Cornelius Varley

Cornelius Varley, FRSA (21 November 1781 – 2 October 1873) was a British water-colour painter and optical instrument-maker. He invented the graphic telescope and the graphic microscope.

Biography

Varley was born at Hackney, then a village north of London, on 21 November 1781. He was a younger brother of John Varley, a watercolour painter and astrologer, and a close friend of William Blake. He was educated by his uncle, a scientific instrument maker, and under him acquired a knowledge of the natural sciences. Around 1800, he joined his brother in a tour through Wales, and began the study of art. He was soon engaged in teaching drawing. From 1803 to 1859 he was an occasional exhibitor at the Royal Academy and he also contributed regularly to the displays of the Water-Colour Society, of which, in 1803, he was one of the founders, and of which he continued a member until 1821. He died in Hampstead on 2 October 1873.

Works

Varley's artistic works consist mainly of carefully finished classical subjects, with architecture and figures. He published a series of etchings of boats and other craft on the River Thames. He was the first person to make a telephoto image.

His life as an artist was deeply connected to his scientific and technical pursuits. His optical inventions were improvements to the camera lucida and camera obscura long used by artists, and allowed him to draw both landscapes and microscopic studies in lucid detail. He also patented and sold his inventions.

The Society of Arts awarded him silver medals in 1831 and 1833, and the Isis gold medal in 1841, for improvements to microscopes. His innovations included lever-controlled stages and an illumination-modifier.

Varley invented the graphic telescope in 1809, and patented it in 1811. Unable to find a manufacturer who would make it, he went into manufacturing himself; this was his main occupation from 1814 onwards. He exhibited the graphic telescope at the Great Exhibition, winning a medal, in 1851. His firm also manufactured telegraphic equipment and testing apparatus.

He published ''Treatise on Optical Drawing Instruments'' in 1845.

File:HenhamHall Suffolk ByCorneliusVarley 1801.png, Henham Hall, Suffolk, England, 1801
File:Craig Goch, Moel Hebog, North Wales MET DP108217.jpg, Craig Goch, Moel Hebog, North Wales, circa 1802
File:Cornelius Varley - Boats on a River, Windmill in Distance - 1990.56 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, Boats on a River, Windmill in Distance. 1809 lithograph
File:Cornelius Varley - Two Beached Fishing Boats - 1992.347 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, Two Beached Fishing Boats, 1809 etching
File:Houses next to Owen Gledwr's Parliament House.png, Dolgelly, Merionethshire. 1815
File:Caernarvonshire - Conway.jpeg, Caernarvonshire, Conway. 1815
File:Design for a general chemical laboratory, with the apparatus Wellcome V0025597.jpg, Design for a general chemical laboratory, with the apparatus. 1822
File:Cornelius Varley - Landscape with Figure in Foreground - 2004.40 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, Landscape with Figure in Foreground, circa 1840. Illustration for Samuel Roger's poem "The Pleasures of Memory"

File:Portrait of a Man in Profile MET DP821058.jpg, Portrait of a Man in Profile
File:Irish Cars (Study of Two Carts in a Landscape) MET DP805112.jpg, ''Irish Cars'', date unknown
Nitella translucens Chara vulgaris 1833 varley.jpg, '' Nitella translucens'' & ''Chara vulgaris'', micrograph, 1833. Chloroplast movement shown.
File:Chara vulgaris with three globules or male blossoms 1842 varley.jpg, ''Chara vulgaris'' with three globules or male blossoms, 1842
File:Chara vulgaris with one flower or globule open 1844 varley.jpg, ''Chara vulgaris'' with one flower or globule open, 1844
File:Nitella translucens 1844 varley.jpg, '' Nitella translucens'', 1844. Cytoplasmic streaming is shown.
File:Clocks; a striking mechanism. Engraving by S. Porter after C Wellcome V0023850ER.jpg, Clocks; a striking mechanism
File:Midwifery and other instruments, including forceps and plier Wellcome V0016413ER.jpg, Surgical instruments

Legacy

A replica of Varley's graphic telescope was built for the ''Through the Looking Lens'' exhibition held at the American Philosophical Society Museum in 2013. (account of the making of the replica)

He was one of the co-founders and contributors of the Royal Microscopical Society.

His nephew Andrew Pritchard trained with him and became well-known as a micrographer.

Family

In 1821, Varley married Elizabeth Livermore Straker. They had ten children including telegraph engineer Cromwell Fleetwood "C.F." Varley.

See also

*List of astronomical instrument makers

Notes

External links

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* (paywalled)
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**and his company,

References

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Attribution:
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Varley, Cornelius
1781 births
1873 deaths
People from Hackney Central
English inventors
English watercolourists
Place of death missing
English microbiologists