Butaya'' Yakovlev, 2004 * '' Catopta'' Staudinger, 1899 * '' Chiangmaiana'' Kemal & Koçak, 2005 (≡''Nirvana'' Yakovlev, 2004 nom. invalid.(preoc.name) non Stål, 1859 nec Kirkaldy, 1900 nec Yakovlev, 2007 nec Tsukuda & Nishiyama, 1979);(≡''Nirrvanna'' Yakovlev, 2007 nom. invalid.( junior object. syn.), objective replacement name (mistaken repl.n.)) * '' Chilecomadia'' * '' Danielostygia'' Reisser, 1962 (tentatively placed here) * '' Lamellocossus'' Daniel, 1956 (tentatively placed here) * ''

Toronia ''Toronia'' is a genus of tree in the family Proteaceae that contains a single species, ''Toronia toru'', which is endemic to New Zealand. The genus is closely related to the large genus ''Persoonia'', and in fact this species was long regarded ...

'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1911 * '' Yakovlevina'' Kemal & Koçak, 2005 (=''Garuda'' Yakovlev, 2005) * '' Stygia'' Latreille, 1803 (tentatively placed here)

Footnotes

References

* (2008): ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'
Cossinae
Version of 17 July 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
Ревизия древоточцев рода Holcocerus Staudinger, 1884 (s. l.)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5174707 Moth subfamilies